制冷劑外文翻譯

1、refrigerant losssystems lose refrigerant naturally at around 10(r)c15% per annum causing a range of seconda problems including:1.poor cooling (r)c most noticeable in hot weather2.impaired lubrication (r)c often eventually causing compressor failure3.air in system (r)c can cause reduction in cooling

2、and speed up internal system corrosion4.moisture in system (r)c can cause blockage and contribute to corrosion servicing a/c systems regularly will not only improve performance and fuel economy it wil also minimise the risk of damage.general system diagnostics and repairsunfortunately,as preventive

3、maintenance has not always been standard practice,a/c systems have suffered years of neglect.the result is often component or system failure.the position- ing of the condenser at the front of the vehicle also makes it vulnerable to salt corrosion,stone damage etc.technological developmentthe develop

4、ment of new technology requires new methods and procedures as well as possible certification.training agencies can provide educational support to promote working practices and equipment suppliers will have opportunities to provide new machines that work with new based systems prevail (2008) then new

5、 practices will need to a/c systems or refrigerant.if co be introduced.this is an opportunity for experts in the field to provide training and resources to help with this learning transition.training opportunitiesthe uk has a number of industrial and educational training providers. most receive accr

6、editation as training centres under the guidance of awarding bodies.the automotive sector uses a number of awarding bodies (r)c city & guilds,and the institute of the motor industry (imi) are among few of them.the criteria set by these bodies are generated through the collaboration between education

7、 and industry.currently there is no legislation requiring the motor vehicle sector to attend training courses enabling them to work on vehicles with air-conditioning.the only require-ments under the epa act are the safe handling of refrigerants.this is also required in the us.compulsory training (r)

8、c safe handling of refrigerants (r)c citb (construction indust training board)the environment protection act forbids the deliberate discharge of refrigerants into the atmosphere.where refrigerant has to be removed from a system and cannot be immediately reused, it is recovered and sent for recycling

9、 or disposal by suitably regulated companies who employ competent engineers to undertake this task. these engineers need to be up to date with the latest legislation and practice if they work on the installation,commissioning,servicing or repairing of refrigerant equipment.the bes refrigerants schem

10、e covers safe handling of refrigerants.passing the appropriate assessments awards a citb-construction skills certificate and card, which is used to prove competence to work with refrigerants in accordance with the environ-mental protection act.voluntary education (r)c air-condition in city & guilds

11、6048 motor vehicle air conditioning (service and repair)the city & guilds 6048 motor vehicle air conditioning certificate is a recognised qualification and the course covers the underpinning knowledge of vehicle refrigeration and air-conditioning. this course is accredited by city & guilds and monit

12、ored and assessed by air parts europe ltd.the course length is approximately 20 hours.the course is ideal for part-time attendance as a short professional course allowing students to apply their knowledge in their working context.most candidates work in the motor vehicle service industry and require

13、 knowledge to expand their business into the a/c service and repair industry.the underpinning knowledge required to complete the course is covered in this book.city & guilds progression award level 3city & guilds offer air-conditioning training at level 3 of their progression award,unit 7 (r) diagno

14、se faults and repair systems and components (r)c air-conditioning and climate control xviautomotive air-conditioning and climate control systems. the unit is currently optional although it is hoped that eventually it will become compulsory. due to the possible future standard fitment of a/c systems.

15、the underpinning knowledge required to complete the unit is covered in this book.this unit is generally delivered with core and other optional units enabling the candidate to gain full certification.institute of the motor industry (imi)the imi is the leading awarding body for the retail motor indust

16、ry.they offer a range of qual-ifications from level 1 to level 5:level 1(r)c vocational qualifications are pre-apprenticeship programmes for students from 1 years old, in school or further education. these qualifications teach basic knowledge and routine tasks.level 2 (r)c suitable for those who hav

17、e a level 1 qualification, or are likely to achieve gcs grades d(r)cf in english, mathematics and a science-based subject. these qualifications cove routine tasks and require previous knowledge or work experience.level 3(r)c suitable for those who have achieved a level 2 qualification,or are likely

18、to achiev gcse grades a(r)cc in english, mathematics and a science-based subject.these superviso level qualifications cover non-routine,more complex tasks and require previous knowledge or work experience.level 4 and above(r)c management and master technician level qualifications, for those wh have

19、already achieved a level 3 qualification. these enable progression to higher education, management and level 5 qualifications and give a good grounding in the skills required to run a business.the imi offer qca (qualifications and curriculum authority) courses and qualifications in a/c as well as a/

20、c within other units of study.the imi also offers automative technician accreditation.automotive technician accreditation (ata)ata is a voluntary assessment programme for technicians working in the retail motor indus-ry.it has the backing of major vehicle manufacturers,independent service and repair

21、 organ-isations and automotive skills,which is the sector skills council for the retail motor industry.automotive technician accreditation is governed by the institute of the motor industry(imi),and ata registered technicians sign and are bound by a special code of conduct.theyare issued with a phot

22、o identity card and their details are included on the ata website.ata brings major benefits for consumers,technicians and employers including:consumer confidence in ata registered technicians and the organisations employing them.proof of current technical competence and professional responsibility.a

23、 benchmark for technician recruitment and training.united statescompulsory education (r)c safe handling of refrigerant. all technicians opening the refrigeration circuit in automotive air-conditioning systems must now be certified in refrigerant recovery and recycling procedures and be in compliance

24、 with section 609 of the clean air act amendments of 1990. macs (mobile air conditioning society) offer a booklet and test which can be downloaded from the internet or obtained by post.upon completion the candidate is awarded a certificate in the safe handling of refrigerants in line with the requir

25、ements set out by the epa.ase certificationaseos mission is improve the quality of automotive repair and service through the voluntary testing and certifi-cation of service professionals.approximately 400000 professionals hold current ase credentials.becoming an accredited automotive hvac training p

26、rovider can offer opportunities to gen-erate income from educating and develop links with the service industry for skill and knowledge updating.this could also lead to aftermarket supply of tools and consumables.educational train-based a/c systems espe-ing could certainly be an area for growth with

27、the introduction of co .if the technicians are required to be licensed due to the hazards of working with such systems.1.air-conditioning fundamentalsthe aim of this chapter is to:give an overview of the historical development of the heating and ventilation system and introduction of the air-conditi

28、oning (a/c) system.provide the reader with a case study on the design and optimisation of an air-conditioning (a/c) system.enable the reader to understand the fundamental principles and operation of the heating, cooling,ventilation and air-conditioning system.introduce the possible replacement refri

29、gerant/system to r134a.1.1history of automotive air-conditioning systemsthe early history of transportation systems starts mainly with the horse drawn carriage.this was eventually surpassed by the invention of the automobile.early automobiles had cabin spaces that were open to the outside environmen

30、t.this means that the occupants had to adjust there clothing to allow for different weather conditions.closed cabin spaces were eventually introduced which required heating,cooling and ventilating to meet customer expectations.early heating systems included heating clay bricks and placing them insid

31、e the vehicle or using simple fuel burners to add heat to the vehicleos interior.ventilation inside the vehicle was achieved through opening o tilting windows or the windscreen;vents were added to doors and bulkhead to improve air circu-lation and louvred panels were the equivalent to our modern air

32、 ducts.air flow was difficult tocontrol because it was dependent upon the vehicle speed and sometimes would allow dirty,humid air which contained fumes to enter the interior from the engine compartment.cooling could be as simple as having a block of ice inside the vehicle and allowing it to melt! ev

33、entually a number of design problems were overcome,these included air vents at the base of the windscreen for nat-ural flow ventilation and electric motors to increase the flow at low speeds.eventually heat exchangers were introduced which used either the heat from the exhaust system or water from t

34、he cooling system as a source,to heat the inside of the vehicle cabin.early cabin cooling systems were aftermarket sourced and worked on evaporative cooling.they consisted of a box or cylinder fitted to the window of the vehicle.the intake of the unit would allow air to enter from outside and travel

35、 through a water soaked wire mesh grille and excelsior cone inside the unit.the water would evaporate due to absorbing the heat in the air and travel through the outlet of the unit which acted as a feed to the inside of the vehicle.the water was held in a reservoir inside the unit and had to be topp

36、ed up to keep the cone wet otherwise the unit would not operate.the air enter-ing the vehicle would be cool if the relative humidity of the air entering the unit was low.if the rel-ative humidity of the air was high then the water could not evaporate.when the unit was working effectively it would de

37、liver cool saturated water vapour to the inside of the vehicle which raised the humidity levels.these units were only really effective in countries with very low humidity.譯文：制冷劑損失系統(tǒng)制冷劑失去大約10%-15%(r)c造成的一系列二次污染問(wèn)題包括:1.少量的冷卻液(r)c在炎熱的天氣里是值得注意的。2.潤(rùn)滑(r)受損造成壓縮機(jī)經(jīng)常失效。3.空氣在系統(tǒng)(r)c中將導(dǎo)致減緩冷卻、加快系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部的腐蝕。4.水分在系統(tǒng)(r)c

38、中將引起堵塞和加快腐蝕。服務(wù)系統(tǒng)能夠提高性能和燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性，而且它很快就會(huì)恢復(fù)，使損害的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最小化。一般系統(tǒng)診斷和維修預(yù)防性維修一直做的都不正規(guī)，a / c系統(tǒng)在幾年來(lái)一直是受忽視，結(jié)果往往是部件損壞或系統(tǒng)故障。把冷凝器放在車(chē)輛的前面也使它容易鹽腐蝕，損壞等。新技術(shù)的發(fā)展新技術(shù)的發(fā)展需要新的方法和很的好認(rèn)證工序。培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)能提供教育，支持并促進(jìn)工作實(shí)踐，將有機(jī)會(huì)與設(shè)備供應(yīng)商提供的新機(jī)器合作，在流行(2008)的新系統(tǒng)實(shí)踐a / c系統(tǒng)或冷凍需要的新系統(tǒng)基礎(chǔ)上運(yùn)用。如果公司被認(rèn)可，這就是一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì)讓該領(lǐng)域的專(zhuān)家提供培訓(xùn)和資源幫助。培訓(xùn)機(jī)會(huì)英國(guó)擁有一批工業(yè)和教育培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)，大多數(shù)在培訓(xùn)中心指導(dǎo)下得到

39、認(rèn)可。這只是在汽車(chē)行業(yè)中，頒發(fā)機(jī)構(gòu)(r)c和某市公會(huì),汽車(chē)工業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)(位imi)之中其中的一些。這些團(tuán)體所設(shè)定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是通過(guò)教育和文化生成之間的協(xié)作。目前沒(méi)有立法要求機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)部門(mén)參加培訓(xùn)課程，使他們工作在汽車(chē)行業(yè)。唯一的要求是在epa條例閃光的安全處理制冷劑。這也是我們所要求的。強(qiáng)制性培訓(xùn)(r)c安全運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)(r)c citb制冷劑(施工生產(chǎn)的訓(xùn)練委員會(huì))環(huán)境保護(hù)法案禁止故意排放制冷劑進(jìn)入空氣中。在冷卻中必須移除一個(gè)系統(tǒng),而無(wú)法立刻循環(huán)再用,它是被回收公司雇用合格的工程師去適當(dāng)調(diào)整恢復(fù)和發(fā)送或處置完成這一任務(wù)。如果工程師工作在安裝,調(diào)試,維修或修理制冷設(shè)備，他們需要了解最新的立法和實(shí)踐中所出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題,。

40、 東德 (bes) 制冷劑的安全處理的方案包括制冷 劑。 是通過(guò)適當(dāng)?shù)脑u(píng)估 citb-construction技能證書(shū)和獎(jiǎng)金,卡片,這是按照環(huán)境- 心理保護(hù)法用于證明工作能力與制冷劑。義務(wù)教育(r)c-在城市和公會(huì)6048汽車(chē)空調(diào)(服務(wù)和維修)這個(gè)城市和公會(huì)6048汽車(chē)空調(diào)證書(shū)是一個(gè)公認(rèn)的資格，本課程涵蓋了了解車(chē)輛制冷和空調(diào)的知識(shí)。本課程由市和認(rèn)證協(xié)會(huì)共同監(jiān)測(cè)和評(píng)估空氣部分歐洲空氣有限公司。大約是行駛里程20小時(shí)。本課程是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的專(zhuān)業(yè)課程，適合在他們工作的閑暇時(shí)間讓學(xué)生能應(yīng)用所學(xué)的知識(shí) 。大多數(shù)候選人的工作在汽車(chē)服務(wù)業(yè)，需要在a / c服務(wù)和維修行業(yè)，用知識(shí)來(lái)拓展業(yè)務(wù)。所用的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，可以用

41、這本書(shū)完成此課程。城市發(fā)展和工會(huì)獎(jiǎng)三級(jí)城市和公會(huì)提供空調(diào)訓(xùn)練他們課程的三級(jí)進(jìn)展獎(jiǎng),第7單元(r)的故障診斷和維修系統(tǒng)和元件(r)c，空調(diào)和氣候控制，空調(diào)和氣候控制系統(tǒng)xviautomotive。該單位盡管是目前是可選擇的，雖然它希望最終會(huì)成為強(qiáng)制性的。由于未來(lái)可能的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)裝修的a / c系統(tǒng)。在這本書(shū)中基礎(chǔ)的知識(shí),必須完成的單位。這個(gè)單位是一般由交付與核心和其他可選的單位使候選人擁有了認(rèn)證。汽車(chē)工業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)imi在零售的汽車(chē)產(chǎn)業(yè)是全球首屈一指的培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)。他們提供了一系列的品質(zhì)培訓(xùn)從一級(jí)到五級(jí)水平:一級(jí)(r)c職業(yè)資格學(xué)徒期課程是為學(xué)生從1歲開(kāi)始在學(xué)?；蚶^續(xù)教育，這是教授基本的知識(shí)和常規(guī)任務(wù)。二級(jí)(r)c適合那些有一級(jí)資質(zhì),或者有可能達(dá)到gcs分?jǐn)?shù)維(r)cf在英語(yǔ)、數(shù)學(xué)和科學(xué)學(xué)科中。這些任職資格,講授基本的知識(shí)和工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)。三級(jí)(r)c適用于那些已經(jīng)取得了二級(jí)資質(zhì),或者有可能gcse成績(jī)突出在英語(yǔ)、數(shù)學(xué)和科學(xué)學(xué)科中。這些等級(jí)證書(shū)包括非常規(guī)的，更復(fù)雜的任務(wù)，需要基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)或工