專升本閱讀理解長(zhǎng)句例句解析

1、1. Wearing a seat belt saves lives; it reduces your chance ofdeath or serious injury by more than half.2. But it will be the driver s responsibility to make sure thatchildren under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing a seat belt of some kind.3. However, you do not have to wear a seat

2、 belt if you are reversing your vehicle; or you are making a local delivery or collection using a special vehicle; or if you have a valid medical certificate which excuses you from wearing it.4. Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so, and you may be fined if you cannot prove to the cour

3、t that you have been excused from wearing it.5. Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of ageing could he slowed dow n.6. With a team of collea

4、gues at Tokyo National University, he setabout measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations.7. Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtainprecise measurements of the volume of the front and sidesections of the brain, which relate to intellect 智能）an

5、d emotion, and determine the human character.8. Contraction of front and side parts as cells die off was observed in some subjects in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty and seventy-year-olds.9. The findings show in general terms that contraction of thebrain begins sooner in p

6、eople in the country than in the towns.10. White collar workers doing routine work in governmentoffices are, however, as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant.11. We know that you have a high opinion of the kind of learningtaught in your colleges, and that

7、 the costs of living of our young men, while with you, would be very expensive to you.12. But you must know that different nations have differentways of looking at things, and you will therefore not be offended if our ideas of this kind of education happen not to be the same as yours.13. We are, how

8、ever, not the less obliged by your kind offer,though we refuse to accept it; and, to show our grateful sense of it, if the gentlemen of Virginia will send us a dozen of their sons, we will take care of their education, teach them in all we know , and make men of the m.14. In what now seems like the

9、prehistoric times of computerhistory, the earth s postwar era, there was quite a wide-spread concern that computers would take over the world from man one day.15. Already today, less than forty years later, as computers arerelieving us of more and more of the routine tasks in business and in our per

10、sonal lives. We are faced with a less dramatic but also less foreseen proble m.16. Obviously, there would be no point in investing in acomputer if you had to check all its answers, but people should also rely on their own internal computers and check the machine when they have the feeling that somet

11、hing has gone wrong.17. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it inhis writings, but he was reluctant to go to sea to further his work.18. For most people the sea was remote, and with the exceptionof early intercontinental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, ther

12、e was little reason to ask manyquestions about it , let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface.19. The first time that the question“ What is at the bottom ofthe oceans? ” had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was propose

13、d.20. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was takenout for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.【參考譯文】第一部分（1-20句譯文）1、系好安全帶能夠挽救性命，它能將喪生和重傷的概率減少一半以上。2、但是司機(jī)有責(zé)任確保 14

14、歲以下的孩子不要坐在前排，除非他們系好了安全帶。3、當(dāng)然，如果有以下情況你可以不系安全帶：你在倒車時(shí)，或者你用一種特殊交通工具進(jìn) 行當(dāng)?shù)氐呢浳镞\(yùn)送、收集時(shí)，或者你有合法的醫(yī)學(xué)證明你不能系安全帶時(shí)。4、注意你如果不這么做（系安全帶）的話，你有可能被告上法庭，而且你有可能被處以罰 款除非你能證明你有不帶安全帶的理由。5、Taiju Matsuzawa教授想找出為什么日本北部的健康農(nóng)民在相對(duì)年輕的年齡就顯得開 始失去思考與推理的能力的原因以及怎樣才能延緩老化過(guò)程。6、在東京國(guó)立大學(xué)的同事們的幫助下，他開始對(duì)一千來(lái)自不同職業(yè)的人群進(jìn)行了大腦體積的測(cè)量。7、計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)幫助研究人員獲得人腦前部和側(cè)部的準(zhǔn)確

15、體積，這是與人的智能和情緒有關(guān) 的部分，而且也決定人的性格特點(diǎn)。8、有的人（大腦）前部和側(cè)部的收縮一一隨著細(xì)胞的死亡一一在三十多歲時(shí)就能被觀察到了， 但是也有些人直到六七歲依然不明顯。9、研究結(jié)果表明在農(nóng)村的人大腦收縮基本上比城市里的人要早。10、 在政府部門從事簡(jiǎn)單重復(fù)工作的白領(lǐng)也像農(nóng)場(chǎng)工人、公共汽車司機(jī)和商店職員一樣大腦 細(xì)胞容易收縮。11、 我們知道你們很看重你們?cè)诖髮W(xué)里面教育的學(xué)習(xí)方法，而且我們的年輕人與你們生活的 花費(fèi)即使對(duì)于你們來(lái)說(shuō)也不便宜。12、 但是你們也要明白不同的民族看待事物有不同的方法，所以如果剛好我們的看法與你們 的不一樣的話，你們也不應(yīng)覺(jué)的被冒犯了。13、當(dāng)然，對(duì)于你

16、們的盛情我們沒(méi)有被逼迫的感覺(jué)，盡管我們拒絕接受。而且，為了表示我們的感謝，如果維吉利亞洲的紳士們?cè)敢馀蓙?lái)一些他們的子弟的話，我們會(huì)盡全力教育他們，并把他們培養(yǎng)成為真正的男人。14、 在這個(gè)像是計(jì)算機(jī)史前時(shí)代的時(shí)代，地球的戰(zhàn)后時(shí)代，人們普遍擔(dān)憂有一天計(jì)算機(jī)會(huì)取 代人類控制世界。15、 今天或者不到五十年后， 計(jì)算機(jī)將越來(lái)越多的減輕人們的工作事務(wù)和日?，嵤?。我們也 將面對(duì)一個(gè)沒(méi)有什么戲劇性和更不可預(yù)測(cè)的問(wèn)題。16、顯然，如果你不得不檢查計(jì)算機(jī)提供的所有答案的話，對(duì)它投資就沒(méi)有任何意義了。但 是當(dāng)人們覺(jué)的計(jì)算機(jī)確實(shí)出了一些問(wèn)題的時(shí)候，應(yīng)該靠自己內(nèi)部的“計(jì)算機(jī)”來(lái)檢查機(jī)器。17、當(dāng)然牛頓在他的作品中寫

17、到了一些理論方面的東西，但他不愿進(jìn)行更加深刻的研究。18、 除了一些洲際旅行者和以大海為生的人，對(duì)于大多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)， 大海是遙遠(yuǎn)的，沒(méi)有什么 必要提出太多問(wèn)題，更別說(shuō)思考大海海底的東西了。19、 當(dāng)鋪設(shè)一條從歐洲到美洲的海底電報(bào)光纜的時(shí)候，出于商業(yè)動(dòng)機(jī)，人們第一次不得不回 答這個(gè)問(wèn)題“海底是什么東西”。20、在早期的嘗試中，光纜鋪設(shè)失敗，不得不取出來(lái)維修。這時(shí)人們發(fā)現(xiàn)上面覆蓋有生物， 這推翻了當(dāng)時(shí)科學(xué)界認(rèn)為深海沒(méi)有生命的理論。21. For every course that he follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded, an

18、d the record is available for the stude nt to show to prospective employers.22. All this imposes a con sta nt pressure and stra in of work, but in spite of thissome students still find time for great activity in student affairs.23. The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by

19、 students who advise the academic authorities.24. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.25. When ever possible, do routi ne work in the after noon and save tasks requiri ngmore en ergy or concen trati

20、 on for your sharper hours.26. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find thatmixed-ability teach ing con tributes to all these aspects of lear ning.27. They also lear n how to cope with pers onal problems as well as lear ning how tothink, to make decisi ons,to an alyse and eval

21、uate, and to com muni cate effectively.28. The problem is, how to en courage a child to express himself freely and con fide ntlyin writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling?29. It may have been a sharp criticism of the pupil s technical abilities in writing, but it was also

22、a sad reflect ion on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay,which contained some beautiful expressions of the child s deep feelings.30. The teacher was not wrong to draw attentionto the errors, but if his prioritieshad centred on the child s ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the

23、prese ntati on would have give n the pupil more motivati on to seek improveme nt.31. Given the nature of government and privateemployers, it seems most likely thatdiscrim in ati on by private employers would be greater.32. The release of the carb on in these compo unds for recycli ng depe nds almost

24、en tirely on the acti on of both aerobic and an aerobic bacteria and certa in typesoffun gi.33. A spirited discussi on spri ngs up betwee n a young girl who says that wome n haveoutgrow n the jumpi ng-o n-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a mouse era and a major who saysthat they haven t.34. They are trying t

25、o find out whether there is something about the way we teachIanguage to children which in fact prevents children from learning sooner.35. Mathematicians who have tried to use the computers to copy the way the brainworks have found that even using the latest electr onic equipme nt they would haveto b

26、uild a computer which weighed over 10,000 kilos.36. Since different people like to do so many different things in their spare time, we could make a long list of hobbies, taking in everything from collecting matchboxes and rais ing rare fish, to lear ning about the stars and making model ships.37. Th

27、ey know that a seal swim ming un der the ice will keep a breath ing hole ope nby its warm breath, so they will wait beside the hole and kill it.38. We may be able to decide whether some one is white only by see ing if they havenone of the features that would mark them clearly as a member of ano ther

28、 race.39. Although sig ns of dish on esty in school , bus in ess and gover nment seem much more numerous in years than in the past, could it be that we are getting better at revealing such dish on esty?40. It is not quite a matter of disagree ing with the theory of in depe nden ce, butof rejecting i

29、ts implications:that the romances may be taken in any or no particularorder, that they have no cumulative effect, and that they are as separate as the works of a moder n no velist.【參考譯文】 第二部分（21-40句譯文）21、學(xué)生們所學(xué)的每一門課程都有分?jǐn)?shù)，而且要被記錄存檔， 這可以用來(lái)提供給將來(lái)學(xué)生的雇主們。22、所有這些給學(xué)生們施加了很大的壓力，盡管如此，學(xué)生們還是積極參加學(xué)生 活動(dòng)。23、而有效遵守紀(jì)律的學(xué)生

30、們往往是那些經(jīng)常給校方提建議的學(xué)生。24、 當(dāng)丈夫們和妻子們認(rèn)識(shí)到這種能量圈的意思以及各個(gè)家庭成員所處的圈之后，許多家庭 爭(zhēng)吵就結(jié)束了。25、 只要可能，在下午做那些程序化的工作，把需要更多能量的工作留到你效率最好的時(shí)候 去做。26、 我們也很看重個(gè)人品德和社交技能，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)混合能力的教育對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)的各個(gè)方面都有幫 助。27、他們也要學(xué)習(xí)如何處理個(gè)人問(wèn)題和怎樣思考，怎樣決策、分析和評(píng)估以及有效溝通。28、問(wèn)題是，怎樣鼓勵(lì)一個(gè)孩子在寫作時(shí)自由自信的表達(dá)自己，而不被拼寫的復(fù)雜所捆繞。29、 這可能是對(duì)學(xué)生在寫作中的技術(shù)能力的尖銳批評(píng)，但也是老師的失敗的悲哀反映一一忽 略了朗讀文章，這其中優(yōu)美的表達(dá)可以

31、激發(fā)孩子們的深刻感受。30、 老師注重錯(cuò)誤沒(méi)錯(cuò)，但是如果他更注重孩子的思想的話，他失望的表現(xiàn)會(huì)使孩子有提高 的動(dòng)力。31、根據(jù)政府和私人雇主的性質(zhì)來(lái)看，私人雇主更有可能采取歧視。32、這種化合物通過(guò)碳的釋放來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)循環(huán)，主要依靠喜氧和厭氧細(xì)菌以及一些菌類的活動(dòng)。33、 一場(chǎng)激烈的爭(zhēng)論在一個(gè)女孩和一位少校中展開了，前者說(shuō)女人們已經(jīng)不再看到老鼠就 從椅子上跳起來(lái)”了，而后者說(shuō)她們依然那樣。34、他們?cè)趪L試尋找是否我們教授孩子們語(yǔ)言的方法中有阻礙孩子們迅速學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言的東西。35、 使用計(jì)算機(jī)來(lái)拷貝大腦工作方式的數(shù)學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)即使使用最先進(jìn)的電子設(shè)備，他們也要 建造一臺(tái)超過(guò)10，000公斤的計(jì)算機(jī)。36、

32、既然不同的人們?cè)谒麄兊臉I(yè)余時(shí)間做不同的事情，我們可以列出一長(zhǎng)串愛(ài)好列表，包括從收集火柴盒到養(yǎng)珍稀魚類以及學(xué)習(xí)星學(xué)和制造航模等各種消遣。37、 他們知道在冰面下面游泳的海豹呼吸的熱氣會(huì)使冰面上出現(xiàn)洞口，于是他們就在洞旁守 侯并捕殺海豹。38、只要一個(gè)人沒(méi)有屬于其他人種的明顯的特征，我們就可以判斷他是否屬于白色人種。39、 盡管在學(xué)校，企業(yè)和政府中不誠(chéng)實(shí)的欺詐行為近年來(lái)比以往都要多，大那也許是因?yàn)槲?們?cè)谶@些方面加大了揭露的力度。40、 并不是與獨(dú)立理論不一致，而是與其應(yīng)用不相符合：愛(ài)情小說(shuō)可以以任何一種形式展現(xiàn) 或者根本沒(méi)有特殊的規(guī)律，他們沒(méi)有累積效果，就象現(xiàn)代小說(shuō)家的作品一樣獨(dú)立。41. Hi

33、s thesis works relatively well whe n applied to discrim in atio n aga inst Blacks in the Un ited States, but his definition of racial prejudice as racially-based negative prejudgments against agroup gen erally accepted as a race in any give n regi on of eth nic competiti on,” can be in terpretedas a

34、lso in cludi ng hostility toward such eth nic groups as the Chin ese in Califor nia and the Jews in medieval Europe.42. Gutma n argues convincin gly that the stability of the Black family en couraged the tran smissi onof and so was crucial in sustaining the Black heritage of folklore, music, and rel

35、igious expressi on from one gen erati on to ano ther, a heritage that slaves were contin ually fashi oning out of their Africa n and America n experie nces.43. Even the folk kno wledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spe nding,organizing, marrying, taking part in politi

36、cal activities, fighting and so on , is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the socialscie nces, eventhough it is built upon the very imperfect samples of pers onal experie nee.44. There are several steps that can be take n, of which the chief one

37、 is to dema nd of all the orga ni zati ons that exist with the declared objectives of safeguard ing the in terests of ani mals that they should declare clearly where they sta nd on viole nee towards people.45. It was possible to dem on strate by other methods refined structural differe nces among n

38、euro n types, however, proof was lack ing that the quality of the impulse or its con duct ion was in flue need by these differe nces, which seemed in stead to in flue nee the developme ntal patter ning of the n eural circuits.46. Accord ing to this theory, it is not the quality of the sen sory nerve

39、 impulses that determ ines the diverse con scious sen sati ons they produce, but rather the differe nt areas of the brain into which they discharge , and there is some evidence for this view.47. The result of attrition is that, where the areas of the whole leaves follow a normal distribution, a bimo

40、dal distribution is produced, one peak composed mainly of fragmented pieces, the other of the larger remai ns.48. The Bible does not tell us how the Roma n cen sus takers made out, and as regards our more immediate concern, the reliability of present day economic forecasting, there are considerable

41、differe nce of opinion.49. A survey con ducted in Brita in con firmed that an abno rmally high perce ntage of patie nts sufferi ng from arthritis of the spine who had bee n treated with X rays con tracted cancer.50. Yet across the gulf of space, minds that are to our minds as ours are to those of th

42、e beasts that perish, intellects vast and cool and unsympathetic, regarded this earth with envious eyes, and slowly and surely drew their pla ns aga inst us.51. Even the doctoral degree, l ong recog ni zed as a required“ union card ” in the academic wohas come under severe criticism as the pursuit o

43、f learning for its own sake and the accumulation ofkno wledge without immediate applicati on to a professorsroom dutiess clas52. While a selectio n of n ecessary details is in volved in both, the officer must rema in n eutral and clearly try to present a picture of the facts, while the artist usuall

44、y begins with a preconceived message or attitude which is then transmitted through the use of carefully selected details of action described in words inten ded to provoke associati ons and emoti onal react ions in the reader.53. Articles in the popular press eve n criticize the Gross Nati onal Produ

45、ct ion (GNP) because it is not such a complete in dex of welfare, ig noring, on the one hand, that it was n ever inten ded to be, and suggesti ng, on the other, that with appropriate cha nges it could be con verted into one.54. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrang

46、ement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneuaral correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sen sory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable tha n anyof the minute differe nces.55. The Chin ese have distributed publicati ons to farmers and other

47、 rural reside nts in struct ing themin what to watch for their animals so that every household can join in helping to predict earthquakes.56. Supporters of the Star Wars defense system hope that this would not only protect a nation aga inst an actual nu clear attack, but would be eno ugh of a threat

48、 to keep a n uclear war from ever happe ning.57. Neither would it preve nt cruise missiles or bombers, whose flights are with in the Earth atmosphere, from hitt ing their targets.58. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other min ority

49、groups have difficulty establish ing themselves in bus in ess is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subc on tracts that are gen erated by large compa ni es.child who con tribi59. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the“ useful ”the family economy gave way gradually

50、 to the present day notion of the “ uselesschild who, though produci ng no in come for, and in deed extremely costly to its pare nts, is yet con sidered emoti on ally“ priceless ”.60. Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid- 1800 s, this new view of childhood sprea

51、d throughout society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as reformers in troduced child labor regulati ons and compulsory educati on laws predicted in part onthe assumption that a child s emotional value made child labor taboo.【參考譯文】第三部分（41-60句譯文）41、 對(duì)于針對(duì)美國(guó)黑人的種族歧視，他的理論相對(duì)成立得較好， 但是他將種

52、族偏見(jiàn)如此定義： 在某一特定區(qū)域內(nèi)的種族競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中被普遍接受的一個(gè)種族所受到的基于種族的負(fù)面偏見(jiàn)。可以看作也包含有對(duì)象加州的中國(guó)人以及中世紀(jì)的猶太人等少數(shù)民族的敵視。42、 加特曼確鑿地說(shuō)明黑人家庭的穩(wěn)定鼓勵(lì)了黑人文化遺產(chǎn)的傳遞和維護(hù)，這些遺產(chǎn)包括從一代傳到另一代的民間傳說(shuō)，音樂(lè)，和宗教表述，這些遺產(chǎn)使非洲和美洲的奴隸們特色顯著。43、即使社會(huì)系統(tǒng)的民間知識(shí)中像掙錢，花費(fèi)，組織，婚嫁，政治活動(dòng)的參與，以及戰(zhàn)斗等等，都與從社會(huì)科學(xué)中衍生出來(lái)更加精細(xì)的社會(huì)系統(tǒng)描述相差不多，盡管它是建立在一個(gè)不太完善的個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)上的模型。44、有幾項(xiàng)措施可以采取， 其中主要的是要所有宣布以保護(hù)動(dòng)物利益為目標(biāo)的組織都明確宣

53、 布他們對(duì)于人類所受到的暴力襲擊表決堅(jiān)定的立場(chǎng)、45、 用其他方式來(lái)展示神經(jīng)類型的細(xì)微差別也是可能的，然而，要證明脈沖質(zhì)量和傳導(dǎo)受到 這些差別的影響還缺乏證據(jù)，看起來(lái)這些差別影響的是神經(jīng)單元的發(fā)展形成方式。46、根據(jù)這一理論，不是由感覺(jué)神經(jīng)脈沖的質(zhì)量來(lái)決定他們產(chǎn)生的各種神經(jīng)感覺(jué)的，而是由他們被發(fā)射到大腦的哪一部位來(lái)決定的，對(duì)這一觀點(diǎn)是有證據(jù)的。47、 磨擦的結(jié)果是，在葉面上服從正態(tài)分布的地方就會(huì)產(chǎn)生兩種分布方式，頂點(diǎn)上主要是小 塊，其他的地方是小塊，其他的地方是大塊的地方。48、 圣經(jīng)沒(méi)有告訴我們羅馬的數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)者們?cè)鯓舆_(dá)到我們今天的經(jīng)濟(jì)預(yù)測(cè)的可靠性的，我們 進(jìn)一步思考的話，其中的意見(jiàn)上有很大的

54、不同。49、 在英國(guó)進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查證實(shí)經(jīng)常接受X光照射的脊椎關(guān)節(jié)炎患者癌癥的百分比高得不 正常。50、然而，穿過(guò)太空的港灣，那里的意識(shí)對(duì)于我們的來(lái)說(shuō)就像我們的意識(shí)比動(dòng)物的意識(shí)一樣， 冷酷廣博而無(wú)情的智慧，用嫉妒的眼睛看作地球，慢慢地肯定會(huì)制定針對(duì)我們的計(jì)劃。51、 即使是學(xué)術(shù)界被長(zhǎng)時(shí)間認(rèn)作必須同盟卡”的博士學(xué)位，現(xiàn)在也因?yàn)閮H僅為了學(xué)習(xí)本身和 知識(shí)的累積而學(xué)習(xí)，卻不把知識(shí)應(yīng)用到教授的教學(xué)職責(zé)中去而受到了嚴(yán)厲的批評(píng)。52、 盡管收集必要的信息對(duì)于兩者來(lái)說(shuō)都是需要的， 但官員必須以中立和清晰的態(tài)度來(lái)提供 事實(shí)的畫面，而藝術(shù)家從已設(shè)字的信息或者態(tài)度開始， 并將其過(guò)用激發(fā)讀者共鳴和情緒反應(yīng) 的詞語(yǔ)描寫的

55、動(dòng)用細(xì)節(jié)描述出來(lái)。53、 流行期刊中甚至有文章批評(píng)國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值，因?yàn)樗⒉皇且粋€(gè)福利目錄，一方面忽視了它從來(lái)就沒(méi)有這種傾向，另一方面的建議是通過(guò)正確的改變它才能被轉(zhuǎn)化過(guò)來(lái)。54、其他的實(shí)驗(yàn)揭示神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的大小、數(shù)量、排列和連接的細(xì)微變化，但就神經(jīng)關(guān)聯(lián)而言， 這些感覺(jué)區(qū)域的相似性比那些細(xì)微的區(qū)別更有意義可言。55、 中國(guó)向農(nóng)民和其它農(nóng)村住戶發(fā)放了宣傳刊物，指導(dǎo)他們觀察動(dòng)物，以便每戶人家都能參 與幫助地震預(yù)報(bào)。也希望它能成56、星球大戰(zhàn)防御系統(tǒng)的支持者們希望它不僅能保護(hù)一個(gè)遭受核攻擊的國(guó)家, 為使核攻擊永不發(fā)生的足夠威脅。57、它也不能防止軌道在地球大氣層以內(nèi)的洲際導(dǎo)彈和轟炸機(jī)命中目標(biāo)。58、人民活

56、動(dòng)家一直認(rèn)為黑人和拉丁美人難以在生意上立足的原因是因?yàn)樗麄冸y以取得大公 司的大宗定單和分包合同。59、 她認(rèn)為十九世紀(jì)給家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)作出貢獻(xiàn)的孩子才有用的概念慢慢改變了， 今天提到那些 沒(méi)有掙取收入的 無(wú)用”孩子，甚至還要花銷很多，仍然在情感上被認(rèn)為是無(wú)價(jià)的。60、 這種關(guān)于孩子的觀點(diǎn)到19世紀(jì)時(shí)已在中上階級(jí)中建立，并于19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初在社會(huì)上廣泛傳播，當(dāng)時(shí)改革者們推行童工規(guī)定和義務(wù)教育法，部分來(lái)源于孩子的情感價(jià)值的假設(shè)，這都使得使用童工被禁止了。61. Of course, it would be as dan gerous to overreact to history by con cl

57、udi ng thatthe majority must now be wrong about expansion as it would be to re-enact the response that greeted the suggesti on that the con ti nents had drifted.62. While the fact of this consumer revolutionis hardly in doubt, three key questionsrema in: who were the con sumers? What were their moti

58、ves? And what were the effectof the new dema nd for luxuries?63. Although it has bee n possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufacturers and servici ng trades thought their customers wan ted,on ly a study of releva nt pers onal docume nts writte n by actual con sumers will provide a precise picture of who wan ted what.64. With respect to their reas ons for immigrat ing. Grassy do