研究生英語(yǔ)考試文章總結(jié)summary writing如何寫(xiě)

1、how to write a summary,in the article,the writer argues that there are synergies between gender equity, poverty alleviation and environmental sustainability.,the worsening environment and changing climate affect women negatively by increasing water scarcity,increasing the disease burden, etc. but wo

2、men can help reverse the downward trend by taking public transportation more and promoting renewable energy. discriminatory inheritance, property ownership and limited access to agricultural support systems render women unable to ensure food safety, soil conservation and land sustainability.,lack of

3、 clean water further adds to womens burdens: many of them have to spend as much as three or more hours just to fetch water,putting them at great risk of developing various diseases, further depriving them of the time avalable to better their life financially and emotionally. unclean water, pollutant

4、s in the environment, climate changes and poor nutrition work together to pose a threat to womens health, espeacilly pregnant women.ignorance of aids afflict many women in africa, affecting agriculture in this land.,in the process of urbanization, many women are left behind to take care of everythin

5、g single-handedly. those who migrate to cities face new challenges as well, like economic exploitation and meanly living conditions. disasters are more likely to strike poor women harder who live in poor-quality houses and disaster-prone areas. to make things worse,they are ill-informed and do not r

6、eact as quickly as they should in an emergency due to the social restrictions on women about propriety.,steps in writing a summary,1.read the article 2.reread the article. - divide the article into segments or sections of ideas. each segment deals with one aspect of the central theme. a segment can

7、comprise one or more paragraphs. - label each segment. use a general phrase that captures the subject matter of the segment. write the label in the margin next to the segment. - highlight or underline the main points and key phrases.,3. write one-sentence summaries. - write a one-sentence summary fo

8、r each segment of thought on a separate sheet of paper. 4. write supporting ideas - cover all of the authors major supporting ideas. - show the relationships among these ideas. - omit specifics, such as illustrations, descriptions, and detailed explanations. - indicate the authors purpose in writing

9、: to inform, to persuade, or to entertain. if the passage is a persuasive piece, report the authors bias or position on the issue. - omit all personal opinions, ideas, and inferences. let the reader know that you are reporting the authors ideas.,5.formulate the thesis statement. - formulate a centra

10、l theme that weaves the one-sentence segment-summaries together. this is your thesis statement. - in many articles, the author will state this directly. you may wish to take his direct statement of the thesis and restate it in your own words. - in other articles, you may have to write your own one-s

11、entence thesis statement that summarizes this central theme.,several aspects to an effective thesis statement: - it comprises two parts: a) the topic or general subject matter of the text b) the authors major assertion, comment, or position on the topic. - this central theme is summarized clearly an

12、d accurately in a one-sentence thesis statement. - the thesis statement does not contain specific details discussed in the text. - the thesis statement is stated at the beginning of the summary., 6. write your first draft. - begin with a proper citation of the title, author, source, and date of publ

13、ication of the article summarized. - combine the thesis statement, your one-sentence segment summaries and supporting ideas into a one-to-two-paragraph summary. - eliminate all unnecessary words and repetitions. - eliminate all personal ideas and inferences. - use transitions for a smooth and logica

14、l flow of ideas. - conclude with a “summing up” sentence by stating what can be learned from reading the article. write in the present tense.,7. edit your draft. check your summary by asking the following questions: - have i answered the who, what, when, why, and how questions? - is my grammar, punc

15、tuation, and spelling correct? - have i left out my personal views and ideas? - does my summary “hang together”? does it flow when i read it aloud?,the hawaiian muu-muu as a writing aid mary deal,one of the joys of living in hawaii is wearing a muu-muu. when i go out on an errand, if im wearing shor

16、ts and a tee, i change into a muu-muu when im home and ready to write again. well, i even go shopping in a muu-muu if the idea strikes me. im a kamaaina to these islands, a transplant, and have yet to fully adopt some of the more relaxed local customs. i tried sitting at my computer wearing street c

17、lothes like shorts, jeans, or even a dress. doing so reminded me of the discomfort i felt when wearing sleek suits to an office where ones grooming and appearance was so important. most waistbands are too binding when sitting to write, actually making me feel like im strangling my creativity. any di

18、scomfort is a distraction. a friend who also writes can turn out an article in a room full of noisy people. maybe thats because shes a journalist, and catches news as its happening. writing is a personal thing for me, something i do very much alone, because i can become quite animated. when i write,

19、 i feel everything i create and often act out the gestalt of the characters. that is, i speak the parts or play-act to make sure the words flow like ordinary conversation. i read the whole story out loud and move around a lot and gesture. the more we writers feel what we write, the more likely we ar

20、e to convey the emotion and meaning of the story to the reader. so feeling constricted is out of the question. my writing wardrobe is to dress my muse comfortably. in these islands, colorful, loose fitting muu-muus are perfect. i can even answer the door wearing a muu-muu instead of a bathrobe.,_,_,

21、_,_,/ (1),/ (2),/ (3),_,/ (4),_,_,_,_-,_,in the article, mary deal argues how the hawaiian muu-muu is a writing aid. mary feels that when sitting to write, wearing a muu-muu is more comfortable and relaxing than wearing binding street clothes, because tight clothing is a distraction and stifles her

22、muse, her creativity. while writing, she moves around a lot and gestures, acting out her characters parts in order to make the story realistic. consequently, feeling constricted is out of the question. the hawaiian muu-muu is loose fitting and suits marys muse just fine and does not divert her atten

23、tion from the flow of creativity.,tips,write in the present tense. make sure to include the author and title of the work. be concise: a summary should not be equal in length to the original text. restate the ideas in your own words as much as possible. avoid direct quotations. if you must use the wo

24、rds of the author, cite them. dont put your own opinions, ideas, or interpretations into the summary. the purpose of writing a summary is to accurately represent what the author wanted to say, not to provide a critique.,in the article, the author argues that credibility creates and projects a good i

25、mage to the public, establishing trust between people. it matters among individuals, for enterprises as well as governments.,the author first tells the story of a girl who returned the change to indicate that the credibility of individuals is the fabric of the society. then, the scandal of the chinese dairy industry is illustrated to prove that lack of credibility at the level of companies will