閱讀理解猜測詞義

1、閱讀理解專題一,猜測詞義,猜測詞義是考生閱讀理解能力的一個重要方面. NMET 閱讀理解主要測試考生根據(jù)上下文和構(gòu)詞法知識猜出生詞詞義或舊詞新意的能力,猜測生詞的方法 根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法猜測 英語中的構(gòu)詞法主要有三種： （Derivation） （Conversion） （Compounding,派生,轉(zhuǎn)化,合成,派生： 由一個詞根加上前綴或后綴構(gòu)成一個新的單詞，該法是猜測英語單詞的主要方法。 A.加前綴 dis-, in-, re-, un-, non-, B.加后綴 able, -al, -an, -ful, -ive, -er, -ese, -ist, -ment, -ness, -tion,

2、-fy, -ian, -ing, -is(z)e, -ly, -teen, -ty, -th, -y,disable, incorrect, rebuild, unimportant, nonstop, reasonable, chemical, American, helpful, handful, active, scientist, beautify, musician, realize, friendly, fully,如：unconditional，意為“無條件的,轉(zhuǎn)化： 由某一詞性轉(zhuǎn)達化成另一詞性，其意義也發(fā)生一定的變化。 I was asked to minute the rac

3、e. “minute”轉(zhuǎn)化成動詞，意為“為計時” hand(n.)hand(v.) empty(adj.)empty(v.,The man sitting in the chair chaired the meeting,合成：兩個或兩個以上的單詞組成一個新的單詞。 如：blackboard, man-made,overthrow,首字母縮略 ISBN： VIP,International Standard Book Number,國際標準圖書編號,very Important person,貴賓、大人物,混合詞 brunch: smog: 其他 VS： XL,breakfast + lunc

4、h,早午餐,smoke + fog,煙霧,versus(=against,Brazil VS China,extra large,根據(jù)上下文猜測 沒有上下文，就沒有生詞的含義，不同的上下文會使一個相同的單詞含義截然不同。根據(jù)上下文猜測生詞常?？梢越柚ㄕZ從句、同位詞、并列關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系等等來確定,利用解釋作為從上下文猜詞的線索,即根據(jù)定義猜詞. 對生詞的解釋,往往能夠明確地告訴我們這個詞的準確意思。常用的關(guān)鍵詞和句型有： .means 表示.的意思，意指 .is/are .是 ., which ., where .is/ are called 被叫做,is/are known as

5、被稱為 .can be defined as 可被定以為,例如： (a) Desert can be defined as a large area of land where there is not enough rain and vegetation to support human life,b) A linguist, an expert on languages, is always listening,根據(jù)上下文,后一句是前面劃線部分 生詞的定義(同位語),即語言學(xué)家,利用舉例作為從上下文猜詞的線索。文章的作者常常通過列舉一些名詞或事例來說明他在文章中所用的一個詞。常見的關(guān)鍵詞有

6、,such as 例如 like 像，如 especially 尤其是 for instance 例如 for example 例如,例如：Cars must have certain safety devices such as seat belt, headlights, and good brakes,利用重述作為上下文猜詞的線索。當(dāng)作者不能肯定讀者能夠理解他的意思時，他會用另外一種方式陳述自己的觀點。常見的用來表示重述的詞或短語有,to put it another way 換句話說,or. 即，或者說,that is 也就是說,that is to say 也就是說,in other

7、 words 換句話說,例如： (a).In some countries where there is very little rain, the farmers have to irrigate, or water, their fields,b) It will be very hard but also very brittlethat is , it will break easily,從后面的解釋中我們可以了解到brittle 是脆的意思,利用近義詞的線索。作者可能會用一個近義詞或者同義詞去解釋另一個更難的詞，以便使他的文字意思更清楚，近義詞往往出現(xiàn)在同一句或者同一段落中,例如：

8、At the beginning they did not have enough capital to start a business, nor were they able to borrow the amount of money they needed from the bank,利用反義詞作為猜詞的線索。作者常常用反義詞來使文章更具表現(xiàn)力，我們可以利用反義詞作為線索去猜句中出現(xiàn)的生詞的意思。例如,Metal expands when heated and contracts when cooled,從句子結(jié)構(gòu)看，expand與contract相對應(yīng)，when heated與when

9、 cooled相對應(yīng)。 因為加熱與使冷卻是相反的動作，那么expand與contract也應(yīng)該是相反的,Music， for instance，was once as groups experience.For many people now， however, music is an individual experience,析:該句將人們現(xiàn)在對音樂的欣賞和過去對音樂的欣賞做比較，發(fā)現(xiàn)過去人們以群體的形式欣賞音樂而現(xiàn)在則單個人在家里欣賞,利用對比關(guān)系猜詞. 例如:She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived i

10、n the middle of her first class,but 一詞表轉(zhuǎn)折，因此but 前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是她今天第一節(jié)上了一半才來，因此反向推理，可得出她平時一向準時的結(jié)論,利用因果關(guān)系猜詞. The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent.So the player could never play the sport again,從后面的結(jié)果永遠不能再運動中，可以推測 permanent 的意思為永遠的，永久的,歷年高考題,1.When so

11、me kind of pain killer was brought out recently, researchers found that the colors turned the customers off because they made the product look weak and ineffective. Eventually, it came on the market in a dark blue and white package-blue because we think of it as safe, and white as calm.(2004年NMET全國，

12、廣東卷,65.The underlined part “the colors turned the customers off” (in Para.3) means that the colors_. had weak effects on the customers B. tricked the customers into shopping C. caused the customers to lose interest D.attracted the customers strongly,通過因果法可知答案為C,NMET2003,C篇,65) Fermats Last Theorem(定

13、理). First put forward by the French mathematician Pierrede Fermat in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able

14、to study at the Ecole Polytechnique,65.Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word “baffle” as it is used in the text? A. To encourage people to raise questions. B. To cause difficulty in understanding. C. To provide a person with an explanation. D. To limit peoples imagination,解析:同

15、義法由句中不難看出Fermat的定理使得最具數(shù)學(xué)頭腦的科學(xué)家絞盡腦汁(beat)，并且在句中beaten和baffled處于同等并列關(guān)系，據(jù)此推斷出baffle為使困惑、難倒、難以理解的意思。故答案為B,3.(NMET2002,E篇,74) A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months. 74.What does the under

16、lined word hassle probably mean? A. a party designed by specialists B. a plan requiring careful thought C. a situation causing difficulty or trouble D. a demand made by guests,解析:反義法由前句的否定doesnt與后句的肯定can be這一對比關(guān)系，可以推斷出,為了慶祝孩子的生日,又不至于麻煩,可以買一個生日開心包。hassle的意思應(yīng)該與fun相反,而與difficulty, trouble等相近。故答案為C,One

17、mistaken idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse. Business, politics, life itself are games which we must normally play with very imperfect information. (NMET 2000,Which of the following can be used in place of “ Quite the reverse”? A. Quite

18、right. B . True enough. C. Most unlikely. D. Just the opposite,8. The largest player-Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Rental Center offers a wide variety of choices-deluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches. Santana sedans are the big favorite. (NMET 2001,The words “deluxe sedans”, “minivans” and “

19、station wagons” used in the text refer to _. A. cars in the market B. car renting firms C. cars for rent D. car makers,C,A) Recently, studies have been undertaken to determine if a relationship exists between violence on television and violence in the streets of America. More and better research is

20、needed to assess fully the effects of exposure to violence on human behavior,Exercises,however, early results seem to indicate that certain elements of society are influenced negatively by what they see on television,The word assess could best be replaced by A. undertakenB. determine C. indicate D.

21、influence,Remember that People on line may not be who they seem. Because you cant see or even hear the person. It would be easy for someone to misrepresent himself/herself. Thus someone who says that she is a 12-year-old girl. could really be an old man,B,making a wrong judgment about B. understandi

22、ng somebody wrongly C. giving a wrong description of D. forming a wrong opinion about,C) Im a resolute man. Once I set up a goal, I wont give it up easily. A. frighten B. brave and careless C. firm D. angry,We live in a materialistic society and trained from our earlier days to try to get more. This materialistic opinion has seriously influenced education. Fewer and fewer young people these days learn knowledge only for their ow