語法--英語詞性分類及用法.ppt

1、英語詞性的分類及用法,詞性的分類,詞類又叫詞性，英語單詞根據其在句子中的功用，可以分十個大類。,名詞的概念,名詞可以分為專有名詞和普通名詞 . 專有名詞是某個（些）人，地方，機構等專有的名稱，如Beijing， China, the United States,等。 普通名詞是一類人或東西或是一個抽象概念的名詞，如：book，sadness等。(普通名詞包括可數名詞和不可數名詞) 普通名詞又可分為下面四類： 1）個體名詞：表示某類人或東西中的個體，如：gun 2）集體名詞：表示若干個個體組成的集合體，如:family (以上兩類屬于可數名詞)3）物質名詞：表示無法分為個體的實物，如:air 4

2、）抽象名詞：表示動作、狀態(tài)、品質、感情等抽象概 念，如：work (以上兩類屬于不可數名詞),名詞復數的規(guī)則變化,其它名詞復數的規(guī)則變化,1) 以y結尾的專有名詞，或元音字母+y 結尾的名詞變復數時，直 接加s變復數： 如：two Marys the Henrys monkey-monkeys holiday-holidays 2) 以o 結尾的名詞，變復數時： a. 加s，如： photo-photos piano-pianos radio-radios zoo-zoos； b. 加es，如：potatopotatoes tomatotomatoes 3) 以f或fe 結尾的名詞變復數時：

3、a. 加s，如： belief-beliefs roof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs； b. 去f, fe 加-ves，如：half-halves knife-knives leaf-leaves wolf-wolves wife-wives life-lives thief-thieves；,名詞復數的不規(guī)則變化,1）child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice man-men woman-women 2）單復同形如： deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese 3）集體名詞，以單數形式出現，

4、但實為復數。 如： people police cattle 等本身就是復數，不能說 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以說a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名詞，表示國民總稱時，作復數用。 4）以s結尾，仍為單數的名詞，如： maths，politics，physics等學科名詞，為不可數名詞，是單數。news 是不可數名詞。,要點考點聚焦,flower,flowers,找規(guī)律,wat

5、ch,es,factory-factories,leaf - leaves,box,es,NOUN.,要點考點聚焦,找規(guī)律,tomatoes,potatoes,heroes,NOUN.,不規(guī)則變化,child-children,woman-women,deer,sheep,man-men,goose-geese,NOUN.,1.Several _ are talking under the treeAnd they are_. Awoman;children Bwoman;child Cwomen;children 2.How far is your school from here？ Not

6、 very farIts about twenty walk.（2000杭州） Aminutes Bminutes Cminutes 3. There are three in my family. (2004長春） A.people B. person C. child 4. Most students can go to college for further in our city. A. education B. information C.science 5. This is bedroom. The twin sister like it very much. A. Ann and

7、 Jane B. Ann and Janes C.Anns and Janes,典型例題解析,C,C,A,A,B,NOUN.,根據所給單詞的正確形式填空： 1. Different people may have different _. (idea) 2. I often go to work on . (foot) 3. I know one of the . (boy) 4. Mr. Brown is wearing a pair of . (glass) 5. Please give them their . (photo) 6. Are there any in the box? (

8、watch) 7. There are twelve in a year. (month) 8. Would you like some ? (tomato) 9. Look at those in the boats! (people) 10. Look! The are singing. (woman) 11. September 10th is Day. (teacher) 12. Jim has some . (knife) 13. How much are these ? (vegetable) 14. My school is twenty _ walk from here. (m

9、inute) 15. The girl under the tree is a friend of_. (Lucy),ideas,foot,boys,glasses,photos,watches,months,tomatoes,people,women,Teachers,knives,vegetables,minutes,Lucys,NOUN.,代詞,代詞是代替名詞的一種詞類。大多數代詞具有名詞和形容詞的功能。英語中的代詞，按其意義、特征及在句中的作用分為：人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、反身代詞、相互代詞、疑問代詞、關系代詞和不定代詞八種。,一、人稱代詞是表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“

10、它”、“我們”、“你們”、“他們”的詞。人稱代詞有人稱、數和格的變化,通常，主格作主語,賓格作賓語 通常，當單數的主格作主語時，謂語動詞用單數；復數的的主格作主語時，謂語動詞用復數。 Eg. He is my friend. Its me. They are from China. She lent me a book. I love it. Are you interested in them?,二、 物主代詞表示所有關系的代詞，也可叫做代詞所有格。物主代詞分形容性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞二種，其人物和數的變化見下表,通常，形容詞性物主代詞相當形容詞的用法，應該位于名詞的前面；名詞性物主代詞

11、相當于形容詞性物主代詞+名詞，之后不接名詞。 Eg. I like his car. Our school is here and theirs is there. This is your picture. And that is mine.,三、 指示代詞表示那個、這個、這些、那些等指示概念的代詞。,Eg. That is a good idea. I love those book in blue. These people are my friends.,四、自身代詞，也稱為反身代詞表示我自己、你自己、他自己、我們自己、你們自己和他們自己等的代詞。,反身代詞的用法,1. 用作同位語(加

12、強被修飾詞的語氣，緊放在被修飾名詞后, 或句末)： The box itself is not so heavy. You said it yourself. 2. 用作賓語(動詞或介詞的賓語)： Take good care of yourself. 3. 用作表語 The poor boy was myself.,五、 表示相互關系的代詞叫相互代詞，有each other 和one another兩組，但在運用中，這兩組詞沒什么區(qū)別。,We should love each other. Tom and Betty are friends, so they always help each

13、 other. Our students learn one another.,eg. I want something hot. Do you need some coffee? There is nothing good. All of you are students.,六、 不是指明代替任何特定名詞的代詞叫做不定代詞。常見的不定代詞有a11，both，each，every等，以及含有some-，any-，every-，no-加上body，one，thing的合成代詞，如anybody， something，no one。這些不定代詞大都可以代替名詞和形容詞，在句中作主語、賓語、表語和定

14、語,七、 疑問代詞有who，whom，whose，what和which等。在句子中用來構成特殊疑問句。疑問代詞都可用作連接代詞，引導名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句）,What are you? Who is his coat? Whose bag is this? Which do you prefer? The blue one or the white one? Could you tell me what is his name? Mother asked which one I wanted.,八、 關系代詞有who，whom，whose，that，which，as等，可用作

15、引導定語從句的關聯(lián)詞。它們在定語從句中可作主語、表語、賓語、定語等；另一方面它們又代表主句中為定語從句所修飾的那個名詞或代詞（通稱為先行詞）。,He is the man whom you have been looking for. I hope I can find a job that I can devote myself to. This is the book whose covering is old. That is the same food as you want.,1.He shouted louder to the runners, but he still could

16、nt make _ heard. A. him B. himself C. them D. themselves 2.There are flowers and trees on _ sides of the river. A. every B. both C. either D. all 3.She has three good friends. One is a doctor; _ are teachers of Chinese. A. another B. the other two C. other D. others 4.Before handing in your composit

17、ions, please correct the mistakes in each line if_. A. so B. no C. any D. some,Exercises,B,B,B,C,1._(我) am a worker. _(你) are a doctor. _(她) is a teacher. 2.This is_ (他的 )shirt. 3. This is _(我的)pen. 4._(他們的) trousers are there. 5. I like this picture. Please give _(它) to_(我). 6. People get _(他們的) mo

18、ney from_(我). 7._(他們) are new students. _(他們的) names are Lucy and Lily. 8. These are _(我們的) shoes. Can _(我們) wear _(它們). 9Thank _ for _(你的) help. 10. _(他) loves _（她）, and _(她) loves _（他）,too. 11. _(我) love _（你）, and _(你) love _（我），too.,I,You,my,his,She,Their,their,me,it,They,Their,me,our,me,them,we,

19、He,your,you,you,you,her,I,him,she,形容詞,用來表示人或事物的性質、狀態(tài)和特征的詞稱為形容詞。,注意：1.有些形容詞只能作表語，如：alone, afraid, asleep 等。例如： The old man is alone. 2. 形容詞用來修飾something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代詞，要 放在這些詞的后面。 Youd better tell us something interesting.,形容詞在句子中的位置,作定語時放在名詞的前面,且音節(jié)少的詞放在音節(jié)多的詞前。 a big yellow woode

20、n wheel .,作表語時放在連系動詞之后。 The price sounds reasonable.,作賓語補足語時放在賓語之后。 We must try our best to keep our environment clean.,后置的情況： 修飾復合不定代詞時放在代詞之后。 Something serious has happened to him. 與表示“長、寬、高、重、老、遠離”的詞連用時形容詞后置。 Hes 1.8 metres tall.,注意：,一. 以-ly結尾的形容詞 1）friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugl

21、y，brotherly，仍為形容詞。 2）有些以-ly 結尾既為形容詞，也為副詞。daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily. 二. 用形容詞表示類別和整體 某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類人，與謂語動詞的復數連接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry 三. 多個形容詞修飾名詞的順序 限定詞-數詞-描繪詞-(大小，長短，形狀，新舊，顏色) -出處-材料性質，類別-名詞 a s

22、mall round table；a tall gray building；a dirty old brown shirt；a famous German medical school,副詞,副詞是用來修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞、 介詞、連詞等單詞或短語,以說明動作性質或狀態(tài)的特征的詞,一、副詞的位置 在許多情況下，副詞都放在所修飾的動詞后面或句末。 The girl dances very well. 2.有時也放在主語后面，謂語動詞前面(對動作加以強調)。 He angrily closed the door. 3.句中的副詞如碰上助動詞，be動詞，則通常放在助動詞，be動詞之后，實義動詞之前

23、 We have already read the book.,二.副詞的分類,1、 時間和頻度副詞: now, then, often, always, usually, early, today, lately, next, last, already, generally, frequently, seldom, ever, never, yet, soon, too, immediately, hardly, finally, shortly, before, ago, sometimes, yesterday.,2、 地點副詞: here, there, everywhere, an

24、ywhere, in, out, inside, outside, above, below, down, back, forward, home, upstairs, downstairs, across, along, round , around, near, off, past, up, away, on. 3、方式副詞: carefully, properly, anxiously, suddenly, normally, fast, well, calmly, politely, proudly, softly, warmly,4、 程度副詞，放在被修飾詞之前: much, lit

25、tle, very, rather, so, too, still, quite, perfectly, enough, extremely, entirely, almost, slightly. 5、 疑問副詞： how, when, where, why. 6、關系副詞： when, where, why. 7、連接副詞: how, when, where, why, whether.,三、副詞的排列順序,1） 時間，地點副詞，小單位的在前，大單位在后。 2） 方式副詞，短的在前，長的在后，并用and或but等連詞連接。 Please write slowly and carefully

26、. 3） 多個不同副詞排列：程度+地點+方式+時間副詞。 The children played games very quietly in their room by themselves yesterday。,注意：1 副詞very 可以修飾形容詞，但不能修飾動詞。 改錯：(錯) I very like English. (對) I like English very much.注意： 2副詞enough要放在形容詞的后面，形容詞enough放在名詞前后都可。 I dont know him well enough. There is enough food for everyone to

27、 eat. There is food enough for everyone to eat.,動詞動詞就是表示動作或者是狀態(tài)的詞。例如：run；work；sleep，等,動詞的分類 1 根據其在句中的功能，動詞可分為行為動詞（實義動詞）、系動詞、助動詞和情態(tài)動詞四類，有些動詞是兼類詞。如：,We have lunch at 12. I am hungry. She didnt know him. You can swim.,系動詞系動詞亦稱聯(lián)系動詞（Link Verb），作為系動詞。有些不具詞義；有些具有詞義，但不能單獨用作謂語，后邊必須跟表語（亦稱補語），構成系表結構說明主語的狀況、性質、

28、特征等情況。,1）狀態(tài)系動詞 用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有be一詞， 2）持續(xù)系動詞 用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand,3）表像系動詞 用來表示看起來像這一概念，主要有seem, appear, look 4）感官系動詞 感官系動詞主要有feel, smell, sound, taste 5）變化系動詞 這些系動詞表示主語變成什么樣，變化系動詞主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run 6）終止系動詞 表示主語已終止動作，主要有prove, turn out, 表達

29、證實，變成之意,助動詞最常用的助動詞有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would,1) 助動詞自身沒有詞義，不可單獨使用 2) 助動詞協(xié)助主要動詞完成以下功用， a. 表示時態(tài)， He has got married. b. 表示語態(tài)， He was sent to England. c. 構成疑問句， Do you like college life? d. 與否定副詞not合用，構成否定句， I dont like him. e. 加強語氣， He did know that.,情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞是一種本身有一定的詞義，但要與動詞原形一起使用，給謂語動

30、詞增添情態(tài)色彩，表示說話人對有關行為或事物的態(tài)度和看法，認為其可能、應該或必要等。,只做情態(tài)動詞： must, can (could), may (might), shall (should), will (would) 可做情態(tài)動詞又可做實義動詞： need, dare 具有情態(tài)動詞特征： have (had, has) to, used to,實義動詞實義動詞意思完全，能獨立用作謂語。實義動詞有及物動詞和不及物動詞（及物動詞是指后面要求有直接賓語的動詞；不及物動詞指后面不需要跟賓語的動詞）,Think, want, play, drive等,動詞有五種形態(tài),分別是：原形（Original

31、Form）、第三人稱單數形式（Singular From in Third Personal）、過去式（Past Form）、 過去分詞（Past Participle）、現在分詞（Present Participle）。,數詞 (表示數目多少或順序多少的詞叫數詞，數詞分為基數詞和序數詞。表示數目多少的數詞叫基數詞；表示順序的數詞叫序數詞。),一、基數詞 基數詞寫法和讀法 二、序數詞 序數詞的縮寫形式： first1stsecond2ndthirty-first31st,基數詞一般是單數形式，但下列情況，常用復數： a. 與of 短語連用，表示概數，不能與具體數目連 用，如scores of

32、people 指許多人； b.在一些表示一排或一組的詞組里； 如：They arrived in twos and threes.他們三三兩兩的到達了。 c. 表示幾十歲； d. 表示年代，用 in +the +數詞復數； e. 在乘法運算的一種表示法里， 如：3 x 5 = 15 Three fives is (are) fifteen.,數詞的用法,1）表示倍數 once， twice， three times 2）表示分數 構成：基數詞代表分子，序數詞代表分母。分子大于1時，分子的序數詞用單數，分母序數詞用復數： 1/3 one-third ； 3/37 three and three-sevenths.,介 詞,介詞是一種用來表示詞與詞、詞與句之間的關系的虛詞，在句中不能單獨作句子成分。介詞后面一般有名詞代詞或相當于名詞的其他詞類，短語或從句作它