3463.C 溫州產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化研究 外文文獻(xiàn)

1、of industrial optimization and upgrading of the factors influencing the disintegratingabridgement: from the industrial optimization and upgrading of social needs and resources provided by the structural factors structural factors, technological progress, the system of international trade arrangement

2、s and other relevant factors and analyse them in the industrial optimization and upgrading the role of sectors to complete the period of the industrial optimization and upgrading of the target provides theories reference.social needs of the industrial structure upgrading the structure is the startin

3、g point and underpinning of the community level and structure. demand for change will affect the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure. the social needs of consumption demand and investment demand. consumer demand and demand for exports, including public expenditure and personal consump

4、tion demand. the influence of a large personal consumption demand. personal consumption demand is to meet the current consumption need to buy goods and services and personal expenses. peoples consumption need.social investment in fixed assets investment demand, which includes both the demand and dem

5、and. current assets investment in fixed assets investment demand, industrial optimization and upgrading of change is the direct cause. to create new demand for investment will create new industries and change the existing industrial structures; for certain industries, and will promote the industry i

6、s not to invest part of the industry with more speed. thus the expansion of existing industrial structures; the whole estate investment, from the industry development .(one)a natural resources and structure of natural resources and industrial optimization and upgrading of the formation and closely r

7、elated. if a vast territory and rich in natural resources, so the country could be made use of resources development and all-round development of industrial structure. the resources of the country will not be able to form a resource of resources can become the industrial structure. the endowment of

8、natural resources are the fundamentals of the economic development and human factors hard to change.(two) manpower supply of human resources, the labor force resources, it is an important part of the total population. the factors affecting the supply of workers and the per-capita resources and the c

9、apacity to the extent of population and resource balancing. from the point of view, excessive population growth within limited resources will be converted into clothing, food supply to meet the basic needs. reducing the supply of other resources and agricultural population to slow down of policies.a

10、nd improve population quality of the industry structure has important. labour standards and reflects a national human capital and against a countrys industrial optimization and upgrading of another important factor. if a countrys huge population, but the low quality, the country have cheap labor com

11、parative advantages, its domestic industries are labor-intensive industries, mostly concentrated in low added value of industry, the lower and lower and a low degree of processing; the tertiary industry, especially high-tech industries and content of education and training industry in the countrys d

12、evelopment will be greater restriction of its industrial structure also bound in a relatively low level. on the contrary, if one country, the quality of higher, the countrys labor can be freely in different industries be transferred, there will be more human resources from traditional farming and in

13、 the transfer and the tertiary industry, the labour cost is high, and will focus on development funds and technical knowledge.(three) funds resource supply of construction fund resources is monetary fund resources. monetary fund is the first cause enterprise management and sustainable industry, it i

14、s also the first cause of development and sustained resources. the money supply power to vary the effect of the industrial structure, the total area of industrial optimization and upgrading, also from the capital structure to impact of structural optimization and upgrading of industrial.reform and o

15、pening up, pouring into chinas foreign capital, on the easing our economic development process in the capital and foreign exchange gap problem and in some technical area fill the blank, from the total to promoting our industrial upgrade played an important role, but in looking at ways to see the sca

16、le of foreign capital, a different role too. the small and medium-sized enterprise with foreign capital to make use of our cheap labour and natural resources, the investment of more engage in processing trade and industry trade, namely in domestic output and with low added value and technological le

17、vel is not high, the promotion of industrial restructuring and optimization role is limited. the big multinational company using the cheap labour and natural resources, our largest market, the more interested in order to maintain its markets open and competitive, in our investment in more advanced t

18、echnology and management experience, that our industrial restructuring and optimization will have a great influence.technological progress is industrial optimization and upgrading of the motivation of technological progress and levers mean that people in production efficiency of the use of higher la

19、bour means and ways to promote the social productive forces in the process. technological progress to improve industrial structures optimized role in the following aspects:technological progress are seeking new forms of production techniques and new industries. with technical progress and social div

20、ision of technical development, the industry break out in new technology industries. the results used to update the reform process of production techniques and equipment has all the more modern means of production and production more reasonable, and formed its new industries, technological progress.

21、 in the promotion of new industries developed, was not an industry.technical progress in the technical transformation of traditional industries. use new technology and equipment and new technologies and products to replace old technology and equipment, processes, the old product and all kinds of tra

22、ditional industries have moved to new technical basis.technological advancement to upgrade the industrial structure. the industry between the technological development is uneven, scientific and technological breakthrough in the new industries and high productivity and grew, and those technologies is

23、 not a major breakthrough in the traditional industries will appear on the decline, even for other industries. therefore, structural changes in the industrial structure, the realization of the industrial structure upgrading.system arrangement will industrial optimization and upgrading of the system

24、is an important for the new system of douglas of the north and, in the north, the system of economic content is the family, enterprises and money market transactions, the contract system and futures markets. for specific system for industrial optimization and upgrading the role in the following aspe

25、cts:for resource allocation system affect the way. select the configuration of resources is a countrys sovereignty, it constitutes the essence of a countrys economic structure. there are two ways of resource allocation, the market allocate and project configuration. the configuration is a major mark

26、et for means of resource allocation, the industrial structure according to changing market needs. the plan and configure the governments plan is to be based on the allocation of resources, the governments allocation of resources, the industrial structure adjustment of economic development direction

27、of the government the direction .system arrangement influence industrial optimization and upgrading of the arrangements. the system is a major macroeconomic factors, the government on economic, administrative and legal means to guide the direction of economic development, the industry structure will

28、 also follow this direction.system arrangement influence industrial optimization and upgrading of the state. in order to ensure the smooth running and achieve the expected economic objective, can be more strict in the licensing system, a control system. if the system to control industrial developmen

29、t in accordance with laws and industrial upgrading will have to coordinate the system status. if the control does not comply with industrial transformation, will lead to upgrade the industrial structure appears more serious than the state. the governments industrial policy to optimize its industrial

30、 structure. the system is still an arrangement also reflected in national policy adjustment. we have a long history, there is a planned economy is to establish a socialist market economy, but the government to the economic impact is still very strong, the governments industrial policy of china is th

31、e restructuring of industry and optimization is still very important, if the government to support the restructuring of industry and optimized, is the restructuring of industry can be smoothly and on the contrary, it will give the restructuring of industry create unnecessary obstacles.international

32、trade is important to optimize the industrial structure of a decisive factor:international trade in our economy will have greater impact. from the industrial structure, optimize the point of view, if a country in the international division of the structure of the bottom, with the primary product exp

33、orts, the countrys domestic industrial structure and resources must be to labor-intensive industries, such intensive industries are very low added value and technology content, processing and not high, the industrial structure is in a very low level.on the contrary, if a country with export of manuf

34、actured products and services, the countrys domestic production also bound to manufacturing and service industries and industries must be a high added value, high and high is premised on the processing and high degree of growth, its industrial structure also at a higher level.at present, economic gl

35、obalization has become a reality, this is a people will be the trend of economic globalization. in modern conditions, the international market competition is fierce, the country impossible for the development of all trades and meet all the domestic demand resources and technology, products and servi

36、ces. moreover, even more important, even if a country with the development of a production of certain conditions, but not necessarily develop the industry. even in the world in a corner of the boeing, its aircraft parts, a dozen countries and regions. thus, through international trade and making ful

37、l use of the worlds resources, the domestic industrial structure. the overwhelming.中文翻譯： 關(guān)于產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化升級(jí)的影響因素探析論文摘要:本文從產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化升級(jí)的社會(huì)需求結(jié)構(gòu)因素、資源供給結(jié)構(gòu)因素、技術(shù)進(jìn)步因素、制度安排因素和國(guó)際貿(mào)易因素等相關(guān)方面,分析了它們?cè)诋a(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化升級(jí)中的影響作用,以期對(duì)完成“十一五”時(shí)期產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化升級(jí)目標(biāo)提供理論參考。 社會(huì)需求結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化升級(jí)的影響 在農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代,人們的需求以滿足生存需要的食物為主,產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)以第一產(chǎn)業(yè)為主;工業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代,社會(huì)需求結(jié)構(gòu)以生存和基本發(fā)展需要的物

38、質(zhì)產(chǎn)品為主體,因此整個(gè)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)以物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)的工業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)為基礎(chǔ)。因此,科學(xué)技術(shù)研究與開(kāi)發(fā)事業(yè)、信息服務(wù)與咨詢產(chǎn)業(yè)、教育與培訓(xùn)產(chǎn)業(yè)等專門(mén)知識(shí)性產(chǎn)業(yè)將越來(lái)越發(fā)達(dá),并日益在產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)中占有越來(lái)越大的比重,從而把整個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)提升到更高的水平。 社會(huì)需求結(jié)構(gòu)是產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)升級(jí)的出發(fā)點(diǎn)和立足點(diǎn)。社會(huì)需求水平和結(jié)構(gòu)的變化必然影響產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化和升級(jí)。 社會(huì)需求包括消費(fèi)需求、投資需求和出口需求。 消費(fèi)需求包括公共消費(fèi)和個(gè)人消費(fèi)需求兩部分。兩者中影響較大的是個(gè)人消費(fèi)需求。個(gè)人消費(fèi)需求是指為滿足當(dāng)前的消費(fèi)需要而購(gòu)買商品和勞務(wù)的個(gè)人開(kāi)支。人們的消費(fèi)需求多樣化并處于變化之中,它總是與一定的收入水平相適應(yīng)。隨著收入水平的提高,個(gè)人

39、消費(fèi)需求結(jié)構(gòu)趨向多層次和多樣化。多層次的消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)將會(huì)帶動(dòng)多層次的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的遞進(jìn)升級(jí)。 社會(huì)投資需求既包括固定資產(chǎn)的投資需求,又包括流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)的投資需求。其中,固定資產(chǎn)投資需求的變動(dòng)是產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化升級(jí)的直接原因。創(chuàng)造新需求的投資,將形成新產(chǎn)業(yè)而改變?cè)械漠a(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu);對(duì)部分產(chǎn)業(yè)的投資,將推動(dòng)這些產(chǎn)業(yè)比未投資的那部分產(chǎn)業(yè)以更快的速度擴(kuò)大,從而影響原有產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu);對(duì)全部產(chǎn)業(yè)的投資,則會(huì)引起各產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展程度的差異,導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的相應(yīng)變化。 出口需求是指外國(guó)各經(jīng)濟(jì)主體對(duì)本國(guó)商品和勞務(wù)的需求。由于各國(guó)資源稟賦不同,不同國(guó)家生產(chǎn)的相對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)也不同,形成各國(guó)在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中的比較利益。這種比較利益影響各國(guó)的進(jìn)出口結(jié)構(gòu),從而影

40、響產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的變動(dòng)。以某一種產(chǎn)品的進(jìn)口為起端,借助于這一進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品開(kāi)拓國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng),誘發(fā)該產(chǎn)業(yè)在國(guó)內(nèi)成長(zhǎng)。當(dāng)該產(chǎn)業(yè)在國(guó)內(nèi)成長(zhǎng)達(dá)到一定程度,利用本國(guó)要素稟賦和規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)的優(yōu)勢(shì)促成生產(chǎn)成本的降低,形成比較利益,再打入國(guó)際市場(chǎng)。隨著國(guó)際市場(chǎng)的不斷開(kāi)拓,促進(jìn)本國(guó)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)升級(jí)。先在國(guó)內(nèi)開(kāi)發(fā)新產(chǎn)品,依靠國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)促進(jìn)產(chǎn)品發(fā)育成熟,帶動(dòng)該產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展,一旦國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)飽和,便開(kāi)拓國(guó)外市場(chǎng),推動(dòng)產(chǎn)品出口。隨著國(guó)際市場(chǎng)的形成,又帶動(dòng)技術(shù)出口和資本輸出,在國(guó)外形成生產(chǎn)能力后,在更先進(jìn)的技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)上,以更低價(jià)格將產(chǎn)品返銷國(guó)內(nèi),滿足國(guó)內(nèi)需求。結(jié)果導(dǎo)致國(guó)內(nèi)這一產(chǎn)業(yè)收縮,使生產(chǎn)要素流向其他產(chǎn)業(yè),從而推動(dòng)本國(guó)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化升級(jí)。 資源供給結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)

41、產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化升級(jí)產(chǎn)生本質(zhì)影響 (一)自然資源供給結(jié)構(gòu) 自然資源狀況和產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的形成與優(yōu)化升級(jí)有著密切聯(lián)系。如果一個(gè)國(guó)家國(guó)土遼闊、資源豐富,那么該國(guó)也可能成為資源開(kāi)發(fā)和加工利用全面發(fā)展的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)。資源匱乏的國(guó)家就不可能形成資源開(kāi)發(fā)型的產(chǎn)業(yè),只能成為資源加工型的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)。由于自然資源稟賦是經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)因素,又是人力因素難以改變的,因而對(duì)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的形成和升級(jí)起著很大的制約作用。 (二)人力資源供給結(jié)構(gòu) 人力資源即勞動(dòng)力資源,它是人口總量的重要組成部分。人口因素影響著勞動(dòng)力的供給程度和人均資源擁有量以及可供給能力的程度。從人口與資源平衡的角度來(lái)講,過(guò)度的人口增長(zhǎng)會(huì)把國(guó)內(nèi)有限資源轉(zhuǎn)化為衣、食供給,以滿

42、足人們基本的生活需要。可以減少其他資源的供給,同時(shí)又減慢了農(nóng)業(yè)人口向非農(nóng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的轉(zhuǎn)移,阻礙了產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的高級(jí)化。所以,依據(jù)一國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的條件和水平,保持適當(dāng)?shù)娜丝谠鲩L(zhǎng)率,對(duì)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化有著直接的影響。人口眾多和人力資源豐富的國(guó)家應(yīng)該多發(fā)展勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)。 而提高人口素質(zhì),對(duì)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)高級(jí)化有著重要的影響。勞動(dòng)力素質(zhì)集中反映了一國(guó)人力資本的狀況,是制約一國(guó)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化升級(jí)的一個(gè)重要因素。如果一國(guó)人口眾多,但勞動(dòng)力素質(zhì)低下,則該國(guó)具有廉價(jià)勞動(dòng)力的比較優(yōu)勢(shì),其國(guó)內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)必然大多集中于勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè),處于產(chǎn)業(yè)低附加值化、低技術(shù)化、低集約化和低加工度化的狀態(tài);第三產(chǎn)業(yè),尤其是高科技含量的產(chǎn)業(yè)及教育、培訓(xùn)產(chǎn)業(yè)在該

43、國(guó)的發(fā)展會(huì)受到較大的限制,其產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)也必然處于一個(gè)較低的水平。相反,如果一國(guó)勞動(dòng)力的素質(zhì)較高,則該國(guó)的勞動(dòng)力可以較自由地在不同行業(yè)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)移,會(huì)有較多的人力資源從傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)業(yè)及第二產(chǎn)業(yè)中轉(zhuǎn)移出來(lái),投入第三產(chǎn)業(yè);同時(shí)由于勞動(dòng)力成本比較高,因而會(huì)集中發(fā)展資金技術(shù)知識(shí)密集型的產(chǎn)業(yè),從而使該國(guó)的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)水平得到較快的提升。 (三)資金資源供給結(jié)構(gòu) 資金資源是指貨幣資金資源。貨幣資金既是企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)的第一推動(dòng)力和持續(xù)推動(dòng)力,也是產(chǎn)業(yè)形成與發(fā)展的第一推動(dòng)力和持續(xù)推動(dòng)力。資金資源供應(yīng)對(duì)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)變動(dòng)的影響,指從資金總量方面對(duì)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化升級(jí)的影響,也有從資金投向方面對(duì)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化升級(jí)的影響。 改革開(kāi)放以來(lái),外資大量涌

44、入我國(guó),在很大程度上緩解了我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)的資金缺口及外匯缺口問(wèn)題,并在某些技術(shù)領(lǐng)域填補(bǔ)了空白,從資金總量方面對(duì)促進(jìn)我國(guó)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的升級(jí)發(fā)揮了重要的作用,但從資金投向方面也要看到,不同規(guī)模的外資所發(fā)揮的作用不太一樣。中小型外資企業(yè)以利用我國(guó)廉價(jià)勞動(dòng)力和自然資源為主,其投資多集中于勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)和資源密集型產(chǎn)業(yè),大部分企業(yè)從事加工貿(mào)易及三來(lái)一補(bǔ)貿(mào)易,即“兩頭在外”,在國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的部分,附加值較低,技術(shù)水平也不高,其促進(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整與優(yōu)化的作用比較有限。而大型跨國(guó)公司在利用我國(guó)廉價(jià)勞動(dòng)力及自然資源的同時(shí),對(duì)我國(guó)規(guī)模龐大的國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)更感興趣,為了保持其市場(chǎng)開(kāi)拓和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力,在我國(guó)的投資過(guò)程中帶來(lái)較多的

45、先進(jìn)技術(shù)和管理經(jīng)驗(yàn),這對(duì)我國(guó)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整與優(yōu)化會(huì)產(chǎn)生巨大的影響。 技術(shù)進(jìn)步是產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化升級(jí)的動(dòng)力和杠桿 技術(shù)進(jìn)步是指人們?cè)谏a(chǎn)中使用效益更高的勞動(dòng)手段和工藝方法推動(dòng)社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展的運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程。技術(shù)進(jìn)步對(duì)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化的作用表現(xiàn)在以下方面: 技術(shù)進(jìn)步不斷開(kāi)拓新的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)和形成新產(chǎn)業(yè)。隨著技術(shù)進(jìn)步以及社會(huì)分工和專業(yè)化的發(fā)展,在原有產(chǎn)業(yè)中分解出新的產(chǎn)業(yè)。將科技成果用于更新改造生產(chǎn)技術(shù)和工藝設(shè)備,使生產(chǎn)手段更加現(xiàn)代化,生產(chǎn)過(guò)程更加合理化,進(jìn)而形成相應(yīng)的新產(chǎn)業(yè)。在技術(shù)進(jìn)步推動(dòng)下產(chǎn)生的新產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展,不只是一個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè),而是一個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)群。 技術(shù)進(jìn)步推動(dòng)傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的技術(shù)改造。用新技術(shù)、新設(shè)備、新工藝、新產(chǎn)品取代老技術(shù)、老設(shè)備、老工藝、老產(chǎn)品,使各種傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)逐步轉(zhuǎn)移到新的技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)上。 技術(shù)進(jìn)步推動(dòng)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的更新?lián)Q代。各個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)之