Francis_Bacon簡介 presentation

1、francis bacon,1561-1626,bacons wife :alice barnham bacon,francis bacon(1561 1626) “father of english essays,he was a chief figure in english prose in the early 17th century and his essays began the long tradition of the english essays in the history of english literature,about life,francis bacon was

2、 born in january 1561 in elizabethan england. his father, sir nicholas bacon, held the highest judicial office of state, the lord keeper of the great seal, at the court of elizabeth i. his mother, anne, was the daughter of edward vis tutor, and annes sister was married to the lord treasurer. born in

3、to this highly political family, the first love of francis bacon, it seems, was palace politics. after finishing his education at trinity college, cambridge, at the early age of sixteen, he was admitted to grays inn, which he left in 1576 for france. he lived there for a few years under the care of

4、the queens ambassador to the french court. he returned to england for good in february 1579, resumed his studies and then pursued a career in law and politics,it is said that he was adept at palace intrigue, flattery of the powerful, and conspiring against friends. he did prosecute a personal benefa

5、ctor, the earl of essex, and then, after the execution of the earl, he wrote a pamphlet condemning him, allegedly to curry favour with the queen. aided by such means, he rose, slowly, to the position of lord keeper (later designated lord chancellor) that his father had had. he also obtained the titl

6、e of baron verulam, and later that of viscount st albans. lord bacon in his judicial office is known to have misused his authority to torture prisoners and to issue injudicious monopolies to please his superiors at court. he accepted bribes from litigants while occupying the highest judicial chair i

7、n england. for this he was impeached by the house of commons and sentenced by the house of lords in 1626 to a large fine, imprisonment at the pleasure of the king, and banishment from court for life. the sentence was not fully executed as lord bacon died in 1626.1,弗朗西斯培根（francis bacon，1561 - 1626）于1

8、561年出生于倫敦一個官宦世家，父親尼古拉培根是伊麗莎白女王的掌璽大臣，思想傾向進步，信奉英國國教，反對教皇干涉英國內政；母親安妮培根是一位頗有名氣的才女，她精通希臘文和拉丁文，是加爾文教派的信徒。良好的家庭教育使培根各方面都表現出異乎尋常的才智。 1573年，年僅12歲的培根被送入劍橋大學三一學院深造，大學中的學習是他對傳統(tǒng)觀念和信仰產生了懷疑，開始獨自思考社會和人生的真諦。 培根紀念碑三年后，培根作為英國駐法大使的隨員旅居巴黎。短短兩年半的時間里，他幾乎走遍里整個法國，這使他接觸到不少新的事物，汲取了許多新的思想，并且對其世界觀的轉變產生了極大的影響,1579年，父親突然病逝，培根不得不回

9、到倫敦。由于生活開始陷入貧困，培根進入了葛雷法學院，一面攻讀法律，一面四處謀職。1582年，21歲的培根取得了律師資格，此時，培根在思想上更為成熟了，他決心把脫離實際，脫離自然的一切知識加以改革，并且把經驗和實踐引入認識論。這是他“復興科學”的偉大抱負，也是他為之奮斗一生的志向。1602年伊麗莎白去世，詹姆士一世繼位。由于培根曾力主蘇格蘭與英格蘭的合并，受到詹姆士的大力贊賞。培根因此平步青云，扶搖直上。1602年受封為爵士，1604年被任命為詹姆士的顧問，1607年被任命為副檢察長，1613年被委任為首席檢察官,1616年被任命為樞密院顧問，1617年提升為掌璽大臣，1618年晉升為英格蘭的大

10、陸官，授封為維魯蘭男爵，1621年又授封為奧爾本斯子爵。但培根的才能和志趣不在國務活動上，而存在與對科學真理的探求上。這一時期，他在學術研究上取得了巨大的成果。并出版了多部著作。1621年培根被國會指控貪污受賄，被高級法庭判處罰金四萬磅，監(jiān)禁于倫敦塔內，終生逐出宮廷，不得任議員和官職。雖然后來罰金和監(jiān)禁皆被豁免，但培根卻因此而身敗名裂。從此培根不理政事，開始專心從事理論著述。1626年3月底，培根坐車經守倫敦北郊。當時他正在潛心研究冷熱理論及其實際應用問題。當路過一片雪地時，他突然想作一次實驗，他宰了一只雞，把雪填進雞肚，以便觀察冷凍在防腐上的作用。但由于他身體孱弱，經受不住風寒的侵襲，支氣管

11、炎復發(fā)，病情惡化，于1626年4月9日清晨病逝,概括,英國文藝復興時期最重要的散作家、哲學家。他不但在文學、哲學上多有建樹，在自然科學領域里，也取得了重大成就。培根是一位經歷了諸多磨難的貴族子弟，復雜多變的生活經歷豐富了他的閱歷，隨之而來的，他的思想成熟，言論深邃，富含哲理。他的整個世界觀是現世的而不是宗教的（雖然他堅信上帝）。他是一位理性主義者而不是迷信的崇拜者，是一位經驗論者而不是詭辯學者。在政治上，他是一位現實主義者而不是理論家,bacons reputation,bacons chief contribution to posterity lies in his role as the

12、 founder of materialism in philosophy and science in england. according to marx, “the real progenitor of english materialism is bacon. to him natural philosophy is the true philosophy, and physics based upon the experiences of the senses is the core part of natural philosophy,bacons works,bacons wor

13、ks can be divided into three classes: 1.the philosophical: the advancement of learning (1605); (the new instrument 1620) 2. the literary works: essays (“of truth”, “of death”, “of studies”, “of friendship ” etc) 3. the professional works: maxims of the law and reading on the statue of uses,bacons wr

14、itings poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave logical and rhetoric able to contend. abeunt studia in mores. 陳毅平譯文：歷史使人明智， 詩歌使人靈慧，數學使人縝密，物理使人深刻，倫理學使人莊重， 邏輯學則使人善辯，正如古人云：學皆成性,3. some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digeste

15、d; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. 曹明倫譯文：有些書可以淺嘗輒止，有些書可以囫圇吞棗， 而只有少部分書需要細嚼慢咽，慢慢消化；換言之，有些書只讀其章節(jié)，有些書可大致瀏覽，有些書則須通篇細讀并認真領悟,of beauty,1. virtue is like a rich stone, best plain set; an

16、d surely virtue is best in a body that is comely, though not of delicate features; and that hath rather dignity of presence than beauty of aspect. 王佐良譯文：德行猶如寶石，樸素最美； 其于人也：則有德者但須形體悅目，不必面貌俊秀， 與其貌美，不若氣度恢宏,2. in beauty, that of favor is more than of color; and that of decent and gracious motion more tha

17、n that of favor. 王佐良譯文：美不在顏色艷麗而在面目端正，又不盡在面目端正而在舉止優(yōu)雅合度,3. beauty is as summer fruits, which are easy to corrupt, and can not last; and for the most part it makes a dissolute youth, and an age a little out of countenance; but yeat certainly again, if it light well, it maketh virtue shine, and vices bl

18、ush. 王佐良譯：美者猶如夏日蔬果，易腐難存；要之，年少而美者常無形，年長而美者不免面有愧色。但若是美落在人身上得當的話，則德行因美而益彰，惡性見美而愈愧,代表作品 學術的進展，1605年 培根人生論新工具論，1620年 論說文集，1624年 亨利七世本紀 論事物的本性 迷宮的線索 各家哲學的批判 自然界的大事 論人類的知識 培根人生論,influence of bacon,bacons ideas about the improvement of the human lot were influential in the 1630s and 1650s among a number of

19、parliamentarian scholars. during the restoration, bacon was commonly invoked as a guiding spirit of the royal society founded under charles ii in 1660. in the nineteenth century his emphasis on induction was revived and developed by william whewell, among others,in north america,there are some schol

20、ars who believe that bacons vision for a utopian new world in north america was laid out in his novel the new atlantis, which depicts a mythical island, bensalem, in the pacific ocean west of peru. he envisioned a land where there would be greater rights for women, the abolishing of slavery, elimina

21、tion of debtors prisons, separation of church and state, and freedom of religious and political expression,francis bacon played a leading role in creating the british colonies, especially in virginia, the carolinas, and newfoundland. his government report on “the virginia colony” was made in 1609,fr

22、ancis bacon and his associates formed the newfoundland colonization company and in 1610 sent john guy to found a colony in newfoundland. in 1910 newfoundland issued a postage stamp to commemorate francis bacons role in establishing newfoundland. the stamp states about bacon, the guiding spirit in colonization schemes in 1610,thomas jefferson