(完整)牛津上海版英語九年級上冊全書語法知識匯總,推薦文檔

1、i. 現(xiàn)在完成時的概念。g9 grammar現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果she has been ill for three days. （她病了三天了。）表示從過去某一時間開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。weve known each other since we were children. （我們從小就認識。） i have been a member of the party for 10 years.ii. 構(gòu)成：”助動詞 have, has + 過去分詞”人稱肯定否定疑問回答第一人稱ihaveseen the ufo.wehave travelled arou

2、ndtheworld.i havent seen the ufo.wehavent travelled around the world.have you seen the ufo?haveyoutravelled around the world?yes,ihave./no,i havent.yes, we have./ no, we havent.第二人稱youhavebeentoengland.you havent been to england.haveyoubeento england?yes, i/we have. no, i /we havent.第三人稱he/shehasbee

3、ntobeijing.he/shehasnt been to beijing.has he/ she been to beijing?yes, he/she has. no, he/she hasnt.they have given concerts all over the world.they havent given concerts all over the world.have they given concerts all over the world?yes, they have. no, they havent.現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)的肯定句、否定句和疑問句形式（以 work 為例）：注

4、：規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞的構(gòu)成與過去是相同，不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞見附表。練. 把下面變否定句、一般疑問句并作肯定和否定回答。1. i have done my homework.否定句： 一般疑問句： 回答： 2. the plane has arrived.否定句： 一般疑問句： 回答： iii. 現(xiàn)在完成時用法歸納1. 現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的動作現(xiàn)已完成，對現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果。(此種用法謂語動詞用結(jié)束性動詞)如： the plane has arrived.常用的時間狀語和副詞：already (已經(jīng)) 用于肯定句中，位置比較靈活，但通常放在 have/ has 與過去分詞之間如： i h

5、ave already done my homework.yet (還，仍然，已經(jīng)) 用于否定句和疑問句的句末。如： has she finished cooking yet? 他做完飯了嗎？練：ihavealreadydonemyhomework.(變?yōu)榉穸ň?ever (曾經(jīng))，句中，多用于疑問句如： have you ever been to shanghai?never (從不) ，本身否定 ；before (以前)，句尾，獨立用；just (剛剛)，用于肯定句中，常用在助動詞和過去分詞之間。如：i have just heard the news. 我剛剛聽到消息。2. 完成時可用于

6、表示某時間段里完成的動作，常與 today, these days, recently等時間狀語連用。如：have you seen her these days? 譯： have you been to the library today? 譯： have you read the book recently?譯： 3. 現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能延續(xù)到將來的動作和狀態(tài)。常與表示過去某一時刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一段時間狀語連用。如：a. for + 一段時間：for two hoursb. since + 時間點：since 1999, since last yearc. sinc

7、e + 一段時間+ ago: since two days agod. since + 從句（用過去時）e. up to now, till now, until now, so farf. in the past two years, in the last few daysg. recently, lately如： miss zhao has taught math for five years.his mother has worked in the shop since 1990.the greens have lived in london since three years ago

8、.注：其中在 a,b,c,d 這四種結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語動詞必須為延續(xù)性動詞。如： i have had this book for one and a half years. (這本書我已買了一年半了！)不能用 buy4. 短暫性動詞怎樣和表示一段時間的狀語連用。英語中的短暫性動詞，也叫做終止性動詞、瞬間動詞或非延續(xù)性動詞，只表示一時的動作，在肯定句式中不能與表示延續(xù)的時間狀語連用。常見的短暫性動詞 有 ：go, come, leave, find, buy, arrive, give, stop, join, marry, die, begin, start, borrow, close, ope

9、n, lend 等。eg. i have bought this book for three months. ()非延續(xù)性動詞與一段時間連用時可采用下列三種方法：（1）將非延續(xù)性動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為延續(xù)性動詞。leave- have (has) been away fromclose- be closedjoin- have (has) been (in)begin/start- be onbuy- have (has) hadgo- betheredie- have (has) deadfinish- be overcome (arrive)- have (has) been hereborrow-

10、 have (has) kept begin to work- have (has) workedopen- have (has) been openget up- have (has) been upput on have (has) oncome back- have (has) been backgone (left)- been awayjoined beengot to know known（2）時間狀語的變化：把表時間的狀語“for”變?yōu)椤皵?shù)詞+ 時間名詞+ago”的短語形式。（即：將時間狀語改為過去時間，并用一般過去時代替現(xiàn)在完成時） 如： 他參軍五年了。（判斷正誤）he has

11、 joined the army for five years. () he has been in the army for five years. () he joined the army five years ago.() 他離開濟南三年了。he has left jinan for three years. ()he has been away from jinan for three years. he left jinan three years ago.(3) 句子模式的變化。用句型“it is + 一段時間+ since 從句”（從句中的謂語動詞用非延續(xù)性動詞的一般過去式表示

12、）如：the old man died two years ago.= the old man has been dead for two years.= it is two years since the old man died.5. have been to/ have gone to/ have been in 三種結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別（1） have been to 去過某地(現(xiàn)已離開)，可以與 ever, never, once, twice 等連用。（2） has gone to 去某地了，說話時某人已離開此地，在去某地的路上或已在某地，總之現(xiàn)在還未回來。此句型一般用于第三人稱。（3） h

13、ave been in 表示已在某地呆了多久，若該地為小地方則用 at。翻譯：你以前去過北京嗎？ 吉姆已經(jīng)去了倫敦。 格林一家在中國已經(jīng)兩年了。 6. 現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別：(1)側(cè)重點不同：現(xiàn)在完成時是與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)的時態(tài)，屬現(xiàn)在時態(tài)范疇，它側(cè)重于過去的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響。而一般過去時是一種過去時態(tài)，側(cè)重于表示過去的動作，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)。如：yesterday i went to the zoo. (僅說明昨天去了動物園，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)) li lei has read the book. (說明李磊了解那本書的內(nèi)容)（2） 連用的時間狀語不同：一般過去時常與 ago, yesterday,

14、last, in 2000, just now 等連用。而現(xiàn)在完成時與 already, yet, still, just, so far, in the last/ past, before, ever, never, since, for等時間狀語連用。注 現(xiàn)在完成時不可與 yesterday, last week, two days ago 等過去時間狀語連用。被動語態(tài)語態(tài)是動詞的一種形式，它表示主語和謂語的關(guān)系。語態(tài)有兩種：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。如果主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，或者是說動作是由主語完成的，要用主動語態(tài)；如果主語是動作的承受者，或者是說動作不是由主語而是由其他人完成的，則用被動語態(tài)

15、。一、被動語態(tài)各時態(tài)構(gòu)成表tense主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時bevvsamisare+ pp一般將來時will+ vwill be +pp現(xiàn)在進行時amisare+ vi ngamisare+ being+ pp一般過去時waswerevedwaswere+ pp一般完成時havehas+ pphavehas+ been+ pp過去完成時had+ pphad+ been+ pp過去進行時waswere+ vi ngwaswere being+ pp情態(tài)動詞can+ vcan+ be+ ppour classroom is cleaned everyday. a new shop was bu

16、ilt last year.this book has been translated into many languages. a new hospital will be built in our city.young trees must be watered often.my bike is being repaired by tom now. there are twenty more trees to be planted. 二、主動句變?yōu)楸粍泳渌裱?4 個步驟：1. 把原主動句中的賓語變?yōu)楸粍泳涞闹髡Z2. 把動詞變?yōu)楸粍有问郊?be +過去分詞，并注意其人稱和數(shù)隨主語的變化，

17、而動詞的時態(tài)則保持不變。3. 原主動句的主語如需要則放在 by 后面以它 的賓格形式出現(xiàn)（注代詞的賓格），如不需要則可省略。4. 其它的成分（定語、狀語）不變。三、不用被動語態(tài)的情況1) 不及物動詞或動詞短語無被動語態(tài)（即多數(shù)的瞬間動詞）：appear, die(死亡),disappear（消失） , end (vi. 結(jié)束), fail, happen, las t, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand比較： rise, fall, happen 是不及物動詞； raise, seat 是及物動詞。(錯)the price has been risen.(對) t

18、he price has risen.(錯) the accident was happened last week. (對) the accident happened last week.(錯) the price has raised.(對) the price has been raised. (錯) please seat.(對) please be seated.要想正確地使用被動語態(tài)，就須注意哪些動詞是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特別是一詞多義的動詞往往有兩種用法。解決這一問題唯有在學習過程中多留 意積累。2) 不能用于被動語態(tài)的及物動詞或動詞短語：fit, have, hold,

19、marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arr ive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take p art in, walk into, belong tothis key just fits the lock.your story agrees with what had already been heard.3) 系動詞無被動語態(tài)（ keep 除外）：appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, l

20、ook, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turnit sounds good.4) 帶同源賓語的及物動詞，反身代詞，相互代詞，不能用于被動語態(tài)：die, death, dream, live, lifeshe dreamed a bad dream last night.5) 當賓語是不定式時，很少用于被動語態(tài)。(對) she likes to swim.(錯) to swim is liked by her.四、 使用被動語態(tài)應(yīng)注意的幾個問題：1. 不及物動詞無被動語態(tài)。what will happen in 100 years?the d

21、inosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.2. 有些動詞用主動形式表示被動意義。this pen writes well. this new book sells well.3. 感官動詞或使役動詞使用省略 to 的動詞不定式，主動語態(tài)中不帶 to ，但變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，須加上 to 。例 ： make somebody do something somebody+ be +made to do something see somebody do something somebody +be +seen to do somethinga gi

22、rl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.my wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by. the boss made the little boy do heavy work.the little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.4. 如果是接雙賓語的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時，直接賓語 (物)作主語，那么動詞后要用介詞，這個介詞是由與其搭配的動詞決定。he gave me a book.a book was given to me by him

23、. he showed me a ticket.a ticket was shown to me by him. my father bought me a new bike. a new bike was bought for me by my father.5. 一些動詞短語用于被動語態(tài)時，動詞短語應(yīng)當看作一個整體，而不能丟掉其中的介詞或副詞。we cant laugh him. he cant be laugh by us.he listens to the radio every day. the radio is listened to by him every day. the n

24、urse is taking care of the sick man. the sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.副詞副詞的分類副詞主要用來修飾動詞，形容詞，副詞或其他結(jié)構(gòu)。1、表頻率的副詞常見的頻率副詞有：always,often,usually,sometimes,never,ever,hardly,seldom. 它們一般在系動詞、情態(tài)動詞和助動詞之后，行為動詞之前.he always goes to school on foot. she has never been to beijing. she is often late

25、for work.2、表示方式的副詞與方式相關(guān)的副詞，這類詞通常由形容詞+ly 轉(zhuǎn)化而來。如safely,quietly,quickly，politelyloudly， luckily ，happily ，easily ，carefully， slowly ， suddenly 以及 fast,late,hard,early 等。此類副詞位于動詞之后，如果是及物動詞一般位于賓語之后。the children are dancing happily. they work hard.the students did their homework carefully. 3程度副詞與程度相關(guān)的副詞有：

26、very , much , only, quite , as, too, toofor, tooto do, well, almost, even, a little , enough , rather, a lot , so,such , badly, nearly , further , really , widely , hardly , a bit 等。它們一般位于被修飾的詞前面，但enough 要放在被修飾的詞后面。i can hardly know her name.the cake is so delicioushe was badly hurt .he worked hard

27、enough. 4表時間、地點、方向的副詞（1） 與時間相關(guān)的副詞有: ago ,already, before, early, long, late, just, now, once, soon,since, today, tomorrow ,tonight ,yesterday, yet 等。它們通常位于句末，有些也可位于句中如：already 等。theyll come back soon. he lived here ten years ago .they have finished the work already.=they have already finished the wo

28、rk.（2） 與地點、方向相關(guān)的副詞經(jīng)常位于動詞之后與動詞搭配構(gòu)成短語動詞。outside, inside , upstair ,here ,there ,home, near, come back , turn left , go out 5疑問副詞和關(guān)系副詞（1） 常用的疑問副詞：when,where ,why ,how,how old, how long, how soon, how often, how far 等以及 perhaps,maybe,instead 等,通常用于句首。maybe/perhaps he is at home. how did you go there ?wh

29、en was he born ? how often do you see a movie ?how soon will your father come back?（2） 關(guān)系副詞主要有四個,即 when, where, why，how 等。關(guān)系副詞常用來引導(dǎo)從句。1. 副詞的位置和排序（一）、副詞的位置：1） 在動詞之前。2） 在 be 動詞、助動詞之后。3） 多個助動詞時，副詞一般放在第一個助動詞后。 注意：a. 大多數(shù)方式副詞位于句尾，但賓語過長，副詞可以提前，以使句子平衡。we could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.b.

30、 方式副詞 well，badly 糟、壞，hard 等只放在句尾，如：hespeaks english well.（二）、副詞的排列順序：1） 時間，地點副詞，小單位的在前，大單位在后。2） 方式副詞，短的在前，長的在后，并用 and 或 but 等連詞連接。please write slowly and carefully.3） 多個不同副詞排列：程度+地點+方式+時間副詞。注意：副詞 very 可以修飾形容詞，但不能修飾動詞。改錯：(錯)i very like english.(對)i like english very much.注意：副詞 enough 要放在形容詞的后面，形容詞 en

31、ough 放在名詞前后都可。i dont know him well enough. there is enough food for everyone to eat.there is food enough for everyone to eat.副詞的用法1).作狀語修飾動詞，位于動詞后。he walked quietly into his bedroom. it is raining hard . 2).作狀語修飾形容詞，位于形容詞前。out.you have a very nice watch. the machine is too heavy.3). 作狀語修飾另一副詞，位于另一副詞

32、前。有時候也修飾整個句子you walked too slowly,i couldnt wait for you.unfortunately ，he was4). 作表語，位于系動詞之后。how long will she be away?is your mother in ? 5).作賓語補足語，位于賓語之后。ask him in . i saw him out . 6).作定語，位于名詞后。the girl herethe boy over therethe man upstairson ones way home副詞的比較等級1、副詞比較等級的構(gòu)成（1） 副詞的比較等級與形容詞相似，也有

33、比較級和最高級。（2） 絕大多數(shù)的副詞比較級和最高級都是在其前面加上 more 和 most 構(gòu)成的，有少數(shù)單音節(jié)和個別雙音節(jié)的副詞是在末尾加 er , est 構(gòu)成。slowly- moreslowly- most slowlycarefully-more carefully most carefully fast-faster-fastest（3） 還有一些副詞的比較級和最高級是不規(guī)則的。例如：well-better-bestbadly-worse-worstfar-farther/further-farthest/furthest much more-mostlittle-less-le

34、astlittle-less-least2、副詞比較等級的用法（1） 副詞的同級比較用 (not)as+副詞原級+as .jim did the work as well as lilei.i cant run as fast as you .（2） 兩者之間進行比較常與 than 連用。he speaks english better than you . tom works harder than jim .(3)表示三者、三者以上之間的比較用副詞最高級，用不用定冠詞 the 皆可， 通常有一個表示范圍的短語。例如：the boy writes most carefully of the

35、four.jim did worst in the exam in his class yesterday.一、 兼有兩種形式的副詞1) close 與 closelyclose 意思是近； closely 意思是仔細地he is sitting close to me.watch him closely. 2)late 與 latelylate 意思是晚； lately 意思是最近you have come too late. what have you been doing lately? 3)deep 與 deeplydeep 意思是深，表示空間深度；deeply 時常表示感情上的深度，

36、深深地he pushed the stick deep into the mud. even father was deeply moved by the film.4)high 與 highlyhigh 表示空間高度；highly 表示程度，相當于 muchthe plane was flying high.i think highly of your opinion. 5)wide 與 widelywide 表示空間寬度；widely 意思是廣泛地，在許多地方he opened the door wide.english is widely used in the world. 6)fre

37、e 與 freelyfree 的意思是免費；freely 的意思是無限制地you can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. you may speak freely;say what you like.易混點清單一、how long,how often,how soon，how far 的用法區(qū)別1. how long“多長”，詢問動作在時間上所持續(xù)的長度。其答語部分或劃線部分可能是：1）“for + 時間段”，有時可能沒有介詞 for。如：-how long did he wait for you here？- for two hour

38、s.it took him 20 minutes to finish his homework. (對話線部分提問)how long did it take him to finish his homework?2）“since + 具體時間”，“since + 時間段 + ago”或者“since + 從句”。如：-how long are you feeling like this? -since last night. 3）表示時間的 betweenand,fromto等介詞短語。如：they were playing football from 9:00 to 10:00 yester

39、day. (對話線部分提問)how long were they playing football yesterday?另外，how long 也可以詢問某事物的具體長度。如：-how long is the desk？ -1.2 meters. 1.2 米。2. how soon“多久，多快”，詢問動作在將來要經(jīng)過多長時間才會發(fā)生。其答語部分或劃線部分可能是：in + 時間段。如：hes going to zhengzhou in two days. (對話線部分提問)how soon is he going to zhengzhou？3. how far“多遠”，詢問路程、距離。如：how

40、 far is it from here to school? 4.how often指每隔多久，主要用來對頻度副詞或狀語(如：once a week,three times a month 等)提問。如a：how often does he come here? b：once a month.a：how often do you visit your mother? b：once a week.二、hard 和 hardly 的區(qū)別(一)、hard 可用作形容詞或副詞：1. 當 hard 用作形容詞時，意為“困難的、堅固的、努力的”等。例如：its hard for old people t

41、o change their ways. steel is harder than wood.2. 當 hard 用作副詞時，意為“努力的、困難的、猛烈地”等。例如：does tom work hard at his lessons? its raining hard outside now. dont go out.tv.(二)、hardly 只能用作副詞，意為“幾乎沒有、幾乎不”。例如：i can hardly see anything on the blackboard. my father hardly ever watches3、much too 和 too much 區(qū)別（一）(t

42、oo) much 中心詞是 much1. 相當于形容詞，意為“more than enough”，用在不可數(shù)名詞前面作定語或在系動詞后面作表語。如：americans eat too much meat in my opinioni drank too much cola last nightthe work is too much for her shes afraid the trip will be too much forme2. 相當于名詞，在句子中作主語或賓語。如：too much was happening all at onceyou have given me too muc

43、h 3相當于副詞，在句子中作狀語。如：you work too muchshe talks too much（二）(much) too 中心詞為 toomuchtoo 的用法比較簡單，只用作副詞作狀語，但它不單獨使用，在句子中要修飾形容詞或副詞，但不修飾動詞。如： you are much too kind to meits much too coldyou are driving much too fast【練習】1.we should not eat junk food.a.too much b.much too c.too many d.much too(a)2.itshot in au

44、gust in nanjing .3.a .many too b . much too c . very too d .to much(b) 4.we dont havetime to work every year.5.a much too b so many c too much d too many(c)四、also ,too, as well ,either, neither 意思 區(qū)別1) also 表示也是比較正式的用詞, too 是普通用詞,口語中用的多,使用時應(yīng)注意: also一般用于句子中,其位置在行為動詞之前,動詞 to be 之后。如有助動詞或情態(tài)動詞，一般應(yīng)在助動詞或情

45、態(tài)動詞后，為了強調(diào)，也可放在前面。例如：i also went. you are also wrong.too 常置于句末，前面可用逗號，如置于句中，其前后均有逗號。例如he is a singer ,too. he,too,is a singer.注意: also,too 只能用于肯定句。2) eitherneithereither 表示“也”，只能用在否定句中，必須放在句末。例如：he didnt go there. i didnt either. neither 表示兩者都不。in neither case can i agree. neither of them wants to st

46、op for a rest3) as well as 作并列連詞相當于 not onlybut also 和 no lessthan，但 not onlybut also 側(cè)重在后項，as well as 和 no lessthan 側(cè)重在前項。例如：we must learn to look at problems all-sidedly, seeing the reverse as well as theobverse side or things. a true man should be practical as well as far-sighted.在否定句中，as well as

47、 的位置不同，句意往往有很大差別。比較下面的句子：he, as well as she, will not come. he will not come as well as she.（否定前者，肯定后者） henry, as well as his brother, doesnt work hard. henry doesnt work hard as well as him brother.as well as 連接的應(yīng)是平等成分，都作主語或都作賓語等。例如：she was there as well as me. （誤） she was there as well as i .（正） 五

48、、already、yet、still 的區(qū)別1） already 是已經(jīng),用在肯定句中,用在完成時中比較多,比如 ive already been to london.2） yet 是還用于否定句,如 i havent gone there yet.此外 yet 還有但是的意思,有時可以和 but 互換,比如 the authorities claim that the situation in the area has been under control, yet the fact is not the case.( 當 局聲稱此地區(qū)局勢已得到控制,但事實并不是那么回事.)3） still

49、 是仍然,如 he should have been killed in the accident, but he is still alive.(他本應(yīng)在事故中喪生,但他活著.)六、ago 和 before 的區(qū)別1. ago表示“從現(xiàn)在起的若干時間以前”，意思是“距今以前”，需和過去時或過去進行時連用。before 泛指“從過去起的若干時間以前”，意思是“距過去某時以前”“與其（毋寧）”，常和完成時連用，尤其在間接引語中，如： his parents died ten years agohe said that his parents had died ten years before i

50、 have never been there beforei visited him three days ago, but he had gone to shanghai a week before2. 如果不具體表明多少時間以前，只用 before 不用 ago，意為“從前、以前”。before 仍以副詞的形式置于被修飾語后，常與完成時候過去時連用。如：have you seen this film before? he asked me whether i had been to the great wall before3. 表示在某一點時間或事件以前時，只用 before 不用 ag

51、o，這種用法是將before 當作介詞或連詞使用。ago 不具有這一功能。如：they will come back before six oclockit is hoped that this will be finished before the year 1995另外，before 在句中的含義較多。不少句子中，before 雖然引導(dǎo)的也是一個時間狀語，但是譯成漢語時卻不必譯為“在以前”。a.如果 before 引導(dǎo)的從句動作發(fā)生得晚或慢，可譯成“才”。這是主句主語或是名詞、代詞，或用 it 作形式主語he had almost knocked me down before he saw

52、 meit will be hours before he arrives you must sow before you can reap b.如果強調(diào)從句動作發(fā)生之前，主句動作已發(fā)生，可譯成“未就”或“還沒有就”。 before i could get in a word he had measured melu ban built nine pavilions, but before he could finish the tenth, he heard a cock crowingc.有些句子中的 before 可譯為“先然后”、“先再”。dont count the chickens

53、 before they are hatched 不要樂觀得太早。be pupil before you become a teacher先做學生，再做先生。有些句中的 before 還可譯為“在內(nèi)”、“趁”、“沒”。they arrived before i expectedstudy hard before it is too latei had better go now before it is too late . i will be through this book before three days have passedbefore sbknew it 一類習慣說法，常譯為“

54、不知不覺就”、“還沒弄清就”、“不知怎么地就”，如time passed quickly and three months went by before aqiao knew ithe fell from the tree before he knew it4. 加強語氣，表示“早已”的意思或使敘述顯得更生動，ago 也可以用于完成時。如：i had thought that he had died at least twenty years agoin fact, i have long time ago known the secret5. 在表示對過去事情猜測的“情態(tài)動詞have過去分詞”或“動詞的非謂語形式have過去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，ago 也可以和完成時連用。如：the building is said to have been destroyed in a fire two years agotheincident must taken place years agoyou can not have met him a moment agohe may have left an hour agohaving