大學(xué)英語精讀5電子教案U5.ppt

1、2. Some Famous Figures,BR_MAIN,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,3. Science and Religion,1. About the Author,Nicolaus Copernicus,Giordano Bruno,Galileo Galilei,Aristotle,Before Reading_1,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,About the Author,Paul G.

2、Hewitt: (1930 ) American conceptual physicist, currently a column editor for The Physics Teacher, the monthly magazine of the American Association of Physics Teachers.,Achievements, First Prize for Science American Education Film Festival (1977) American Association of Physics Teachers, Millikan Awa

3、rd (1982) Honoree of Paul G. Hewitt Scholarships for Future High School Physics Teachers (2002- ),Before Reading_2_1,Nicolaus Copernicus,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,Nicolaus Copernicus: (14731543) Polish Mathematician and Astronomer,19 February, 1473 Toru, Poland 24

4、May, 1543 Astronomer known for figuring out that the sun is the center of our solar system,Before Reading_2_1.1,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,Nicolaus Copernicus was born into a well-to-do family. He went to university in Krakw and spent a decade in Italy, studying law

5、 and mathematics. For years he observed the stars and planets and worked on his theory that the planets in our solar system revolved around the sun. His publication of Six Books Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs in 1543, just a few weeks before he died, was marked as the beginning of t

6、he “scientific revolution”. Because his heliocentric theory of the planets defied 1,500 years of tradition, it wasnt until 1835 that his work was taken off the list of books banned by the Vatican.,Nicolaus Copernicus,Before Reading_2_2,Giordano Bruno,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,Af

7、ter Reading,Giordano Bruno: (15481600) Italian Philosopher,1548 Nola, Italy 17 February, 1600 The first martyr tothecauseoffreethought,Before Reading_2_2.1,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,Bruno was the son of a soldier from Nola in Italy. He entered a Dominican convent i

8、n 1565 and was forced to leave in 1576 after being accused of heresy. He moved to Geneva in 1578 and thereafter traveled Europe as a lecturer and teacher. His cosmological theories, even more radical than that of Copernicus, led to his excommunication. In 1592 he was arrested by the Venetian Inquisi

9、tion, which extradited him to the Roman Inquisition in the following year. After a seven-year trial, he was burned at the stake. His ethical ideas have appealed to modern humanists, and his ideal of religious and philosophical tolerance has influenced liberal thinkers.,Giordano Bruno,Before Reading_

10、2_3,Galileo Galilei,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,Galileo Galilei: (15641642) Italian Astronomer and Mathematician,15 February, 1564 Pisa, Italy 8 January, 1642 The inventor of the astronomical telescope,Before Reading_2_3.1,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Readi

11、ng,After Reading,Galileo formalized messy nature into forces and laws. There were many inventions, an early pendulum clock, an early slide rule, an early thermometer. But above all, he was an early Newton, because especially he analyzed motion and force, falling, rising, floating, and so on. He dabb

12、led with gravity, but never really understood it. “Too occult,” he said. Galileos deep contribution to science was not really that many proofs. It was in seeing the simple coherence in a system, the way things hang together, the whole picture. Galileo combined common sense with mathematical formulae

13、. Yet sometimes one seemed to fight the other. That bodies of different weights fall at the same speed is not common sense, then or today.,Galileo Galilei,Before Reading_2_4,Aristotle,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,Aristotle: (384 B.C. 322 B.C.) Greek Philosopher,384 B.

14、C. Stagira, Greece 322 B.C. The author of Ethics,Before Reading_2_4.1,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,Aristotle is one of the “big three” in ancient Greek philosophy, along with Plato and Socrates. Aristotle spent nearly 20 years at Platos Academy, first as a student and

15、 then as a teacher. After Platos death he traveled widely and educated a famous pupil, Alexander the Great, who nearly conquered the world. Later Aristotle began his own school in Athens, known as the Lyceum. Aristotle is known for his carefully detailed observations about nature and the physical wo

16、rld, which laid the groundwork for the modern study of biology. Among his works are the texts Physics, Metaphysics, Rhetoric and Ethics.,Aristotle,Before Reading_3_1,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,Science and Religion,Listen to the passage and answer the following quest

17、ions with the information you have just heard.,Directions:,1. What are the three parts of the scientific method?,Recognizing and understanding problems; collecting information through observation and experiment; developing and testing theories.,2. How does religion come into being?,In ancient times,

18、 many things in the world were great mysteries to people. Ancient humans could explain these things only as the work of gods.,3. What do science and religion have in common?,Science and religion both seek to explain the mysteries of the universe, of nature and of ourselves.,Science is knowledge gain

19、ed through observation and study. The scientific method is the use of rules and systems for gaining knowledge, which includes three parts: recognizing and understanding problems; collecting information through observation and experiment; developing and testing theories. In ancient times, many things

20、 in the world were great mysteries to people. Ancient humans could explain these things only as the work of gods. These explanations became part of religious beliefs. People may separate science and religion by thinking of science as a process of gaining knowledge and religion as a system of beliefs

21、. But science and religion both seek to explain the mysteries of the universe, of nature and of ourselves. Some people reject scientific ideas that conflict with their religious beliefs. Some reject religious beliefs that conflict with their scientific ideas. And some find it impossible to believe t

22、hat an understanding based entirely on science or one based entirely on religion can be correct. Probably the greatest scientist of the twentieth century was Albert Einstein. He had no problem mixing science and religion. Einstein once said that the religious experience is the strongest and the most

23、 honorable force behind scientific research.,Before Reading_3_1.1,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,Before Reading_3_2,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,4. What are peoples different opinions about science and religion?,Some people reject scienti

24、fic ideas that conflict with their religious beliefs. Some reject religious beliefs that conflict with their scientific ideas. And some find it impossible to believe that an understanding based entirely on science or one based entirely on religion can be correct.,5. How does Einstein understand the

25、relationship between science and religion?,The religious experience is the strongest and the most honorable force behind scientific research.,Globe Reading_main,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,1. Part Division of the Text,For Part 1,For Part 2,True or False,Questions and

26、 Answers,2. Further Understanding,3. Interview,Globe Reading_1,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,Part Division of the Text,Main Ideas,Parts,1,2,Paragraphs,1-4,5-8,Honesty is the key to the advance of science.,Science started early but advances slowly.,4. Bruno supported Co

27、pernicus when Copernicuss book was still banned by the Church.,Global Reading_2.1,True or False,1. Science started as soon as history began to be recorded.,Science had its beginnings before recorded history.,F,( ),T,( ),2. It is natures dependability that enables humans to control it.,3. Supernatura

28、l forces prevented science from advancing.,F,( ),T,( ),The powerful opposition to scientific methods and ideas made advance slow.,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,Global Reading_2.2,True or False,5. Geologists were condemned for centuries because they disapproved of the G

29、enesis account of creation.,6. Though evolution theories were taught in class, they met with violent condemnation.,They were condemned in the early 1800s, but safe later in the same century.,F,( ),Theories of evolution were condemned and the teaching of them forbidden.,F,( ),Before Reading,Global Re

30、ading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,Globe Reading_3.1,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,Questions and Answers,Galileos cookbook method, trial and error, experimentation without guessing, accidental discovery, etc.,1. What methods are mentioned in scientific study in this

31、part?,According to Galileos law of falling bodies, bodies fall at the same speed and with the same acceleration regardless of their weight and size. This law was confirmed by an experiment conducted on the moon in 1971.,2. Why is Aristotles idea that falling bodies fall at a speed proportional to th

32、eir weight false?,Globe Reading_3.2,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,Questions and Answers,They must first of all overcome humanitys weakness of self-deception.,3. What must scientists first overcome in order to see the truth?,Because when people adopt the assumption, the

33、y tend to pay special attention to cases that support it, and distort, belittle or ignore cases that refute it.,4. What makes the most widespread assumptions the least questioned?,Scientific claims are testable, whereas unscientific claims are not.,5. What is the difference between scientific and un

34、scientific claims?,Globe Reading_4,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,1. Method or attitude, which is more essential? 2. How to choose the right stepping-stone? 3. How to overcome humanitys weakness? 4. Endure fellow scientists further test. 5. Suffer the authoritys condemn

35、ation or even persecution.,Interview,Directions:,Work in pairs to perform an interview. Suppose one of you is a famous scientist and the other is a TV reporter. Now you are on a TV show to talk about the possible hardships of establishing a new theory. Your conversation may be based on the text and

36、the interview should cover the following aspects, and you may offer some examples when necessary.,Article0,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,As the author points out below, the success of science has less to do with a particular method than with an essential attitude of th

37、e scientist. This attitude is essentially one of inquiry, experimentation and humility before the facts. Therefore, a good scientist is an honest one. True scientists do not bow to any authority but they are ever ready to modify or even abandon their ideas if adequate evidence is found contradicting

38、 them. Scientists, as human beings, may not be more honest than others, but in their profession, they do place a high value on honesty.,Science is the body of knowledge about nature that represents the collective efforts, insights, findings, and wisdom of the human race. Science is not something new

39、 but had its beginnings before recorded history when humans first discovered reoccurring relationships around them. Through careful observations of these relationships, they began to know nature and, because of natures dependability, found they could make predictions to enable some control over thei

40、r surroundings. Science made its greatest headway in the sixteenth century when people began asking answerable questions about nature when they began replacing superstition by a systematic search for order when experiment in addition to logic was used to test ideas. Where people once tried to influe

41、nce natural events with magic and supernatural forces, they now had science to guide them. Advance was slow, however, because of the powerful opposition to scientific methods and ideas.,Article1,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,Science and the Scientific Attitude Paul G.

42、Hewitt,In about 1510 Copernicus suggested that the sun was stationary and that the earth revolved about the sun. He refuted the idea that the earth was the center of the universe. After years of hesitation, he published his findings but died before his book was circulated. His book was considered he

43、retical and dangerous and was banned by the Church for 200 years. A century after Copernicus, the mathematician Bruno was burned at the stake largely for supporting Copernicus, suggesting the sun to be a star, and suggesting that space was infinite. Galileo was imprisoned for popularizing the Copern

44、ican theory and for his other contributions to scientific thought. Yet a couple of centuries later, Copernican advocates seemed harmless.,Article2,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,Article3,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,This happens age after

45、 age. In the early 1800s geologists met with violent condemnation because they differed with the Genesis account of creation. Later in the same century, geology was safe, but theories of evolution were condemned and the teaching of them forbidden. This most likely continues. “At every,crossway on th

46、e road that leads to the future, each progressive spirit is opposed by a thousand men appointed to guard the past.” Every age has one or more groups of intellectual rebels who are persecuted, condemned, or suppressed at the time; but to a later age, they seem harmless and often essential to the elev

47、ation of human conditions.,Article4,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,The enormous success of science has led to the general belief that scientists have developed and are employing a “method” a method that is extremely effective in gaining, organizing, and applying new kno

48、wledge. Galileo, famous scientist of the 1600s, is usually credited with being the “Father of the Scientific Method.” His method is essentially as follows: 1. Recognize a problem. 2. Guess an answer. 3. Predict the consequences of the guess. 4. Perform experiments to test predictions. 5. Formulate t

49、he simplest theory that organizes the three main ingredients: guess, prediction, experimental outcome.,Article5,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,Although this cookbook method has a certain appeal, it has not been the key to most of the breakthroughs and discoveries in sci

50、ence. Trial and error, experimentation without guessing, accidental discovery, and other methods account for much of the progress in science. Rather than a particular method, the success of science has more to do with an attitude common to scientists. This attitude is essentially one of inquiry, exp

51、erimentation, and humility before the facts. If a scientist holds an idea to be true and finds any counterevidence whatever,the idea is either modified or abandoned. In the scientific spirit, the idea must be modified or abandoned in spite of the reputation of the person advocating it. As an example

52、, the greatly respected Greek philosopher Aristotle said that falling bodies fall at a speed proportional to their weight. This false idea was held to be true for more than 2,000 years because of Aristotles immense authority. In the scientific spirit, however, a single verifiable experiment to the c

53、ontrary outweighs any authority, regardless of reputation or the number of followers and advocates.,Scientists must accept facts even when they would like them to be different. They must strive to distinguish between what they see and what they wish to see for humanitys capacity for self-deception i

54、s vast. People have traditionally tended to adopt general rules, beliefs, creeds, theories, and ideas without thoroughly questioning their validity and to retain them long after they have been shown to be meaningless, false, or at least questionable. The most widespread assumptions are the least que

55、stioned. Most often, when an idea is adopted, particular attention is given to cases that seem to support it, while cases that seem to refute it are distorted, belittled, or ignored. We feel deeply that it is a sign of weakness to “change our minds.” Competent scientists, however, must be expert at

56、changing their minds. This is because science seeks not to defend our beliefs but to improve them. Better theories are made by those who are not hung up on prevailing ones. Away from their profession, scientists are inherently no more honest or ethical than other people. But in their profession they

57、 work in an arena that puts a high premium on honesty. The cardinal rule in science is that all claims must be testable they must be capable, at least in principle, of being proved wrong.,Article6,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,For example, if someone claims that a cert

58、ain procedure has a certain result, it must in principle be possible to perform a procedure that will either confirm or contradict the claim. If confirmed, then the claim is regarded as useful and a stepping-stone to further knowledge. None of us has the time or energy or resources to test every cla

59、im, so most of the time we must take somebodys word. However, we must have some criterion for deciding whether one persons word is as good as anothers and whether one claim is as good as another. The criterion, again, is that the claim must be testable. To reduce the likelihood of error, scientists accept the word only of those whose ideas, theories, and findings are testable if not in practice then at least in principle. Speculations that cannot be tested are regarded as “unscientific.” This has the long-run effect of compelling