測(cè)繪工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯武漢大學(xué)

1、Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying（大地測(cè)量與平面測(cè)量）Survey ing has bee n traditi on ally defi ned as the art and scie nee of determ ining the p ositi on of n atural and artificial features on, above or below the earthsurface; and rep rese nting this in formati onin an alog form as a con toured m

2、ap, paper plan or chart, or as figures in report tables, or in digital form as a three（測(cè)量傳統(tǒng)定義為確定地dime nsional mathematical model stored in the compu ter.表、地下和地上的自然與人工地貌特征 【features 形態(tài)、特征】；并使之按比例【in analog form】測(cè)繪成地形圖【con toured map】 平面圖【paper p la n】或圖表，或形成報(bào)告圖表，或以數(shù)字形式形成三維立體數(shù)學(xué)模型存儲(chǔ)進(jìn)計(jì)算機(jī)。）As such, the s

3、urveyor/geodesist dealt with the p hysical and mathematical aspect of measurement.（同樣的，測(cè)量員/大地測(cè)量學(xué)家處理的就是測(cè)量出的物理的和數(shù)學(xué)的特征）The accurate determ in ati on and monumen tati on【標(biāo)石、標(biāo)志】of p oi nts on the surface（因此精確確定并標(biāo)定地表點(diǎn)位of the Earth is therefore see n as the major task.便成為測(cè)量的主要任務(wù)）Though these surveys are fo

4、r various purposes, still the basic operations are the same-they invo Ive measureme nts and compu tatio ns or, basically, fieldwork andoffice work.（雖然測(cè)量工作有不同目的， 基本的操作去卩都一樣他們包括測(cè)量和計(jì)算， 或更基本地稱之為，外業(yè)工作和內(nèi)業(yè)工作）There are many differe nt types of surveys such as land surveys, route surveys, city surveys, con s

5、truct ion surveys, hydrogra phic surveys, etc., but gen erallysp eak ing, survey ing is divided into two major categories: geodetic and planesurvey ing.（測(cè)量分為許多不同的類型，如土地測(cè)量，路線測(cè)量，城市測(cè)量，建筑測(cè)量,水道測(cè)量等等，但是總的來(lái)說(shuō)，測(cè)量分為兩個(gè)主要的種類：大地測(cè)量和平面測(cè)量）Surveys will either take in to acco unt the true sha pe of the Earth ( Geodeti

6、c surveys)or treat the earth as a flat surface (Plane surveys).（是考慮地球真實(shí)形狀的大地測(cè)量還是將地球當(dāng)成一個(gè)平面的平面測(cè)量【緊跟著上句】 ）Additi on ally,surveys are con ducted【表現(xiàn)】for the purp ose of p ositi oningfeatureson the ground(Horizontalsurveys),determiningthe elevationor heights offeatures(Vertical surveys) or a comb in ati o

7、n of both.（另外，測(cè)量還分為確定平面位置的水平測(cè)量和確定海拔的高程測(cè)量或兩者的綜合。）Geodetic Surveyi ng(大地測(cè)量)The type of surveying that takes into account the trueshape of the earth is calledgeodetic survey ing.（考慮地球真實(shí)形狀的測(cè)量工作稱為大地測(cè)量）This type of survey is suited for large areas and long lines and is used to find the p recise locati on

8、of basic p oi nts n eeded for establish ing con trol for othersurveys.（這種測(cè)量話用于大范圍和長(zhǎng)距離的測(cè)量工作，用來(lái)確立基本點(diǎn)的精確位置， 用 以建立其他測(cè)量工作所需的控制網(wǎng)。）In geodetic surveys, the stati ons are n ormally long dista nces ap art, and more precise instruments and surveying methods are required for this type of surveyingthan for plan

9、e surveying.（在大地測(cè)量中，站點(diǎn)經(jīng)常是互相距離很遠(yuǎn)，那么這種測(cè)量就 比平面測(cè)量需要更精確的儀器和測(cè)量方法。）Widely sp aced, p erma nent monuments serve as the basis for compu ti ng len gths anddista nces betwee n relative po siti ons.（廣泛間隔開(kāi)的永久標(biāo)石就作為計(jì)算點(diǎn)位之間距離的基礎(chǔ)）【serve當(dāng)作】These basic points with p erma nent monuments are called geodetic con trol surv

10、eypoints, which support the productionof consistentand compatible data forsurvey ing and mapping p rojects.（這種永久標(biāo)石點(diǎn)被稱為大地控制點(diǎn)，為測(cè)量和繪圖工作提供可靠和一致的數(shù)據(jù)）In the past, ground-based theodolites, tapes【卷尺】，and electronicdevices werethe P rimary geodetic field measureme nts used.（過(guò)去，大地經(jīng)緯儀【DJ大地經(jīng)緯儀的中文縮寫(xiě)】、卷尺和電子設(shè)備是大地測(cè)

11、量的野外工作初時(shí)【primary】的工具。）Today, the tech no logicalexpansion of GP Sias madeit po ssible to p erform extremelyaccurate geodetic surveys at a fracti on of the cost.（現(xiàn)在，GPS技術(shù)的發(fā)展【expansion 擴(kuò)充、膨脹】使大地測(cè)量工作花費(fèi)非常小的代價(jià)【 a fraction of小部分】就能獲得極為精確的結(jié)果成為可能。）A thorough knowledge of the principles of geodesy is an abso

12、lute prerequisite forthe proper planning and executi on of geodetic surveys.（大地測(cè)量工作計(jì)劃的編制【planning】 和實(shí)施【execution】，【proper 恰當(dāng)?shù)?，翻譯時(shí)略掉】，絕對(duì)需要【absolutePrerequisite】 對(duì)大地測(cè)量學(xué) 知識(shí)有 全面的 掌握。【A thorough knowiedge of theprincip les of geodesy is an absolute p rerequisite一個(gè)徹底的知識(shí)一一大地測(cè)量學(xué)的原理的，是絕對(duì)需要的。】）In Geodetic Sur

13、veys, the sha pe of the earth is thought of as a sp heroid, althoughin a tech ni cal sen se, it is not really a sp heroid.（在大地測(cè)量中，地球的形狀con sidered.（在這項(xiàng)基礎(chǔ)工作中，地球的曲率和重力場(chǎng)都應(yīng)被考慮。）Therefore, dista nces measured on or n ear the surface of the earth are not alongstraight li nes or plan es, but on a curved su

14、rface.（因此，在地球表面上或附近測(cè)量距離并不是沿著直線或平面進(jìn)行，而是在一個(gè)曲面上。）Hen ce, in the compu tati on of dista nces in geodetic surveys, allowa nces are madefor the earth s minor and major diameters from which a spheroid of referenee isdeveloped.（因此，在大地測(cè)量距離的計(jì)算中， 參考橢球的長(zhǎng)軸與短軸所帶來(lái)的誤差就顯示【develop 顯示出來(lái)】 出來(lái)。）The p ositi on of each geo

15、detic stati on is related to this sp heroid.（每個(gè)大地站點(diǎn)的位置都與這個(gè)橢球有關(guān)）The p ositi ons are exp ressed as latitudes(a ngles n orth or south of the Equator)and Iongitudes(angleseast or west of a prime meridian) or as northings and eastingson a recta ngular grid.（這個(gè)位置是用緯度（與赤道面所成的角）和經(jīng)度（與初子午線所成的角）或用在直角坐標(biāo)系中的北距和東距

16、來(lái)表示。）A geodetic survey establishes the fun dame ntals for the determ in ati on of the surfaceand gravity field of a country.（大地測(cè)量為建立國(guó)家范圍內(nèi)的重力場(chǎng)和確定地表架構(gòu)提供【establishes 建立】基礎(chǔ)）This is realized by coord in ates and gravity values of asufficie ntly large nu mber（這將由測(cè)定of con trol poin ts, arran ged in geodeti

17、c and gravimetric n etworks.布設(shè)在大地網(wǎng)和重力網(wǎng)中數(shù)量十分巨大的控制點(diǎn)，所得到的坐標(biāo)和重力值來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)）In this fun dame ntal work, curvature and the gravity field of the earth must beP la ne Surveyi ng（平面測(cè)量）The type of surveying in which the meansurface of the earth is considered a plane.or in which the curvature of the earth can be disr

18、egarded without significant error,gen erally is called plane survey ing.（這種類型的測(cè)量把地球平均的表面視作平面,或認(rèn)為地球曲率帶來(lái)的誤差可以忽略不計(jì)，這樣的測(cè)量工作稱為平面測(cè)量sig nificant重大的，不翻譯也行）The term is used to designate survey work in which the distances or areas invoIvedare of limited exte nt.（這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)曾指涉及的距離及范圍非常有限的測(cè)量工作【 exte nt范圍】）With regard

19、 to horiz on tal dista nces and direct ions, a level li ne is con sideredmathematically straight, the directi on of the p lumb line is con sidered to be thesame at all points within the limits of the survey, and all an gles are con sideredto be plane an gles.（由于被當(dāng)成了水平距離和方向，水平線被當(dāng)成直線【省略掉mathematically

20、 】，在這個(gè)有限范圍內(nèi)所有點(diǎn)上的鉛垂線方向被認(rèn)為是相同的，所有的角被認(rèn)為都是平面角。）To make computations in plane surveying,you will use formulas of planetrigo no metry, algebra, and an alytical geometry.（在平面測(cè)量的計(jì)算中，你可以使用平面三角、代數(shù)、和平面解析幾何的公式）For small areas, p recise results may be obta ined with plane survey ing methods,but the accuracy and

21、precisionof such results will decrease as the area surveyedin creases in size.（小范圍內(nèi)，平面測(cè)量方法可以獲得精確的結(jié)果，但是隨著范圍的擴(kuò)大，精度和準(zhǔn)確度將隨之下降）s surface isFor exa mp le, the len gth of an arc 18.5 km long lying in the earth only 7mm greater tha n the subte nded chord and, further, the differe nee betwee n the sumof the

22、angles in a plane triangle and the sumof those in a spherical triangle2is only 0.51 second for a triangle at the earth s surface having an area of 100km.（例如，地球表面一條18.5km 長(zhǎng)的弧只比其所對(duì)的【subtend 與相對(duì)】 弦長(zhǎng) 7mm【further進(jìn)一步，可以省略】，在一個(gè)面積為100平方公里的平面三角形中的內(nèi)角和與對(duì)應(yīng)球面三角形中的內(nèi)角和之差只有 0.51秒）It will be appreciatedthat the curv

23、ature oftheearth must be taken into（只有在大面積的精密測(cè)量（多數(shù)的測(cè)量工作都是con siderati on only in p recise surveys of large areas.工作中地球曲率才必需被考慮【appreciated 重視】。）A great nu mber of surveys are of the plane survey ing type.屬于平面測(cè)量類型）Surveys for the locatio n and con struct ion of highways, railroads, can als, and in ge

24、n eral, the surveys n ecessary for the works of huma n beings are plane surveys,as are the surveys madeto establish boun daries, exce pt state and n ati on al.（【特 定】 區(qū)域測(cè)量、公路【highway 是干道的意思，speedway、freeway 才是高速公路】 建設(shè)、 鐵路、溝渠等，總的來(lái)說(shuō)與人們工作密切相關(guān)的測(cè)量工作都是平面測(cè)量，不包括州界和國(guó) 界測(cè)量在內(nèi)的邊界測(cè)量也同屬平面測(cè)量）However, with the in cre

25、as ing size and sop histicati on of engin eeri ng and otherscientificprojects,surveyors who restrict their practice to plane surveying are（然而,severely limited in the types of surveys in which they can be en gaged.隨著工程和其他科學(xué)項(xiàng)目越來(lái)越大越來(lái)越復(fù)雜，在限定【restrict 約束】于從事平面測(cè)量工作的測(cè)量員在他們可以從事的測(cè)量類型上受到嚴(yán)格【severely嚴(yán)格的】限制?！厩懊嬷v

26、多數(shù)測(cè)量工作為平面測(cè)量，這里就轉(zhuǎn)折的說(shuō)從事平面測(cè)量的人員能進(jìn)行的工作越來(lái)越少】The op erati on of determ ining elevati on usually is con sidered a divisi on of planesurvey ing.（我們通常把高程的測(cè)量與平面測(cè)量分開(kāi)來(lái)。）Elevatio ns are referred to the geoid.（高程參考的是大地水準(zhǔn)面?！净蛘哒f(shuō)高程是相對(duì)于大地水準(zhǔn)面而言的】）The geoid is theoretical only.（大地水準(zhǔn)面只是在理論上存在）It is the natural extension

27、of the meansea level surface under the Iandmass. (它是平均海平面在大陸下的自然延伸。 【它是平均海平面蔓延穿過(guò)大陸而成的】）We could illustrate this idea by diggi ng an imagi nary trench across the countrylinking the Atla ntic and Pacific ocea ns.（我們可以通過(guò)挖掘一個(gè)的想象中的連通大西洋和太平洋溝渠【trench】 來(lái)闡明【illustrate 】 這個(gè)概念。）If we allowed the trench to fil

28、l with seawater, the surface of the water in thetrench would rep rese nt he geoid.（如果我們?cè)试S這條溝渠注滿海水，溝渠里的水面就 代表大地水準(zhǔn)面。）（因So for all intents and purp oses, the geoid is the same as mea n sea level.此，從所有的目的和用途出發(fā)，【直譯：由于（為了？）所有的計(jì)劃和目標(biāo)】大地水準(zhǔn)面與 平均海平面是一樣的。）【for引導(dǎo)原因】Mean sea level is the average level of the ocea

29、 n surface halfway betwee n the highestand lowest levels recorded.（平均海平面是海水表面高度的記錄值的平均值。【直譯:平均海平面是指海水面的最高和最低記錄之間紀(jì)錄值的平均值?！浚￤euse mea nsea level as a datum or, curiously and in correctly,a datum plane upon which we can refere nee or describe the heights of features on, above or below the ground.（我們用平均

30、海平面作為一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)，或不常用地和不準(zhǔn)確地，當(dāng)作一個(gè)基準(zhǔn)面【datum plane】，通過(guò)它我們可以參考和描述地上、地表、地下的情況。）Imag ine a true plane tangent to the surface of mea n sea level at a give n point.（想象一個(gè)真正的平面與平均海平面在一個(gè)特定【given 特定的、指定的】點(diǎn)上相切【tangent 正切的、相切的】。At horizontaldistancesof 1km from the point of tangency, the verticaldista nces(or elevatio n

31、s) of the plane above the surface rep rese nted by mea n sealevel are 7.8cm.（在離切點(diǎn)1km的地方，這個(gè)平面高于平均海平面的垂直距離為7.8cm。【represent by 通過(guò)描述】）Obviously, curvature of the earth s surface is afactor that cannot be neglectedin obta ining eve n rough values of elevatio ns.（很明顯，即使在獲取粗略的高程值的時(shí)候，地球表面曲率也是一個(gè)不可忽略的因素。 ）Th

32、e ordinary procedure in determining elevations,such as【像這樣、例如】balancingbacksight and foresight dista nee in differe ntial leveli ng, automatically takesinto acco unt the curvature of the earth and compen sates for earth curvature andrefraction,and elevations referred to the curved surface of referen

33、ee are securedwithout extra effort by the surveyor.（常規(guī)的測(cè)高程的程序是，例如，在微差水準(zhǔn)光影響將被自動(dòng)考慮和低償【compensate】，不必經(jīng)測(cè)量者額外改正【effort 努力】，至參 考曲面的高程就是可靠的了。）（大There is close coop eratio n betwee n geodetic survey ing and plane survey ing.地測(cè)量和平面測(cè)量關(guān)系密切。）The geodetic survey ado pts the p arameters determ ined by measureme n

34、ts of the earth,（大地測(cè)量米and its own results are available to those who measure the earth.用通過(guò)測(cè)量地球得到的參數(shù)，而其計(jì)算結(jié)果又可以被測(cè)量地球【確定地球參數(shù)】的工作所 利用【available 可利用的】）The plane surveys, in turn, are gen erally tied to the con trol p oi nts of the geodeticsurveys and serve p articularly in the devel opment of n ati onal

35、map series and inthe formatio n of real estate cadastres.（接下來(lái)【in turn】，平面測(cè)量，一般依賴real于大地測(cè)量建立的控制點(diǎn)，在國(guó)家地圖系列【國(guó)家地圖集】的發(fā)展和在房地產(chǎn)地籍【estate cadastre 】信息領(lǐng)域提供特別服務(wù)。）Unit 3 Dista nee Measureme nt（距離測(cè)量）One of the fun dame ntals of survey ing is the n eed to measure dista nee.（測(cè)量工作的一項(xiàng)基礎(chǔ)【fun dame ntal基本原則，同時(shí)有基礎(chǔ)的意思】是距離

36、測(cè)量）Dista nces are not n eeessarily lin ear, esp eeially if they occur on the sp heriealearth.（距離不一定指的是直線的，尤其是在地球曲面上的距離）In this subject we will deal with dista nces in Euelidea n sp ace, which we cancon sider a straight line from one point or feature to ano ther.（這里【In thissubject翻譯成這里】，我們所涉及的是歐幾里德空間

37、，我們可以認(rèn)為一條從一點(diǎn)到另一點(diǎn)或一個(gè)特征到另一個(gè)特征的線是直線。）Dista nee betwee n two points can be horiz on tal, slope, or vertical.（兩點(diǎn)之間的距離可以是平距、斜距、或者是垂距。）Horizontaland slope distances can be measured withlots of techniques ofmeasureme nt depending on the desired quality of the result.（根據(jù)測(cè)量結(jié)果的精度【quality 質(zhì)量】要求不同，平距或斜距有多種測(cè)量方法）I

38、f the p oi nts are at differe nt elevati ons, the n the dista nee is the horiz ontallen gth betwee n plumb lines at the points.（如果這些點(diǎn)在不同高程上，那么平距指的是過(guò)點(diǎn)的垂線【plumb lines 】 之間的水平長(zhǎng)度。）Here gives a brief summaryof releva nt tech niq ues and their res pective accuracies:（這里給出一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的相關(guān)【releva nt 相關(guān)的】技術(shù)的摘要【summar

39、y摘要】和它們各自 的【respective 各自的】 精度）Pacing and Odometer （步測(cè)和自動(dòng)計(jì)程儀）Pacing is a very useful form of measureme nt though it is not p recise, esp eciallywhe n surveyors are look ing for survey marks in the field.（雖然不精確，但步測(cè)是一個(gè)非常有用的測(cè)量方法【form of measurement 】 尤其是測(cè)量者在野外尋找測(cè)量標(biāo)志時(shí)。Pacing can be p erformed at an accu

40、racy level of 1/1001/500 whe n p erformed onhoriz on tal la nd, while the accuracy of pacing cant be relied upon when pacingup or dow n stee p hills.（當(dāng)在水平場(chǎng)地進(jìn)行時(shí)，步測(cè)可以達(dá)到1/100至j 1/500的相對(duì)精度，而當(dāng)?shù)孛嫫鸱^大時(shí)，這樣的精度就不能保證了。）The odometer is a simple device that can be attached to any vehicle and directlyregisters th

41、e nu mber of revoluti ons of a wheel.（自動(dòng)計(jì)程儀是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的裝置,可以附屬于【be attached to附屬于】 車輛之上并直接記錄【register 記錄 v.】 輪子的旋轉(zhuǎn)周數(shù)。）With the circumfere nee of the wheel known, the relatio n betwee n revoluti ons anddista nee is fixed.（由于知道了輪子的周長(zhǎng)【circumferenee of the wheel輪周】，轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)【revolution 這里有轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)的意思】和距離之間的關(guān)系就確定下來(lái)【fix 確定】

42、。Ordi nary Taping and P recise Taping（普通尺距測(cè)量和精密尺距測(cè)量）Taping is a very com mon tech nique for measuri ng horiz on tal dista nee betwee n two poi nts.（尺距測(cè)量是測(cè)量?jī)牲c(diǎn)之間平距的非常普遍的方法。）Ordi nary taping refers to the very com mon tapes that we can buy them in stores,such as the pl astic tapes or poly tapes.（普通尺距測(cè)量

43、使用【refers to 引用】的是我們可以在商店里買到的非常普遍的的尺子，例如塑膠尺或滌綸尺。）Such tapes have low p recisi on in dista nee measureme nts with about 1/3000-1/5000.（這種尺的精度低，測(cè)距精度只有 1/3000到1/5000 ）The P recise taping refers to the steel tapes and which are much more expen sivethan the p lastic tape and have higher p recision of 1/1

44、0000-1/30000.（精密尺距測(cè)量使用的是比塑膠尺貴的多的鋼尺，并具有更高的精度1/10000 至j 1/30000)Invar tapes are comp osed 35% ni ckel and 65% steel.（因瓦尺是由 35%的鎳和65%的鋼組成）This alloy has a very low coefficientof thermal expansion, making the tapes usefulin precise distanee measurement.(這種合金具有非常低的熱膨脹 【thermal expansion 】系數(shù)【coefficient】，

45、使得這種尺利于精密距離測(cè)量）Many tapes are now graduated with foot un its on one side and metric un its on thereverse side.（現(xiàn)在許多尺上都在正面標(biāo)刻【graduate 標(biāo)刻、刻】 了英尺計(jì)量單位，而在反面標(biāo)刻了米制計(jì)量單位）Metric un its are in meters, cen timeter and mini meter with the total le ngth of 20m, 30 m, 50 m and 100 m.（米制計(jì)量單位是米，厘米和毫米，尺的總長(zhǎng)為20n、30n、50m

46、或 100mIf we want to measure the horiz on tal dista nee betwee n the two points A and B, wecan do like this:（如果我們想測(cè)量A點(diǎn)和B點(diǎn)之間的平距，我們可以這樣來(lái)做：）With zero of the tape to the higher point B and tape going along the point A, wecan measure the horizontaldistanee by using the plumb bob with pumpline enteringto t

47、he point A.（將尺的 0刻度對(duì)準(zhǔn)較高點(diǎn) B點(diǎn)，尺沿向 A點(diǎn)，我們可以利用在 A點(diǎn)的鉛垂【Plumb bob】 垂線【pump line 應(yīng)為 plumb line 垂線】 測(cè)出平距）To judge the exact horiz on tal li ne, we should move the tape up and dow n along thepump line and we will find the cha nges of readi ng in the tape.（為了確定準(zhǔn)確的水平線，我們應(yīng)沿垂線方向上下移動(dòng)尺子，我們?cè)诔呱蠈⒌玫讲煌牡淖x數(shù)【changes ofrea

48、ding 讀數(shù)的變化】）The shortest read ing of the tape is the horiz on tal dista nee.（尺子最小的讀數(shù)就是平距）If the dista nee is Ion ger tha n the len gth of tape, the n we can divide the longdista nee into several segme nts and get the total dista nee by plus each segme nttogether.（如果距離比尺長(zhǎng)要長(zhǎng)，那么【then】我們可以將其分成幾段【segment

49、】，把每段長(zhǎng)加起來(lái)獲得總長(zhǎng)。）Si nee differe nt tapes have differe nt starts of zero of the tap es, it is veryimp orta nt to judge where the zero of the tape beg ins.（由于不同的尺有不同的 0刻度，判斷尺的0刻度在哪兒十分重要。）Tacheometry and Stadia（視距測(cè)量和視距儀）Tacheometry is an op tical soluti on to the measureme nt of dista nee.（視距測(cè)量是個(gè)光學(xué)【optic

50、al】 測(cè)距方法）The word is derived from the Greek Tacns, mea ning“swift ” , and metrot, meaning“a measure” .（這個(gè)詞源自于【is derived from 源自于】 希臘語(yǔ)的 Tacns，意思是“迅速的”,和metrot【同樣是希臘語(yǔ)】，意思是“方法”。）Tacheometry invoIves the measurementof a related distanee parameter【參數(shù)】eitherby mea ns of a fixed-a ngle in terce pt.（視距測(cè)量包括

51、一個(gè)相關(guān)距離參數(shù)的測(cè)量和依靠定角截距的測(cè)量【by means of依靠】【either表示并列】）Theodolite tacheometry is an exa mple of stadia system.（經(jīng)緯儀視距測(cè)量就是視距儀器的一個(gè)例子）The theodolite is directed at the level staff where the staff is held verticallyand the line of sight of the telesc ope is horiz on tal.（將經(jīng)緯儀【is directed at被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，翻譯為將；direct at

52、對(duì)準(zhǔn)】 對(duì)準(zhǔn)水準(zhǔn)尺【level staff 】，水準(zhǔn)尺豎直,望遠(yuǎn)鏡的視線【可以翻譯為視準(zhǔn)軸】水平）By read ing the top and bottom stadia hairs on the telesc ope view and the n thehorizontaldistanee from center of instrument to rod can be obtained by multiplyingthe stadia in terval factor K by the stadia in terval and p lus the dista nee C whichis f

53、rom the cen ter of in strume nt to principal focus, i.e. D=Ks + C.（通過(guò)望遠(yuǎn)鏡視野【view】里的上下視距絲讀數(shù)，從儀器到尺的平距可以用視距常數(shù)【stadia intervalfactor】 K乘視距間隔【stadia interval】 加上從儀器中心至j主焦點(diǎn)【principal focus】的距離C得到）也就是【i.e.拉丁文？】，D=Ks + C）Usually the nominal stadia in terval factor K equals 100 which is a con sta nt fora p ar

54、ticular in strume nt as long as con diti ons rema in un cha nged, but it may bedeterm ined by observati on in p ractice.（通常，名義上的視距常數(shù) K等于100,只要指代視距【as long as 】 條件保持不變，它就是個(gè)特別裝置的【particular instrument裝置】 常數(shù)【constant 常數(shù)】 但在實(shí)踐中可以通過(guò)觀測(cè)確定）The value of C is determ ined by the manu facturer and stated on the

55、 in side of thein strume nt box.（C 值由廠商決定并固定在儀器之內(nèi)）For exter nal-focus ing telesc op es, un der ordinary con diti on, C may be con sideredas 1 ft without error of con seque nee.（對(duì)于外調(diào)焦望遠(yuǎn)鏡，通常情況下， C被認(rèn)為是1英尺而不會(huì)給結(jié)果帶來(lái)錯(cuò)誤。）Intern al-focus ing telesc opes are so con structed that C is 0 or n early so; thisis an adva ntage of intern al-focus telesc opes for stadia work.（內(nèi)調(diào)焦望遠(yuǎn)鏡因此被發(fā)明【con struct建立、創(chuàng)立】,C為或近似為0;這是內(nèi)調(diào)焦望遠(yuǎn)鏡在視距測(cè)量中的一個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)。）Most instrumentsnow used for stadia are equipped withinternal-focusingtelesc op es.（現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)視距儀器都使用內(nèi)調(diào)焦望遠(yuǎn)鏡）App licati ons of tacheometry in clude travers ing and leveli ng for th