基礎(chǔ)階段復(fù)習(xí)講解

1、基礎(chǔ)階段復(fù)習(xí)(5)1994年Text 5【重點(diǎn)詞匯】antibacterial（抗菌的；抗菌藥）即anti+bacteria+(a)l，anti-前綴“抗”，bacteria細(xì)菌，-al后綴。innovator（創(chuàng)新者）即in+nov+at(e)+or，in-加強(qiáng)前綴，nov詞根=new（元音字母替換，形近字母替換），-ate動(dòng)詞后綴，-or后綴表“人”，故“使事物更新的人”創(chuàng)新者。同根詞：novel（小說(shuō)；熟詞僻義：新奇的）nov+el后綴。diligent（勤奮的）即di+lig+ent，di-前綴“分離”，lig詞根“選擇”，-ent形容詞后綴。同根詞：intelligentintel之

2、間+lig+ent “聰明的”。reluctant（不愿的，勉強(qiáng)的）即re+luct+ant，re-看作“反復(fù)”，luct可看作詞根lect“選擇”，-ant形容詞后綴，人們反反復(fù)復(fù)地作選擇，所以“勉強(qiáng)”。Suggestion systems can workdont be reluctant to use them.建議制度是有效的不要不愿使用它們。devote（v.奉獻(xiàn)，致力于）即de+vote，de加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，vote單詞“選票”，“致力于”獲得選票。Only to devote oneself to the society can find the significance of the

3、 actually short and risky life.人生實(shí)際上是短暫而有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的，只有獻(xiàn)身于社會(huì)，才能找到其意義。【難句解析】Discoveries in science and technology are thought by untaught minds to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents.本句的主干是Discoveries are thought by. to do sth. or as sth.。在句中by untaught minds后面有兩個(gè)并列的用or連接起來(lái)的結(jié)構(gòu)作為被認(rèn)

4、為的對(duì)象。blinding flashes指“眩目的一瞬”，其實(shí)意思相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)中的“靈光一閃”?？茖W(xué)技術(shù)上的發(fā)現(xiàn)被“不知內(nèi)情者”看做靈感的眩目閃現(xiàn)或戲劇性事件的結(jié)果。Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.本句的主干是由分號(hào)隔開(kāi)的兩個(gè)分句，后半句比較復(fù)雜，主語(yǔ)是the best players有兩個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)miss和have their shot blocked，后面有一個(gè)比較

5、結(jié)構(gòu)。創(chuàng)新就像踢足球，即使是最出色的球員也會(huì)痛失進(jìn)球機(jī)會(huì)，其射門(mén)被擋出的機(jī)會(huì)大大多于進(jìn)球的機(jī)會(huì)。The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take the most shots at the goaland so it goes with innovation in any field of activity.本句由兩個(gè)并列句構(gòu)成，前面的一個(gè)的表語(yǔ)比較復(fù)雜，里面還有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，分別修飾表語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。破折號(hào)后面的結(jié)構(gòu)較簡(jiǎn)單。理解so it goes的意思是理解本句的重點(diǎn)，它表示“同樣的道理，同理，也一樣”

6、。問(wèn)題在于得分最多者正是那些射門(mén)次數(shù)最多的球員，而任何領(lǐng)域的創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)都是如此。1995年Text 1【重點(diǎn)詞匯】know of知道。I dont know him, but I know of him.我不認(rèn)識(shí)他，但聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)他。distribution(分配)enormously（巨大地）live up to做到；不辜負(fù)。subtly（精細(xì)地；微妙地），形容詞形式為subtle。Men always want to be a womens first love; women have a more subtle instinct; what they like is to be a mans l

7、ast romance.男人總想成為女人的第一個(gè)戀人，女人則具有更微妙的本能，她希望成為男人追求的最后一個(gè)對(duì)象。 an effective way to fight .遏制.的一個(gè)有效方法has the good senseto .有良好的意識(shí).It is the surest proof I know that .我認(rèn)為這是最可靠的證明，即.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on.我覺(jué)得有一點(diǎn)還得談一談。【難句解析】It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods

8、 at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.本句的主干是It serves. to assist. distribution.，而thereby后面是兩個(gè)由and連接起來(lái)的分詞短語(yǔ)作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，里面又有一個(gè)make+it+adj.+to do sth.的結(jié)構(gòu)。它直接有助于商品以合理的價(jià)格銷(xiāo)售，由此建立穩(wěn)固的國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)，并使商品能以富有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的價(jià)格出口。If its message we

9、re confined merely to informationand that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasiveadvertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.本句的主句是一個(gè)if引導(dǎo)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣If its message were confined merel

10、y to information, advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention。兩個(gè)破折號(hào)中間的部分是一個(gè)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明成分。如果廣告的內(nèi)容僅僅限于提供信息（雖說(shuō)這不是不可能做到的，但它本身也是很難做的，因?yàn)槟呐率翘粢r衫顏色這樣的細(xì)節(jié)也帶有幾分勸誘性），那廣告會(huì)令人生厭，以致沒(méi)人再去理會(huì)?；A(chǔ)閱讀復(fù)習(xí)(7)Some minds seem almost to create themselves, springing up under every disadvantage and working their sol

11、itary but irresistible way through a thousand obstacles.有些人仿佛自己創(chuàng)造自己在每次逆境中崛起，穿過(guò)重重阻礙，孤獨(dú)但義無(wú)反顧地開(kāi)辟自己的道路。1995年 Text 2【重點(diǎn)詞匯】external（外部的），反義詞為internal（內(nèi)部的）。 Everybody acts not only under external compulsion but also in accordance with inner necessity.每個(gè)人的行動(dòng)都不僅處于外部的推動(dòng)，也同樣依據(jù)內(nèi)在的需要。signpost（路標(biāo)）sign+post。landma

12、rk（界標(biāo)）land+mark。obstacle（障礙）即ob+st+acle，ob-前綴“阻礙”，st詞根=stand，-acle后綴表物，“站在那里阻礙的東西”障礙。 Victory is not the end but a phase to the end. It is no more than the removal of obstacles.勝利不是目的而是達(dá)到目的的一個(gè)階段。它不過(guò)是對(duì)障礙的消除。 obstaclesthings a person sees when they take their mind off their goal障礙當(dāng)一個(gè)人的大腦脫離自己的目標(biāo)時(shí)所看到的東西

13、。Curiosity（好奇心；熟詞僻義：古玩）即curios+ity，curios(=curious)好奇的，-ity名詞后綴。 There are two sorts of curiositythe momentary and the permanent. The momentary is concerned with the odd appearance on the surface of things. The permanent is attracted by the amazing and consecutive life that flows on beneath the surf

14、ace of things.有兩種好奇心一種是短暫的，一種是永久的。短暫的好奇心關(guān)注事物表面的奇異外觀；永久的好奇心被事物表面之下流動(dòng)著的令人驚訝并連續(xù)的生命所吸引。 curiositythe key to creativitya willing, a proud, an eager confession of ignorancethe first step to betrayal好奇心打開(kāi)創(chuàng)造力的鑰匙心甘情愿地、自豪地、急切地承認(rèn)自己的無(wú)知背叛的第一步。難句解析：The workers who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improv

15、e, the foreigner who learns a new languageall these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.本句破折號(hào)前面是三個(gè)并列的名詞詞組，其核心詞是the workers，the student和the foreigner，它們后面都有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，而破折號(hào)后面的部分是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。注意破折號(hào)前面的只是一些例子，在看不懂的情況下可以跳過(guò)，當(dāng)然如果能夠精確理解它們的意思對(duì)理解作者把成長(zhǎng)視為一種過(guò)程也有幫助。工人得到升遷，學(xué)生成績(jī)得到提

16、高，外國(guó)人學(xué)會(huì)一門(mén)新的語(yǔ)言這些都可表明人們付出努力之后，取得了可衡量的成績(jī)。The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles.本句主干結(jié)構(gòu)就是not. but，注意but后面的成分較復(fù)雜，有四個(gè)并列的成分attitudes，feelings，caution，courage，在它們的后面有一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。

17、成長(zhǎng)過(guò)程不是道路本身，而是當(dāng)遭遇新的情況或未曾預(yù)料的坎坷時(shí)所持的態(tài)度和情感，是慎重行事還是勇往直前?；A(chǔ)階段復(fù)習(xí)(8)1995年Text 3【重點(diǎn)詞匯】subconsciously（下意識(shí)地）sub下+conscious有意識(shí)的+ly。stockpile（v.n.積蓄，貯存）stock存儲(chǔ)+pile堆積。expertise（專(zhuān)門(mén)知識(shí)）expert專(zhuān)家+ise后綴，“專(zhuān)家所掌握的東西”。participant（參與者）即parti+cip+ant，parti(=part)，cip(=cap)抓，-ant后綴表人，“抓取部分東西的人”參與分享的人參與者。facilitate（使便利）即fac+il

18、(e)+it+ate，fac=fic詞根“做”，-ile后綴“易于的”，-it-去做, -ate動(dòng)詞后綴，“易于去做”使便利。名詞形式為facility（熟練）；facilities（設(shè)施；便利條件）。It would facilitate matters if you were more co-operative.如果你再合作一點(diǎn)的話，事情就變得更容易了。breakdown（n.崩潰；故障）break+down。a nervous breakdown神經(jīng)衰弱。dominant（支配的，占優(yōu)勢(shì)的）domin+ant，domin可以看成是domain的變形，意為“領(lǐng)域”，-ant后綴。predo

19、minance（優(yōu)勢(shì)）?！倦y句解析】As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.本句較難，首先應(yīng)該

20、看到主句就是the informal flow of information is cut off，前面的部分是一個(gè)as引導(dǎo)的伴隨/原因從句，而在主句后面的只是一個(gè)名詞性的詞組，其核心詞是the confidence，前面的with it是個(gè)介詞結(jié)構(gòu)修飾the confidence，后面的that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable只不過(guò)是the confidence的同位語(yǔ)。因?yàn)閍nd并列，在句末的地方“is cut off”被省略。另外注意and with it the

21、 confidence中的it指代的是整個(gè)主句the informal flow of information is cut off。隨著家庭遠(yuǎn)離穩(wěn)定的社區(qū)、多年的朋友以及他們大家庭的關(guān)系，非正式的信息交流被切斷了。同時(shí)在需要時(shí)就能得到可靠可信的信息的信心也隨之喪失了。The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem

22、is complicated, time-consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming.本句由兩個(gè)并列的子句構(gòu)成，之間以and連接。前面的有一個(gè)more. than.的結(jié)構(gòu)，而后面的主干是the task is complicated, time-consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming。主語(yǔ)task后面的介詞of的賓語(yǔ)比較長(zhǎng)finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem，其中that用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)one pi

23、ece of information，relevant to his or her specific problem又是形容詞結(jié)構(gòu)修飾information。今天，個(gè)人可獲得的信息比任何時(shí)代的人都多，而要找到一條與自己?jiǎn)栴}相關(guān)的信息既復(fù)雜又耗時(shí)，有時(shí)甚至相當(dāng)困難?；A(chǔ)階段復(fù)習(xí)(9)1995年text 4【重點(diǎn)詞匯】inherent（固有的；天生的）即in+her(e)+ent，in-在里面，here詞根“黏著”=stick，-ent形容詞后綴，“黏著在里面的”固有的。同根詞：adhere（v.黏附；堅(jiān)持）ad(=to)+here；coherent（黏著的）co(=together)+her(e

24、)+ent。profound（深刻的；淵博的）即pro+found，pro-向前，found詞根“基底”（如foundationfound+ation基礎(chǔ)），“向前直探到底的”淵博的。The opposite of a correct statement is a false statement. But the opposite of a profound truth may well be another profound truth.一種正確說(shuō)法的對(duì)立物是一種錯(cuò)誤的說(shuō)法。一種深刻的真理的對(duì)立物則很可能是另一種深刻的真理。soak up吸收。marathon（馬拉松）用諧音記。這種全長(zhǎng)42

25、1954米的長(zhǎng)跑比賽，是對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)員體力與意志力的考驗(yàn)。rejoice（使欣喜）即re+joice，re-反復(fù)，joice=joy，“使反復(fù)高興”使欣喜。Why is it that we rejoice at a birth and grieve at a funeral? Is it because we are not the person concerned?為什么我們?cè)谟腥顺錾鷷r(shí)高興，在有人入葬時(shí)悲傷？是否由于自己不是當(dāng)事者？disproportionate（不成比例的）即dis+proportion+ate，dis-否定前綴，proportion比例，-ate此處為形容詞后綴。Lite

26、rature happens to be the only occupation in which wages are not given in proportion to the goodness of the work done.文學(xué)碰巧是唯一的這么一種職業(yè)，其報(bào)酬與所做工作的優(yōu)異不成比例。preoccupation（全神貫注）即pre+occup(y)+ation，pre-在前，occupy占據(jù)，-ation名詞后綴，“在別的事物前占據(jù)注意力”全神貫注。consideration（考慮；體諒；需考慮的事）consider考慮+ation；considerate（考慮周到的；體諒的）con

27、sider+ate。Labor is the superior of capital, and deserves much the higher consideration.勞動(dòng)高于資本，理應(yīng)得到多得多的報(bào)酬。A child that lives with sharing learns to be considerate.同意分享的孩子知道為人著想?！倦y句解析】But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely t

28、o become a major factor in the lives of their children.本句的主干是. the environment must also have a profound effect。后面的since引導(dǎo)一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，而這個(gè)從句又是一個(gè)if引導(dǎo)的條件主從復(fù)合句。注意profound的詞義為“意義深遠(yuǎn)的”。另外要看到最后一個(gè)逗號(hào)后面的it所指代的是competition。但環(huán)境也一定對(duì)其有深刻的影響，因?yàn)槿绻?jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)父母來(lái)說(shuō)很重要的話，那它也可能成為孩子生活中的一個(gè)重要因素。The merits of competition by examination

29、 are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.本句由兩個(gè)子句構(gòu)成，中間有一個(gè)but表示意思的轉(zhuǎn)折。要正確理解本句，重點(diǎn)在于抓住單詞的正確意思。questionable可疑的，值得疑問(wèn)的；而后面的knowledge如果理解成“知識(shí)”那么這句話就怎么也看不懂了，在這里它的意思應(yīng)該是“知道，知曉”，因此in the knowledge of應(yīng)被理解為“在了解的情況下”。以考試競(jìng)爭(zhēng)這種做法的好處本身有點(diǎn)值得懷疑，而明知有人考試會(huì)通不過(guò)的情況下還要

30、進(jìn)行競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，則肯定是有害的?；A(chǔ)階段復(fù)習(xí)(10)1995年Text 5【重點(diǎn)詞匯】subsequent（隨后的）sub+sequ+ent，sub-在下，sequ(=follow)詞根“跟隨”，-ent形容詞后綴。Be sure not to tell a first falsehood, and you neednt fear being detected in any subsequent ones.千萬(wàn)別說(shuō)第一個(gè)謊話，這樣就不用害怕在隨后的謊話中被人發(fā)現(xiàn)。duration（持久；持續(xù)時(shí)間）即dur+ation，dur詞根“持續(xù)”，-ation名詞后綴。同根詞：durable（持久的）dur+

31、able可的；endurance（持久力；忍耐力）en使+dur+ance。It is not the strength but the duration of great sentiment that makes great men.造就偉人的不是力量，而是偉大情操的持久。contemporary（當(dāng)代的；同時(shí)代的；同時(shí)代的人）con+tempor+ary，con-一起，tempor看作temper（性情），-ary后綴，“性情相同的（人）就是同時(shí)代的（人）”。Most contemporary books give the impression of having been manufac

32、tured in a day, out of books read the day before.大部分當(dāng)代書(shū)籍給人的印象，是花一天工夫用前一天讀過(guò)的書(shū)加工而成的。I dont go along with all this talk of a generation gap. Were all contemporaries. Theres only a difference in memories, thats all.我對(duì)代溝這種說(shuō)法完全不能茍同。我們都是同時(shí)代的人，只是記憶有所不同，僅此而已?！倦y句解析】Constant practice has such as effect on memo

33、ry as to lead to skilful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words.本句的主干很簡(jiǎn)單，就是Constant practice has. effect on memory，主要的結(jié)構(gòu)是such as. as.，在后一個(gè)as的后面有一個(gè)不定式，而這個(gè)不定式有三個(gè)并列的賓語(yǔ)to skilful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to

34、reading and understanding these words，注意這里的三個(gè)to都是介詞，和動(dòng)詞lead構(gòu)成詞組。注意先抓主干結(jié)構(gòu)，另外要注意such as. as.是一種舉例子的形式。反復(fù)練習(xí)對(duì)記憶有很大影響，可以使人們熟練地演奏鋼琴、背誦詩(shī)歌、乃至總結(jié)和理解這些詞句?；A(chǔ)階段復(fù)習(xí)(10)1995年Text 5【重點(diǎn)詞匯】subsequent（隨后的）sub+sequ+ent，sub-在下，sequ(=follow)詞根“跟隨”，-ent形容詞后綴。Be sure not to tell a first falsehood, and you neednt fear being

35、detected in any subsequent ones.千萬(wàn)別說(shuō)第一個(gè)謊話，這樣就不用害怕在隨后的謊話中被人發(fā)現(xiàn)。duration（持久；持續(xù)時(shí)間）即dur+ation，dur詞根“持續(xù)”，-ation名詞后綴。同根詞：durable（持久的）dur+able可的；endurance（持久力；忍耐力）en使+dur+ance。It is not the strength but the duration of great sentiment that makes great men.造就偉人的不是力量，而是偉大情操的持久。contemporary（當(dāng)代的；同時(shí)代的；同時(shí)代的人）con+

36、tempor+ary，con-一起，tempor看作temper（性情），-ary后綴，“性情相同的（人）就是同時(shí)代的（人）”。Most contemporary books give the impression of having been manufactured in a day, out of books read the day before.大部分當(dāng)代書(shū)籍給人的印象，是花一天工夫用前一天讀過(guò)的書(shū)加工而成的。I dont go along with all this talk of a generation gap. Were all contemporaries. Theres

37、only a difference in memories, thats all.我對(duì)代溝這種說(shuō)法完全不能茍同。我們都是同時(shí)代的人，只是記憶有所不同，僅此而已?！倦y句解析】Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skilful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words.本句的主干很簡(jiǎn)單，就是Constant practice has. effect on

38、memory，主要的結(jié)構(gòu)是such as. as.，在后一個(gè)as的后面有一個(gè)不定式，而這個(gè)不定式有三個(gè)并列的賓語(yǔ)to skilful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words，注意這里的三個(gè)to都是介詞，和動(dòng)詞lead構(gòu)成詞組。注意先抓主干結(jié)構(gòu)，另外要注意such as. as.是一種舉例子的形式。反復(fù)練習(xí)對(duì)記憶有很大影響，可以使人們熟練地演奏鋼琴、背誦詩(shī)歌、乃至總結(jié)和理解這些詞句?；A(chǔ)階段復(fù)習(xí)(11)1996年Text 1【重點(diǎn)詞匯】

39、tight-lipped（沉默寡言的）。blueprint（藍(lán)圖）blue+print。intelligently（聰明地，明智地）即intel+lig+ent+ly，intel-“在之間”（=inter-，因后接l，故r變形為l），lig詞根“選擇”=lect，-ent形容詞后綴，-ly副詞后綴，故“具有從中挑選出所需之物的能力”聰明地。Philosophy is a study that lets us be unhappy more intelligently.哲學(xué)是讓我們更聰明地不快樂(lè)的一門(mén)學(xué)問(wèn)。The computer is not intelligent at all, but v

40、ery stupid indeed, and that, in fact, is one of its great values its blind stupidity.計(jì)算機(jī)一點(diǎn)都不聰明，反而實(shí)在非常愚蠢，實(shí)際上，這才是它的非凡價(jià)值之一它的盲目的愚蠢。tangible（確實(shí)的；有形的）即tang+ible，tang拼音“糖”方糖方糖是方的方糖是“有形的”。tangible assets有形資產(chǎn)；tangible results確實(shí)的成就。secure（安全的v.獲得；防衛(wèi)）Freedom of opinion can only exist when the government thinks itself secure.言論自由只有在政府認(rèn)為自己安全時(shí)才能存在。He that publishes a book runs a very great hazard, since nothing can be more impossible than to compose one that may secure the approbation of every reader.出版一本書(shū)的人冒著極大的危險(xiǎn)，因?yàn)閯?chuàng)作一部可能受到所有讀者歡迎