托福寫作講義

1、（一）綜合寫作All the more 尤其At best 充其量 姑且Hold water （理論、計劃等）證明正確合理，說得通， （容器）不漏水 ;言之有理 綜合寫作（ 1+3）綜合寫作流1、Direction（1min）2、Reading（3min） 230-300 words academic articles3、Listening（2min） the topic is same as reading4、Writing（20min） 200-220 words best 綜合寫作要求：1、topic: academic2、不能寫自己的觀點3、寫閱讀和聽力之間的聯(lián)系（OPPOSE三駁三）

2、 駁斥的種類：（ 1 ）優(yōu)點被駁斥（ 2 ）缺點被駁斥（ 3）證據(jù)被駁斥應(yīng)試攻略：（ 1 ）找例子： typically, suppose, for example, take.example, especially, actually, in fact（ 2 ）找原因： since, because, the reason why, due to, thank to, owing to（ 3） 找結(jié)構(gòu)性連詞：a） “結(jié)果 ”:so, therefore, hence, thus, accordingly, consequently, as a resultb） “讓步 ”和 ”轉(zhuǎn)折 ”： i

3、n contrast, on the contrast, nevertheless, still, yet閱讀要義讀完一句，用簡潔中英文或符號記下大意 重點關(guān)注兩類詞：（ 1）文中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞（ 2）實義動詞聽力要義（ 1） 閱讀中出現(xiàn)過的詞（ 2） 聽具有知己意義的詞（實義動詞、形容詞） 寫作要義（ 1+3）1、開頭段：寫一段表明 Reading 和 Lecture 的聯(lián)系（ 1）綜合寫作話題（ 2）閱讀中心論點（ 3）聽力中心論點2、主體部分：寫三段（ 1） 每段一對一的闡述（ 2） 每段結(jié)構(gòu)：過渡性連詞（首先，其次，再次）句群 1：閱讀的分論點 +閱讀的細(xì)節(jié) 句群 2：聽力的分論點 +聽

4、力的細(xì)節(jié)開頭段框架 :The reading and listening materials have a conflict of opinions aboutThe writers believe that .which is contradicted by the following lecture.（ 1） Conflict debate/argument/discussion/dispute/controversy（ 2） Aboutconcerning/regarding/as to/with regards to/pertaining to（ 3） Believeconsider/

5、deem/advocate/insist（ 4） Contradicted disagree/oppose/refute/retort每段框架表達(dá)句（1）The reading states that.On the contrary, the lecture points out that .（2）Although it is said in the passage that.The lecture holds psirViehat （3）The passage maintains that .However, professor offers a different idea about（4

6、）The writer contends that .while the speaker views this issue from an oppsoite angle. According to her/him .（5）The author asserts that.Nevertheless, the speaker oppose this claim by say ing thats view（6） The passage argues that.By contrast, in accordance with the speaker, the writer does not hold wa

7、ter.綜合寫作框架 ：The reading and listening materials have a debate of opinions concerning that The writers support that .which is opposed by the following lecture.First of all, the reading maintains that However, the lecture points out that Secondly, although it is said in the passage that ., the speaker

8、 holds the view that . Finally, the author asserts that .By contrast, in accordance with the speaker, the writer s view does not hold water.綜合寫作注意點：1 、閱讀材料的論點和細(xì)節(jié)的關(guān)鍵信息都要寫！2、重點寫聽力的內(nèi)容（越多越好）3、要更加注意整體篇章的把握，不要過于注重細(xì)小的錯誤。TPO12中心點： portrait of a teenage girlReading:觀點： support portrait of a teenage girl1、Aus

9、tens family: gave permission, clearly recognized, has endorsed the claim 奧斯丁家族：曾經(jīng)授權(quán)用這幅畫作為 Jane 的頭像2、The face in the portrait :resemble the one in Cs sketch, still similar to ,are very much like 畫中人物的臉部： 特征與成年 Jane 的臉 很相像3、Period :links it to, hire ,was active , was the age of the girl 畫的創(chuàng)作時間：此畫風(fēng)格與另一

10、個畫家 的畫風(fēng)很相似，該畫家活躍的會見恰好 是 Jane 正是少女Listening觀點： Not at all convincing1、Family members: had been died , have never seen ,not known 奧斯丁家族：授權(quán)發(fā)生在 Jane 去世的 70 年之后，奧斯家族成員不可能見過 Jane 本人。2、resemblance: could very well be that of a relative of A s, very large , some of these teenage girls could resemble JA 畫中人物

11、的臉部：奧斯丁家族很大，畫 中人物可能和 Jane 的臉部特征很相像 的某個表親。3、Date : indicates, was sold, did not sell canvases when JA was a teenager, started selling, clearly older 畫的創(chuàng)作時間：出售這幅畫的畫布的商 家在 Jane27 歲的時候才開始售賣這種 畫布，所以這幅畫在 Jane 年紀(jì)更大的時 候創(chuàng)作的。TPO 13中心點： sell ing and buying fossilsREADING 觀點：unfortunate both scientists and the

12、gen eral public1、The public: not allow the public to view their collect ions, lead to a decli ne in public in terest in fossils私人買家收藏，人們看不到2、scientists : miss out on potentially crucial discoveries about extinct life forms, spend limitless amounts of money to acquire, cannot compete 對科學(xué)家的研究不利：科學(xué)家資金

13、有限，無哈和商家競爭，錯失研究 機(jī)會3、fossil:often destroy valuable scientific evidenee, untrained or uninterested in carry ing out the careful field work, pay no atte nti on對化石本身不利：私人買家沒有經(jīng)過 專業(yè)培訓(xùn)，隊化石科研價值也不感興 趣，所以在發(fā)掘的時候，會破壞化石perform ingdetailedexam in ati onsand tests on the fossils, pass through the hands of scie nti

14、fic experts 沒有對科學(xué)家的研究很不利：化石 交易需要先經(jīng)過科學(xué)家的估價鑒 定，于是科學(xué)家有更多機(jī)會做實驗3、Fossil： go undiscovered ,aren that many fossil collecting operations, have more fossils being found沒有對化石造成巨大的不利：化石 交易確實造成了部分破壞，但是使 得他們發(fā)掘了更多的化石Liste ning觀點： A outweigh D1、public: have greater exposure to fossils, available for purchase, low-

15、level public institutions display them for the public沒有對大眾不利：化石交易使得更 多化石進(jìn)入市場，學(xué)校等機(jī)構(gòu)可以 購買并展覽，大眾有更多機(jī)會看到 化石2、scientists:scientificallyidentified,TPO14議題：搶救性砍伐Salvage logging :remove, using 閱讀觀點：Salvage logging is beneficial both to a damaged forest and to the economy 分論點 1：移除死亡的樹木可以給更多 新書騰 出生 長空 間( deco

16、mpose ， make room ) 分論點 2：可以避免死亡樹木的病蟲 害，有利于森林的健康(suitable habitat for insects, minimize the danger ,contribute to the health) 分論點 3：可以利用仍然有價值的樹木 為工業(yè)提供木材，砍伐工作需要很多 勞力，從而為當(dāng)?shù)貏?chuàng)作就業(yè)( provide much wood, requires more workers, create additional job )聽力觀點：Result in seriouslongertermenvironmental damage. It s

17、economicbenefits arealsoquestionable.分論點 1：死樹在森林自然分解， 為土 壤增加新樹生長需要養(yǎng)分(create right, enriches ， suitable, lack ) 分論點 2：死樹不一定會導(dǎo)致病蟲害； 在死樹立棲息的鳥類和蟲類對森林整 體都是有利的 ( without causing major damage, do not provide habitats only for harmful insects, contributors to the long term health of the forests ) 分論點 3：對經(jīng)濟(jì)效

18、益也不是很大 ( 1) 移除有些死樹需要昂貴的運(yùn)輸工具， 成本太高，較難維持； ( 2)移除工作 需要的是從外地聘請的有經(jīng)驗或受過 訓(xùn)練的工人，所以很難對當(dāng)?shù)鼐蜆I(yè)做 貢獻(xiàn)( small, dontlast long, using expensive to use and maintain, temporary, filled by outsiders with more experiencer training )TPO16聽力:閱讀Main point: Science of archaeology was faced with serious problems and limitation

19、s in Britain.Point 1: 建筑工程破壞考古遺跡建設(shè) 新的建筑時，挖地基，沒有保護(hù)古跡 valuable artifacts were lostPoint 2: 考古項目缺乏資金支持（ 1） 政府只支持少量重要遺跡項目 （2）政府重點支持項目的轉(zhuǎn)變導(dǎo)致資 金缺少 financial supportAre inadequate; a handful of the most important sites; changing government priorities brought about periodic reduction in funding.Point 3 : 考古學(xué)

20、家的考古事業(yè)發(fā)展 困難（ 1）工作職位少 （2）考古只能成為沒有收益的業(yè)余愛 好 difficult in career in archaeology To be found; never many positions available ; pursuing other career and contributing to archaeological research only as unpaid amateurs.Main point: New rules and guidelines were adopted; improved the situation. Point 1: befo

21、re construction project start construction has to be examined; make a plan for preserving the archaeological artifacts by building around or by excavating and documenting themPoint 2: financial support by the construction（pay for the initial examination of the site; for all the work carried out unde

22、r the preservation ）-allowed researcher to study a far greater range of archaeological sites.Point 3: provide paid work for archaeologists（Examine the site for archaeologists value; draw up the preservation plan; process the data; write reports and articles）-increased the number of professional arch

23、aeologists in Britain（二）獨立作文不要寫縮略詞，偏口語詞 e.g : isn t,ad,wanna,gonnaI ve =I have、審題 題型分類：1、支持反對型（單一觀點）典型特征：題目給出 唯一一個觀點，要求考生支持或者反對，并給出理由審題技巧：題目中 不含有任何比較類的成分e.g:【1.3 】 In order to become finan cially respon sible adults, childre nshould lear n to man agetheir money at a young age.【2.2】 Those who keep th

24、eir room clean and tidy are more likely to succeed in the future2、對比解釋型（雙觀點）典型特征：題目當(dāng)中可能 有AB兩個觀點，他們有時候是相互對立，有時候不是。審題技巧： 題目中往往 含有比較類的關(guān)鍵詞Prefer, better, or, than, more, importante.g:【3.1 】people should insist on a challenging plan rather than a practical plan二、全文布局1、開頭Introduction=Topic（轉(zhuǎn)述題目）+ Thesis s

25、tatement（中心論點）ATTENTION轉(zhuǎn)述題目，不是重抄題目2、主體主體部分，最具代表的是三段式，也可以寫兩段以下，或者四段以上Paragraph=topic sentence +support ing details3、結(jié)尾Con clusi on= Tran siti onal words + Thesis stateme nt三、段落精講1、開頭段落（60-80words）（1）擺分論點關(guān)鍵詞：要義：在開頭段列出文章分論點的關(guān)鍵詞，從而預(yù)告出文章的基本走向。e.g 【4.1 】 Your job has more effect on your happ in ess tha n

26、your social life （雙觀點）social life: travelling/doing sports/attention a party/take part in voluntary jobs Exerciser was easier to succeed in the past than it is today.【2011.5.29 】（雙觀點） Sample: As the competition is getting increasingly intense, some people begin to wonder if it is much easier to be s

27、uccessful in the past tha n it is at prese nt.Carefully examining today s society, we could find that with the help of convenient tran sportati on , adva need in formatio n tech no logy and modern com muni cati on tools, it is much easier to gain success no wadays tha n in the past2) 擺話題要義： 在文章一開始用一

28、兩句話，討論題目關(guān)鍵詞在社會中或者生活中的作用、影響 力、意義公式：話題 +別人觀點(重述題目) +自己論點常用詞匯：a) 爭論： argument ，debate ， dispute ，controversyb) 認(rèn)為： advocate ，insist ，maintain ， arguec) “我認(rèn)為 ” :personally;for me;as I see it; from my perspective;from my pointof view;when it comes to me;as far as I am concernedd) 問題： issue,problem,topic,

29、dilemmae.g【1.2 】：Colleges and universities should offer students better job preparation before they start working.找工作： how to get a better job=job hunting/ occupation selectione.g 【3.2】：People can take care of their family members better when they live in big cities than in the countryside.家人： Famil

30、y member= householde.g 【 1.4 】： To increase economic growth , the government should ignore environmental concerns.經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展 : economic growth= economic development/ the development of economy【 Exercise_1.1 】 : All the university students should take history courses no matter what field they major in.2、

31、主題段落（ 80-100words per paragraph ）每段開頭 主題句 過渡連詞 +論點每段中間 支持性細(xì)節(jié) -對分論點關(guān)鍵詞的解釋（ 1） 主題句寫法要注意 段落間銜接詞（句型） 的運(yùn)用 首先：initially; first and foremost; tobegin/start with; in the first placeOne of the primary causes is thatThe mai n reas on for my prope nsity is that其次:Furthermore; moreover; in addition; what is mor

32、e 最后:Ultimately; at last; in the end; in the final analysis 要注意 論證方法 的運(yùn)用A） 單一觀點題論證方法 論證原則：不要模棱兩可，要么贊成，要么反對 具體論證方法：i. A+A+A ：題目中只有一個觀點 A，先表明自己支持或者反對 A，然后用三個正向的觀點去支 撐你的立場e.g【1.2】Colleges and universities should offer students better job preparation before they start working.分論點 1 ：能幫助學(xué)生找到更好的工作分論點 2 ：提

33、高大學(xué)的聲譽(yù) 分論點 3 ：對整個社會都有好處e.g【2.2】Those who keep their room clean and tidy are more likely to be successful in the future.分論點 1 ：很有耐心的人 分論點 2 ：做事情更有條理的人分論點 3：更獨立的人e.g 【 2009.03.29 】In twenty years from now, student will not use printed books any more.中心論點： I agree with the above statement.分論點 1:科技( Int

34、ernet will be more popular ) 分論點 2:社會( preserve the nature environment ) 分論點 3:經(jīng)濟(jì)( electronic books will be cheaper/ inexpensive )ii. A+A+A(負(fù))：題目中只有一個觀點 A,先用兩個正向觀點去支撐A，再用一個反向觀點削弱A，最終到達(dá)全面看待A的結(jié)果。e.g【1.1】All the university students shouldtake historycourses no matter what field they major in.分論點 1:put

35、more academic pressures分論點 2:lead to unnecessary costs分論點 3: admittedly( 讓步)，does have its merits ( prevent repeating the mistakes of the past; gain a better understanding of current issues ); However (反轉(zhuǎn)) ,history seminars, TV documentaries, comparable books【exercise_2010.04.24 】Scientists should b

36、e responsiblefor negative impacts of their discoveries.中心論點： should not be the responsibility of scientists 分論點 1:The aim and motivation of scientists research is to alter/transform the world and better people s life.分論點 2: The results of most discoveries are advantageous to our society.分論點 3: Admit

37、tedly( 讓步)，we could overlook that in some cases scientists inventionslead to negative impact.Nevertheless , this horrible impact often is not created byB） 雙觀點題論證方法論證原則：要分析出 A 比 B 更怎么樣，突出 A 的比較優(yōu)勢 具體論證方法：i. 3（A+B ）：題目中有 A、B 兩個選項讓 A 和 B 在三個分論點中分別進(jìn)行比較， 最終得出 A 更合 適的結(jié)果e.g【 3.2】 People can take care of the

38、ir family members better when they live in big cities than in the countryside. 中心論點： big cities are the best place for people to look after their family.Point1 : medical care and education is more affordablePoint2 : elderly people , advanced medical fertilitiesPoint3 : be better educated by excellen

39、te.g【4.3】 It is easier for more people now than in the past to get an education.中心論點 : people today can get the education they need much more easilyPoint 1: more schools are available, school facilities are much more advancedPoint 2: new ways of receiving educationPoint3: women today have an equal r

40、ight to education【 exercise_2008.03.08 】People today spend too much time on what they like to do rather than what they should do.解析 :Should 責(zé)任 responsibility 、義務(wù) duty/obligation 、道德要 求 morality對 People 進(jìn)行分類討論中心觀點 :This phenomenon does exist in the present day society.Point 1: entertainmentstudyThere

41、 are many students who spend too much time on entertainment, not on study.Point2: social intercourse serve the publicWe can often hear complaints from taxpayers that government officials spend a lot of energy on social intercourse ,not in the serving the public.Point3: commercial activities training

42、It is not rare that athletes spend a lot of time taking part in commercial activities ,and not focusing on training.ii. A+A+B（ 正 ） 有讓步和反轉(zhuǎn)題目中有 A、 B 兩個觀點先用兩個正向觀點去支持A,然后再用一個觀點支持B ,因為A的優(yōu)勢更大，最終得出 A 更合適的結(jié)果。e.g 【3.3】A government should focus tis budget more on young children education than on universities.

43、中心論點： Early educationPoint1: at the most crucial stage of their intellectual development Point2: essential component of comprehensive learning programs Point3: Admittedly, university education does need money.However, rely on donations from social organization, large corporations, accomplished alumn

44、i（ 校友 ） e.g【2011.1.30 】Because the world is changing so quickly , people now are less happy and less satisfied than people in the past.解析 : world Technology; Economy; Fashion; Job market中心論點： people now are much happier and more satisfied than people in the pastPoint1: the rapid development of scien

45、ce and technology hasbrought consumers a variety if advanced products, which provides greater convenience for people in daily lifePoint2: As the fashion is changing quickly, nowadays people havevarious kind of choices in dressing. Therefore, their life ismore colorful than before.Point3:Admittedly ,

46、 we can not neglect that some individuals believe that people who live in the past are happier because they did not work under enormous pressure . However , people now have various release stress, such as travelling or doing sports.四、題目分類精講1、利弊類（價值判斷）典型特征：關(guān)鍵詞 should ，考生回答是否應(yīng)當(dāng)這么做 破題思路：如果回答“應(yīng)當(dāng)” ，需要說明這

47、么做有什么 好處、優(yōu)點【1.3 】 In order to become financially responsible adults, children should learn to manage their money at a young age.論證方法： A+A+A （負(fù)）中心論點： the view not be hold water.Point 1 : Admittedly, financial management at a younger age may allow children to be somewhat responsible and organized. How

48、ever, （may be distracted from schools work; be quite competitive at their particular stage of their lives）Point 2 : better ways :2、事實類（現(xiàn)象證明）典型特征：關(guān)鍵詞“is”，“ are ”，考生回答題目中所說情況是否屬實，或者題目所說現(xiàn)象是否真實破題思路：如果回答“情況的確如此” ，則需要列出具體情況的體現(xiàn)【2.1 】 The way a person is dressed in is a good indication of his/ her personali

49、ty. 解析： is 態(tài)度判斷方法一 論證方法： A+A+A （負(fù)）中心論點： Dressing oftentimes can reflect peoplesspoenrality well.Point1：work environmentPoint2：at homePoint3：Admittedly, cannot.For example: young people often change dress styles in the process of discovering themselves.However, follow a far more routine.方法二 論證方法： A+A

50、+A解析： person dressed personality中心論點 : Dressing oftentimes= cannot reflect people s personality well.Point1 ： A great many scientists look sloppy （ 邋 遢 ） , but actually they are very rigorous/meticulous about their researches. Albert EinsteinPoint2 ： Plenty of performers wear luxury clothes and jewe

51、ls when they are working, however, they are truly thrifty/fruga l （樸素） people.Audrey HepburnPoint3 ： A lot of political leaders always dress ina serious way, nevertheless, they arepretty easy-going/approachable. Barack Obama【2.3】 Advertisements make the products seem better than they reallyare.方法一：

52、AAA中心論點 : I disagree.Point 1 ： Consider the advertisements for Fast Moving Consumer Goods.Toothpaste ; soap ; shampooPoint 2 ： Consider the advertisements of Durable Consumer Goods.Car ; computer方法二：分類討論 :“ products ” AAA中心論點： I agree with the above statement because this phenomenon does exist in ou

53、rsocietyPoint 1 ：Some medicine advertisements boast （ 吹噓） a lot, however their products often do not have the same effects as advertised.Cold drug（ 感冒藥 ） ； weight loss pills（ 減肥藥 ）Point 2 ： In the market there is plenty of so-called high-qualityfood , which is actually notnutrition and delicious.Ins

54、tant noodles（ 方便面 ）； hamburgers in fast food restaurantPoint 3 ： We can often hear complaints thatsome daily necessities are actually not soeffectiv e as spokespersons said.Detergent（ 洗衣粉 ） ； body wash（ 沐浴露 ） ； facial cleanser（ 洗面奶 ）3、利弊類比較A、 B 兩個明確的選項，需要考典型特征：題目中會有明顯的比較類關(guān)鍵詞；題目中有生比較哪一個更好，并從中選擇e.g 【

55、3.1 】 People should insist on a challenging plan rather than a piratical plan. 方法： 3(A+B)中心論點：For me, challenging plans are more important.Point 1 ：First, challenging plans propel ort society to move forward.Point 2 ：Second, challenging plans can nurture/foster/cultivate/train one s perseverance.Poi

56、nt 3 ： Finally, challenging plans bring happy accidents.4、事實類比較典型特征：題目中會有明顯的比較類關(guān)鍵詞；題目中有A、B 兩個明確的選項，需要生比較哪一個所說的才是事實。破題思路：選擇 A,然后指出A次啊是真是的情況，而 B不是?！?.1 】 Your job has more effect on your happiness than your social life.方法： 3(A+B)中心論點：Job has more effect on your happiness.Point 1 ：determines one s mate

57、rial lifePoint 2 ：provide better living conditions for one s familyV.S housing condition( 居住條件 )Point 3 ： offer one a sense of self-betterment/ self-improvement/ self-development ( Better=improve=develop )4.2 】 Nowadays it is easier to maintain good health than in the past.中心論點： people live longer now :live a healthier lifePoin