版權(quán)說明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請進行舉報或認領(lǐng)
文檔簡介
1、oiwlo型多相乳液的特性及應(yīng)用吉田克典(株)資生堂基礎(chǔ)研究中心摘要:本文以制備穩(wěn)定的油包水包油(owo)型多相乳液為目的進行研討。oiwlo型乳液是通 過一次乳化得到細微的水包油(ow)初級乳液,再將它添加到另一油相進行再乳化的兩步乳化法 而制備出來。通過調(diào)查種種影響owo型乳液穩(wěn)定性的因素,可了解在二級乳化中配合由陽離子變 性粘土礦物與非離子表面活性劑所形成的包合物,可極大的促進該乳液的穩(wěn)定性。我們使用了典型 的不穩(wěn)定型藥劑視黃酵(維生素a),考察了opo型乳液中藥劑穩(wěn)定性的效果。將視黃醇分別配 合在oiw,wio及ovio型乳液中,觀察其經(jīng)時殘存率,發(fā)現(xiàn)owo型乳液中視黃醇的穩(wěn)定性最好。
2、 此外,將對視黃醇的氧化分解有催化作用的物質(zhì),如過氧化物,金屬離子等從體系中排除,或添加 親水性,親油性的抗氧化劑都可更進一步提高視黃醇的穩(wěn)定性。因此可明確,作為視黃醇之類的油 溶性活性成分的穩(wěn)定制劑,owo型乳液是一個非常好的載體。abstract:a stable formula for owo母pe multiple emulsions was investigatedan owo emulsion was prepared by a double-step procedure in which all ow emulsion was prepared in the first step
3、, and then the ow emulsion was”reemulsified”in an oil phaseit was revealed that the inclusion compound of cation-exchanged montmofillonite clay mineral and lipophilic nonionic surfactant was all essential fur the stable formula of oiwio emulsionthe stability of all-trans retinol(vitamin a alcoh01) w
4、as studied in ow,woand owo emulsionsthe remaining percentage of retinol was the highest in owo emulsionthe stability of refinol in the emulsion was improved both by removing catalytic compounds for oxidation such as peroxide and metal-ions and by adding hydrophilic and hydrophobic antioxidants we co
5、nclude that the owo emulsion is a useful formula to stabilize refinul關(guān)鍵詞:o,wo型乳液,粘土礦物,視黃醇,維生素a,穩(wěn)定化kowo emulsion,c島mineral,rctinol,vitantin a,stabilization引言多相乳液具有一分散相中包含著另一分散相的復(fù)合構(gòu)造,理論上此構(gòu)造存 在無限制重復(fù)分散的可能,一般來說三層構(gòu)造,即w0w或owo,較為普遍。上述多相乳液的 生成條件,基礎(chǔ)物性020一直被作為基礎(chǔ)研究的對象進行廣泛研究,同時,從應(yīng)用的角度出發(fā),研究范 圍擴充到藥品供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)4”,活性成分的穩(wěn)定化
6、6,液膜分離操作的基質(zhì)7及食品的結(jié)構(gòu)改善8等領(lǐng)域。 此外近年來人們普遍追求化妝品的高功效性及優(yōu)越的使用感。為滿足上述要求,包含各種乳化法在 內(nèi)的新型制荊技術(shù)被陸續(xù)開發(fā),我們期待多相乳液正是能滿足功能性及使用感的新型基質(zhì)。多相乳液的制備方法大體可分為一步法(single step)和兩步法(double step)。 一步法正如其名,是通過一次乳化過程達成多項乳化。它的生產(chǎn)工藝摘單,但是也存在內(nèi)外相的組 成必須是完全一樣,配方被限定等方面的缺點。兩步法的工藝是將制備好的乳液進行再乳化而成。 例如:通過一次乳化得到細微的ow乳化體后,再分散到另一油相中進行再乳化而得到owo多相乳液。兩步法可較自由
7、的控制內(nèi)外油相的組成,其高收率,制備再現(xiàn)性好等優(yōu)點使其更具實用性。 本文主要介紹使用有機變性粘土礦物的新型owo多相乳液的制備方法及該乳化體可使不穩(wěn)定活性成份視黃醇(維生素a)穩(wěn)定化的報告。1實驗21試劑all-warts retinol(150萬單位,g)為庫拉雷化學(xué)(株式會社)的產(chǎn)品,其他試劑為化妝品的通用原料。22 owo型乳液的制備 owo型多相乳液通過兩步乳化9”制成。首先將流動自油(lp)均質(zhì)攪拌添加到配合有親水性表面活性劑聚氧乙烯氫化蓖麻油(hco)的保濕劑相中,之后,加入水制備成ow初級乳化體。將制 備好的ow初級乳化體均質(zhì)攪拌添加到配合有陽離子變性粘土礦物(cat-clay)
8、及親油性表面活性劑 聚氧乙烯二異硬脂酸(dis)的油相中便可得到owo型乳液。2-3視黃醇(維生素a(vad的定量“ 檢測儀器為hplc色譜系統(tǒng)(nanospace,資生堂),二極管排列檢測器(spdm10av島津制作所)。色譜柱為逆相硅膠柱(vydac 201 tpl04-c18,the separation group)。全部檢測重復(fù)兩次,求其平均值。2-4內(nèi)包率(encapsulation()的測定 owo型乳液的內(nèi)油相中va含量比例(內(nèi)包率)是根據(jù)姜氏法2計算,即用離心法(2000xg,60分鐘)強制分離少量外油相,分別定量分析外油相及整個乳化體的va含量,用以下公式計算內(nèi)包率:vat
9、-vaoencapsulation()= 嶼z100va,:整個乳化體的va含量 vao:外油相中的va含量2結(jié)果與考察3-1 owo型乳液基質(zhì)的穩(wěn)定性 圖1為親水性表面活性劑hco的配合量與一次乳化體ow粒子徑,最終oavo型乳液粘度三者間的關(guān)系示意圖。如圖所示,隨著hco配合濃度增加,oav乳化體的粒子徑減小,而owo型乳液的粘度在hco=1時達到最大值。因此,當(dāng)親水性表面活性劑的配合量不足(薹o5),ow 乳化體的粒子過大時,在wo二次乳化中ow乳化體的粒子不能完全被包進內(nèi)相,其結(jié)果導(dǎo)致該 乳化體在表觀上呈現(xiàn)內(nèi)相比低的wo乳液狀態(tài),而且會使整個oavo型乳液粘度過低。另一方面, 當(dāng)親水性
10、表面活性劑的配合量過剩時(蓋2),體系平衡(hlb)失控,無法形成穩(wěn)定的wo乳化體, 導(dǎo)致owo型乳液生成率及粘度低下。謄鏨里aoj口ioc器j;uloj。l。點凸圖1圖2顯示了二次乳化(wo)中使用的陽離子變性粘土礦物(catclay)與親油性表面活性劑(dis) 的量比對owo型乳液穩(wěn)定性的影響。catclay與dis兩者間的量比關(guān)系對owo型乳液的穩(wěn)定 性起著重要作用,如果僅單獨添加catclay或dis,即使較高濃度也無法制備出多相乳液。這與以 前山口等人研討的wo粘土礦物乳化法的結(jié)果是一致的。根據(jù)山口“等人的報道,在陽離子變性粘 土礦物上包接hlb=8左右的親油性表面活性劑,將此包接
11、化合物又投入油分中可生成穩(wěn)定的油性 凝膠。當(dāng)親油性表面活性劑與粘土礦物的量比為o21時,油性凝膠的粘度達到最大值,此時可制各 出最穩(wěn)定的wo乳液。一暴一eloi;odis() 圖2圖3通過光學(xué)顯微鏡觀察到的配合2catclay與o4dis制備成的穩(wěn)定owo型乳液的照片。 根據(jù)觀察可看到owo型乳液的基本構(gòu)造,即在約25tm的wo粒子中還包含著1am以下的ow 粒子,此構(gòu)造經(jīng)過50,一個月的經(jīng)時保存被確認無變化。通常認為owo型乳液的不穩(wěn)定因素主要有以下3點:(a)內(nèi)油相粒子的合一(b)水相粒子的合一(c)內(nèi)油相與外油相的合一。多相乳液 中雖然存在兩個界面,內(nèi)油相,水相水相,外油相,為了制各相應(yīng)
12、的乳化體需添加親水性表面 活性物質(zhì),需添加相應(yīng)的親油性表面活性物質(zhì)。如果上述兩界面使用通常的表面活性劑,在水相 中會形成混和膠束,使制備好的各界面膜隨著時間推移表面活性劑的構(gòu)成發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移,促進上述(a) (c)的不穩(wěn)定因素最終導(dǎo)致相分離。而這次我們使用的catclay將dis包接在粘土層中形成包和物”。 這種包和物不會與親水性表面活性劑形成混和膠束,并在水相外油相的界面形成固定膜,特別是它 可使外油相呈凝膠狀,消除了(b)與(c)的不穩(wěn)定途徑,進一步保證owo型乳液的穩(wěn)定性。圖33-2視黃醇的穩(wěn)定化 根據(jù)上述研討,制各了穩(wěn)定且再現(xiàn)性好的owo型乳液后,我們便嘗試利用該乳化體使活性成份取得穩(wěn)定性。
13、試劑為油溶性活性成份中的典范a11trails retinol。維生素a是對生物的成長,免疫系統(tǒng)及視覺均很重要的油溶性維生素。自從發(fā)現(xiàn)它可控制皮膚 角質(zhì)化的功能后,維生素a在化妝品領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用引人關(guān)注”。可是維生素a中的a11ttmls retinol 與其他衍生物諸如palmitate,acetate相比,擁有高度的生物活性的同時,還易被光,熱及氧化分解,使其有效濃度降低,產(chǎn)生異味等。因此穩(wěn)定的配合非常困難。表l顯示了視黃醇配合在各類制劑下的配方及經(jīng)過50。c,4周后的殘存率。如圖可知,如將視黃 醇單純?nèi)芙庠诹鲃影子椭校Y(jié)果是完全分解無殘留。另一方面,配合在乳液中時均有較高的殘存率, 其順序
14、為owwoowo。其中oavo多相乳液中的殘存率為最高,這意味著owo乳液有可 能成為不穩(wěn)定活性成份的穩(wěn)定化基質(zhì)。retin01010101water phase 1,3-buthyleneglycol 一555glycerin一555hco一 1 1carboxyvinylpolymer一 01一一metliylparaben一01o101water toloot0100t0100outer oil phase liquid paraffin一一278276cat-clay 一一22dts 一 一0404reonoi 一一01一remaining percentage of retinot塾
15、嬰曼!塑!塑!墜q2:箜:z2:為進一步提高穩(wěn)定性,我們將使用的乳化劑對視黃醇的影響進行了調(diào)查。我們已知過氧化物及 過渡金屬可促進諸如維生素a之類易被氧化物質(zhì)的分解。圖4展示了o,w初級乳化時使用的hco 的過氧化物值(pov)與維生素a棕桐酸酯殘存率之間的關(guān)系。將維生素a棕櫚酸酯添加到pov值為1-11meqkg的hco中,經(jīng)乳化得到ow乳液,將該乳液放置50。c保存時,維生素a棕櫚酸酯的殘 存率與表面活性劑中的pov值呈遞減關(guān)系,即pov值越高,維生素a棕櫚酸酯的殘存率越低。孚一博爭v謄-薯奄藿pov(meqkg_i)圖4同樣,我們還對二級乳化中使用的catclay與親油性表面活性劑的影響
16、進行了調(diào)查。通常使用 的catclay有兩種:一種源于含有氧化鐵等不純物的天然成份(ncatclay):另一種為純鋁鎂硅酸鹽 的合成成份(scmclay)。與catclay形成包和物的親油性表面活性劑也有兩種:一種來自于含有雙 鍵的不飽和型油酸(dio):另一種源自飽和型異硬脂酸(dis)。上述幾種原料的組合對視黃醇穩(wěn)定性 的影響如圖5所示。正如預(yù)想一樣,視黃醇在scatclay與dis的配合中穩(wěn)定性最高,即使50,4 周后的殘存率仍保持62,另一方面,ncat-clay與dio的配合中視黃醇的分解最快,同等條件下 只剩14的殘存率,其他scatclay與dio,ncatclay與dis的配合
17、居中間位置。由此可知,盡 可能排除過渡金屬及過氧化物是維持不穩(wěn)定活性成份維生素a的穩(wěn)定性的重要因素。這意味著不僅 要使用高純度的原材料,而且在進行初期的配方開發(fā)時就應(yīng)仔細考慮各種原材料的組合?;锷瓢晖瘒迢蚷|i星舢圖5為考察乳化體系對視黃醇穩(wěn)定性的影響,我們還對內(nèi)油相比的變化進行了研討。首先制各內(nèi)油 相比為0105的o,w乳液,利用該乳液制備出owo乳液,觀察其對視黃醇穩(wěn)定性的影響。結(jié)果如圖6所示,在ow乳液中va殘存率與內(nèi)油相比無依存關(guān)系,50。c,2周后的殘存率為62;而另 一方面,在owo乳液中,隨著內(nèi)油相比從o1增加到05,視黃醇的殘存率也從62升至71。 為了進一步觀察owo乳液中
18、內(nèi)油相比與視黃醇穩(wěn)定性之間的關(guān)系,我們檢測其經(jīng)時條件下的內(nèi)包 率變化。c)l宴攀辨liic薔囂m蕾圖6內(nèi)包率的檢測結(jié)果如圖7所示,乳液制備后伴隨著內(nèi)油相比的增加,內(nèi)包率也呈上升趨勢,同 一樣品在50,2周后的內(nèi)包率都呈下降趨勢,其中內(nèi)相比越低,下降趨勢越明顯。由圖4及圖5已知,2周后視黃醇的殘存率與內(nèi)包率之間有及其密切的關(guān)系,因此為使owo乳液中不穩(wěn)定藥劑穩(wěn)定化, 必須將藥劑鎖在內(nèi)油相中。當(dāng)內(nèi)油相比越高時,經(jīng)時的內(nèi)包率變化越小,其理由如下:視黃醇濃度 一定的條件下,內(nèi)油相比越低內(nèi)油相中的視黃醇濃度越高。另一方面,由于化學(xué)勢的差,無論內(nèi)外 油相的視黃醇濃度都會達到平衡狀態(tài)。因此,內(nèi)外油相視黃醇濃
19、度的差越大,越加速視黃醇由內(nèi)油 相轉(zhuǎn)移到外油相中。結(jié)果,內(nèi)油相比越低(即內(nèi)油相中的視黃醇濃度高)的owo乳液,其經(jīng)時的內(nèi) 包率呈顯著下降,視黃醇的穩(wěn)定性也很低。而內(nèi)相比高達05時,其內(nèi)包率卻相反,也大幅下降。 這是因為內(nèi)相比過高時也會導(dǎo)致乳液本身的穩(wěn)定性降低。富一嘗2苜暑饕再巷毒我們進一步利用owo乳液對提高視黃醇的穩(wěn)定性進行了研討。圖8為親水性及親油性抗氧 化劑的組合與視黃醇經(jīng)時殘存率的關(guān)系圖。由圖可知當(dāng)親油性抗氧化劑丁基化羥基甲苯(bht)與親水 性抗氧化劑維生素c配合時,可提高視黃醇的穩(wěn)定性??墒?,當(dāng)配合了金屬螯合劑edta時,受到 owo乳液體系自身的穩(wěn)定性下降的影響,反而導(dǎo)致視黃醇的
20、穩(wěn)定性惡化。雖然在bht,維生素c 及edta的組合下,視黃醇的殘存率最高,可由于上述的理由,edta經(jīng)時會破壞若干乳化,因此, 我們期待尋找一種可替代edta的螯合劑,更進一步提高視黃醇的穩(wěn)定性。水)ioc刪州孽鼉葛篁_罡o24e8time(weeks)圖8參考文獻1 matsumoto,s,kang,w,w,上dispemion scitechn0110,455(1989)2姜又遠,松本幸男 油化學(xué)38,165(1989)3brodin,af,kavaliunas,dr。frank,sgacta pharnt suec15,1(1978)4nakhare。s。vyas,spz microe
21、ncapsulation 13,281(1996)5sela,y,magdassi,s,gard,n,controlled release 33,1(1995)6 laugel。c。baillct,a,ferrier。dint上cosmetsci16,l(199舢7 f10rence,at,w1liteilill,d伽t上pham11,277(1982)8特開平93159559 sekine,t,yoshida,k,matsuzaki,f,yanaki,t,yamaguchi,m上surfactants detergents 2,309(1999)10yoshida,k,yanaki,t,ya
22、maguchi,m,yamada,h,kurosawa,t,itoh,kep patent0782846(1997)11yoshida,k,sekine,t,matsuzaki,f,yanaki,t,yamaguchi,miaocs76,195(1999)12山口道廣,熊野可丸,戶邊信治油化學(xué),491(1991)13kang,se,duell,a,fisher,gj,datta,sc,wang,z,reddy,ap,tavakkol,a,yi,jy griffiths,cem,elder,jt,voorhees,jjz invn dermat011惦。549(1995)蘇慧譯210a nove
23、l water dispersible nanoparticles(sunzersetm)ofencapsulated microfine zinc oxide by octyl triazone and omcgao chunfang,wang changguo and evelyn gsunanjing zhongshi chemical co,ltdand sino lion(usa),lidabstract:sunzersetm is a highly effective,broadspectrum nanodispersion of microfine zinc oxide, and
24、 microfine zinc oxide is encapsulated by organic uvb absorbers ot(octyl triazone)and omcthe highpressure homogenization technique yields 100encapsulated stable nano dispersion of microfine zinc oxidemicrofine zinc oxide particles are cores of nanoparticles in water dispersion,encapsulated by the mem
25、brane of organic sunscrecn agents and selected estersphospholipid and emulsifiers(anionic suffactant, nonionic surfactantamphiphilic surfactant)line across each other to form a multiplexmembrane,and the encapsulated rnicrofine zinc oxide is surrounded by the multiplexmembrane,all of these three surf
26、actants inlay each other,and tightly link oil phase and water phasewe found the stability of nano dispersion issatisfactoryour data shows sun-zerse“would be:1)boosting spf synergistically and dramatically2)broad spectrum,covering from 290nm-400nm3)verymild4、cost effectivekeywords:sunscreen,zinc oxid
27、e,sunzersetm,octyl triazone,omc1introductionin recent years,formulators are challenged to develop sunscrcen products to meet the requirements of growing consumer demand for broadspectrum protection and high spf value formulators must address the following requirements technically in order to obtain
28、the expected benefits of the sunscreen formula forthe competitive market1)broad-spectrum protection avobenzone has been used to provide uva protection,but this sun care ingredient is not stable in formulametal ionsformaldehyde donor preservatives must be avoided in the formulastabilizers for avobenz
29、one need to be added into the formula in order to avoiddegradation of uv absorption by avobenzonemicrofine zinc oxide is another choice for uva protection but aggregation and agglomeration of microfine zinc oxide and its whitening phenomenon must be addressed21high spf value in order to achieve 11ig
30、h spe a lnixture of high concentration of organic sunscreen ingredients has been formulated into the sunsci_eeal products,but high irritation has been observedhigh concentration of inorganic sunscroen ingredients,esptitanium dioxide,has been used in suncare products,but photocatalysis effect of inor
31、ganic sunscreen ingredients and whitening phenomenonmust be avoidad31,cost effectivenesshica concentration of sunscreen filters results in disadvantages of highcost of the formula formulators must be well trained in sunscmen product formulation in order todecrease the r&d cost and shorten the produc
32、t development period211to achieve higll spf and broadspectrum protection,inorganic and organic uv filters have been used in combination in subscre2n formulasmicrofine zinc oxide has been used more frequently after 1997when it was approved by the us fda as safe and effective uv filter for personal ca
33、re productszincoxide is chemically and physiologically stable and offers broad spectrum uv protectionto address the aforementioned issues,a novel water dispersible,broadspectrum sunscreen, sunzersetm was evelopedsunzersetm is a nanopaticle microfine zinc oxide encapsulated by octyl triazone(ot)and o
34、ctyl methoxycinnamate(omc)it provides mild,safe and cost-effective sunscreenprotection2methodology21 microflne zinc oxide and its particle sizezinc oxide witil different particle sizes distribution are commercially avallable on the marketit provides uv protection mainly by its absorptionscattering a
35、nd the effectiveness of protection is inversely related to its particle size as shown in stamatakis et als studies that the absorption of zno increases as particle size decreases throtighout the uv regionand it showed that smaller the particle size,the less uvlight transmitted and berer uva protecti
36、onalthough it can protect uva effectively,but its contributionto spf is very limitedzinc oxide size distribution is another important parameter;its sharp gaussian distribution is preferredin this study,microfine zno with a specific average particle size distribution was chosen22 surface treatment221
37、 surface treatment vehiclevarious ingredients carl treat microfine zno to obtain different properties,like hydrophobic or hydrophilic propertiesit has been shown that formula with both octyl triazune and microfine zno has synergistic effectat 4microfine znoincreasing octyl tfiazone from 1to 3can imp
38、rove spf dramatically from 7 to 30organic sunscreen filter octyl tfiazone was considered to be the surface treatment vehicle,while another organic sunscreen filter omc,which is not only a uvb filter,but alsosolubilizer for octyl triazone,was considered as covehicle for the surface treatmentother lip
39、ids or estersare also included in the vehicle as solvent or solubilizers222 aqueous dispersion processhigh-pressure homogenization(hph)technology has been applied as a reliable and powerful tool for the preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles(sln),which has been used in pharmaceutical industry fory
40、earsi-iph technology were applied herein to process surface treated zno into aqueous dispersionthedetailed description ofthe process is omitted due to a patent application is pending for this technology3 sunscreen formulationthree prototype formulas were tested in this studythey were:creaml:sunscree
41、ncream(wlo)【formulano1101,containin915sunzersecream 2:sunscrcen cream(wlo)formula no1102,containing 40zno,30ot and omc;cream 3:sunscreen cream(wow)formula no1103containing 15sun-zersetm4results mad珊scussion41 contribution to spf by adding sunzersetmtwo sunscreen prototype formulas(no1101 and 1102)wh
42、ich contain the same concentration ofbothorganic sunscreen filets oetyl tfiazone,omc and the inorganic sunscreen microfine zno,have beenevaluated by in vitro spf analyzer roptomatrics spf 290s)111e results are shown in fig1it call be seenfrom fig1 that formula no1101 with sunzersc“was superior to fo
43、rmula no1102 which simply212contained three single sunscreens,in terms of contribution to formulation spf valuefurthermore,more effective uva protection has been observed from formula no1 101 with sunzers一fig 1spf data of sunscreen creamwave length(nm)42 stab竹three accelerated stability tests of for
44、mula 1101,eg,three freeze-thaw cycle(0。c to roomtemperature),oven at 50 oc and centrifugationwere performedphotostability tests on formula l 101 and1 102 were carried out by simply testing the spf values at time 0 hour and 10 hours after direct sunlight exposure using optomatrics spf 290 analyzeg th
45、e results are shown on table ltable 1sta蛐ity data1bst centrifugationspfvmuesamples2000rmin 3000rmin int*eeze-thaw50。c0veuo10cyclehour hoursformula 1102pass pass pass pass 3530 f4 months)forulula 1102pass separatedpass pass 3020 r3 mortths)it is clearly shown that formula no1 101 containing sunzersel
46、”has better stability over formulano1102 containing three sm#e sunscreensand it carl also been seen that photostability of the sunsceen formula can be greatly improved by using sunzersetm compared to the three sin#e sunscreens simply added to the formula43 transmissivitytransmissivity tests(6um coat
47、ing)were carried out with spectmphotometer 721 on formula 1101 and1 102,results are shown on fig 2it is clear from fig2 that higher transmissivity was observed informulano1101 whichcontainedsunzerse“indicating reductionoreliminatioilofwhitening effect213fig 2transmissivity data of sunscreen cream44 formulation technical difficultyearlier studies show that combination of m
溫馨提示
- 1. 本站所有資源如無特殊說明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
- 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
- 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容里面會有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒有圖紙。
- 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文庫網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲空間,僅對用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護處理,對用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對任何下載內(nèi)容負責(zé)。
- 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
- 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。
最新文檔
- 2025年度羽毛球館廣告位租賃及品牌合作合同
- 二零二五年度鍍鋅協(xié)議品市場調(diào)研及價格預(yù)測合同
- 2025年度版鄰里間房屋漏水檢測賠償處理合同
- 二零二五年度戶外廣告牌租賃合同電子版
- 2025年度能源行業(yè)經(jīng)紀(jì)人聘用合同
- 幼兒課件:預(yù)防感冒
- 建筑工地塔吊安全培訓(xùn)
- 臨床項目介紹
- 山東省名校聯(lián)盟2024-2025學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期1月期末考試 歷史 含解析
- 2025學(xué)校圍墻維修合同
- GB/T 16895.3-2024低壓電氣裝置第5-54部分:電氣設(shè)備的選擇和安裝接地配置和保護導(dǎo)體
- 2025湖北襄陽市12345政府熱線話務(wù)員招聘5人高頻重點提升(共500題)附帶答案詳解
- 2025年河北省職業(yè)院校技能大賽智能節(jié)水系統(tǒng)設(shè)計與安裝(高職組)考試題庫(含答案)
- 2024年下半年鄂州市城市發(fā)展投資控股集團限公司社會招聘【27人】易考易錯模擬試題(共500題)試卷后附參考答案
- GB/T 29498-2024木門窗通用技術(shù)要求
- 《職業(yè)院校與本科高校對口貫通分段培養(yǎng)協(xié)議書》
- GJB9001C質(zhì)量管理體系要求-培訓(xùn)專題培訓(xùn)課件
- 通力電梯培訓(xùn)教材:《LCE控制系統(tǒng)課程》
- 品管圈PDCA持續(xù)質(zhì)量改進提高靜脈血栓栓塞癥規(guī)范預(yù)防率
- 一次函數(shù)單元測試卷(含答案)
- 陜西省榆林市各縣區(qū)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)行政村村莊村名居民村民委員會明細
評論
0/150
提交評論