2016中考英語專題復(fù)習(xí)一：名詞考點(diǎn)講解和訓(xùn)練

1、2011屆中考英語專題復(fù)習(xí)一：名詞考點(diǎn)講解和訓(xùn)練一、名詞的數(shù) 1單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù) 可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。復(fù)數(shù)形式通常是在單數(shù)形式后加詞尾“-s”構(gòu)成，其主要變法如下：（1）一般情況在詞尾加-s，例如：bookbooks，girlgirls，boyboys，penpens,doctordoctors, boyboys。（2） 以s，x，ch，sh，結(jié)尾的詞加-es，例如：busbuses，classclasses，boxboxes，watchwatches，brushbrushes。 （3）以ce, se, ze,（d）ge結(jié)尾的名詞加s，例如：orangeoranges。（4）以輔音母加y結(jié)

2、尾的詞變“y”為“i”再加-es,例如：citycities, factoryfactories, countrycountries, familyfamilies。但要注意的是以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式只加s，如：boyboys, daydays。（5）以o結(jié)尾的詞多數(shù)都加-es。例如:heroheroes，potatopotatoes，tomatotomatoes,但詞末為兩個(gè)元音字母的詞只加-s。例如：zoozoos，radioradios，還有某些外來詞也只加-s，例如：photophotos，pianopianos。 （6） 以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞，多數(shù)變f為v再加-es，例如：

3、knifeknives，leafleaves, halfhalves。復(fù)數(shù)詞尾s（或es）的讀音方法如下表所示。復(fù)數(shù)詞尾s（或es）的讀音方法情況 讀法 例詞 在ptkf等清輔音后 s cups, hats, cakes 在sztF等音后 iz glasses, pages, oranges, buses, watches,faces 在bdv等濁輔音后 z beds, dogs, cities, knives （7）少數(shù)名詞有不規(guī)則的復(fù)數(shù)形式，例如：manmen，womanwomen，toothteeth，footfeet，childchildren，mousemice?！咀⒁狻颗cman和w

4、oman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是-men和-women。例如：an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成詞，故復(fù)數(shù)形式為 Germans；man, woman等作定語時(shí)，它的單復(fù)數(shù)以其所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定，如：menworkers， women teachers。有個(gè)別名詞單復(fù)數(shù)一樣，例如：Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，fish等。但當(dāng)fish表示不同種類的魚時(shí)，可以加復(fù)數(shù)詞尾。（8）單數(shù)形式但其意為復(fù)數(shù)的名詞有：people, police等。（9）數(shù)詞+名詞作定語時(shí)，這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式，中間加連字符。例如：ten

5、-minutes walk, an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk。（10）還有些名詞僅有復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：trousers，clothes，chopsticks，glasses，goods，ashes，scissors，compasses。（11）只用作單數(shù)的復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞有：科學(xué)名詞：physics, mathematics/maths游戲名稱：bowls專有名詞：the United States, Niagara Falls其他名詞：news, falls2不可數(shù)名詞“量”的表示方法在英語中，不可數(shù)名詞如果要表示“量”的概念，可以用以下兩種方法：（1）用m

6、uch, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少，例如：The rich man has a lot of moneyThere is some milk in the bottleIs there any water in the glass？I dont like winter because theres too much snow and ice（2）用a piece of 這類定語，例如：a piece of paper a piece of wood a piece of bread a bottle of orange a glass

7、 of water（milk） a cup of tea a cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of rice如果要表示“兩杯茶”、“四張紙”這類概念時(shí)，在容器后加復(fù)數(shù)，例如：two cups of teafour pieces of paperthree glasses of water不可數(shù)名詞也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much等來修飾。二、名詞的所有格 名詞所有格，用來表示人或物的所有，以及領(lǐng)屬關(guān)系。1. 表示有生命的名詞的所有格其單數(shù)形式是加 s,其復(fù)數(shù)形式是s，例如：a students room, stu

8、dents rooms, fathers shoes。2. 如其結(jié)尾不是s的復(fù)數(shù)形式仍加 s，如：Childrens Day。3. 在表示時(shí)間、距離、長度、重量、價(jià)格、世界、國家等名詞的所有格要用 s，例如：a twenty minutes walk，ten miles journey，a boats length，two pounds weight, ten dollars worth。4. 無生命名詞的所有格則必須用of結(jié)構(gòu)，例如：a map of China，the end of this term，the capital of our country, the color of the

9、 flowers。5. 雙重所有格，例如：a friend of my fathers。【注意】如果兩個(gè)名詞并列，并且分別有 s，則表示“分別有”，例如：Johns and Marys rooms（約翰和瑪麗各有一間，共兩間）；Toms and Marys bikes（兩人各自的自行車）。兩個(gè)名詞并列，只有一個(gè)s，則表示“共有”，例如：John and Marys room（約翰和瑪麗共有一間）；Tom and Marys mother（即Tom與Mary是兄妹）。一、名詞介紹1.名詞分類 專有名詞：表示人、地方、事物、機(jī)構(gòu)和組織名稱。 Lucy, China, the Great Wall

10、普通名詞： A.可數(shù)：個(gè)體 dictionary,pencil,chair,window,table,book,bike,ball 集體名詞 family,police,class,group,team B.不可數(shù)：物質(zhì)，物質(zhì)名詞表示構(gòu)成各種物體的物質(zhì)或材料，rice,glass,porridge, paper,air,wood,wheat,steel 抽象，表示狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、行為和感情等抽象概念 Knowledge, danger,health, life, homework2.名詞變復(fù)數(shù)情況構(gòu)成方法讀音例詞一般情況加 -s清輔音后讀/s/map-maps濁輔音和元音后讀 /z/bag-bag

11、s /car-cars以s, sh, ch, x等結(jié)尾加 -es讀 /iz/bus-buses/ watch-watches以ce, se, ze,等結(jié)尾加 -s讀 /iz/license-licenses以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾y i再加es讀 /z/baby-babies一般：加-s, cakes, days,students,beds以-s,-x,-sh,-ch結(jié)尾名詞，加-es, buses, boxes, watches以輔音字母加-y結(jié)尾，變y為i,加-es, baby-babies, city-cities, country-countries以元音字母加y結(jié)尾，加-s, toy-to

12、ys,monkey-monkeys以f(fe)結(jié)尾，變f(fe)為ves, leaf-leaves, wolf-wolves, life-lives以ce,se,ze,(d)ge結(jié)尾， 加-s, face-faces, orange-oranges不規(guī)則變化：改變單數(shù)名詞中的元音字母，man-men woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同，fish-fish, sheep-sheep,deer-deer, Chinese-Chinese其他其他形式，mouse-mice國別：國籍總稱（謂語用復(fù)數(shù)）單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)中國人the Chinesea Chines

13、e two Chinese瑞士人the Swissa Swisstwo Swiss澳大利亞人the Australians an Australiantwo Australians俄國人the Russiansa Russiantwo Russians意大利人the Italiansan Italiantwo Italians希臘人the Greeka Greektwo Greeks法國人the Frencha Frenchmantwo Frenchmen日本人the Japanesea Japanesetwo Japanese美國人the Americansan Americantwo Am

14、ericans印度人the Indiansan Indiantwo Indians加拿大人the Canadiansa Canadiantwo Canadians德國人the Germansa Germanstwo Germans英國人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen瑞典人the Swedisha Swedetwo Swedes以o結(jié)尾名詞，加es, negro, hero, tomato,potato名詞作定語變復(fù)數(shù)：1) 用復(fù)數(shù)作定語。例如：sports meeting 運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì) students reading-room 學(xué)生閱覽室 talks

15、table 談判桌 the foreign languages department 外語系2） man, woman, gentleman等作定語時(shí)，其單復(fù)數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如： men workerswomen teachersgentlemen officials3） 有些原有s結(jié)尾的名詞，作定語時(shí)，s保留。例如： goods train （貨車） arms produce武器生產(chǎn) customs papers 海關(guān)文件 clothes brush 衣刷4） 數(shù)詞+名詞作定語時(shí)，這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式。例如：two-dozen eggs兩打雞蛋 a ten-mile wa

16、lk 十英里路two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹 a five-year plan.一個(gè)五年計(jì)劃3.不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)：數(shù)詞或冠詞+量詞+of+不可數(shù)名詞，量詞可單復(fù)數(shù)，但of 后的名詞只用原形，如a piece of paper, a drop of water, two cups of tea4.名詞所有格：s和of 形式。s 形式表示有生命的東西，of所有格用來表示無生命的東西 my brothers book the windows of the room兩個(gè)并列單數(shù)名詞表示兩者共有時(shí)，在最后一個(gè)名詞后加s This is Mary and her sisters bedroom

17、. Lily and Lucys mother is a nurse.如果表示兩者分別有，那么兩個(gè)詞都要加s These are Toms and Marys bags.如果以s結(jié)尾名詞，其后加,其他形式加sTeachers Day Childrens Day店鋪、醫(yī)院名稱加s, at the doctorssomeone,everybody,no one和else, 在else后加s, 如 somebody elses pencil表示時(shí)間，距離，國家，城市等無生命的東西的名詞，可以在詞尾加s 或來構(gòu)成所有格。A. 用于時(shí)間An hours rideB. 用于度量Thirteen tons

18、weightC.用于價(jià)值A(chǔ) hundred yuans orderD. 用于天體The earths satelliteE. 用于國家Belgiums capitalF. 用于城市The Urals industry5. 雙重所有格：of+名詞所有格，of+名詞性物主代詞表示部分概念，of短語修飾的名詞前通常有表示數(shù)量的限定詞，如：a，an，one，two，some，several，a few，many，any，no等。This is a picture of mine.這是我的一張照片。雙重所有格與of所有格的不同。如：He is a friend of your fathers.他是你父親

19、的一個(gè)朋友。（強(qiáng)調(diào)你父親的朋友不止一個(gè)）He is a friend of your father.他是你父親的朋友。（強(qiáng)調(diào)他對(duì)你父親的友好）6.名詞轉(zhuǎn)化 某些名詞后加y變形容詞，表示“充滿的”，cloud-cloudy, sun-sunny 某些名詞后加ful變形容詞，表示“性質(zhì)的”，use-useful, care-careful 部分表示人的名詞后加ly變形容詞，具有贊美意味。Friend-friendly, lovely 某些名詞后加less表示沒有，careless, useless二、名詞用法作主語，English is useful.做定語，paper tigers, work

20、places做賓語，She learns Chinese hard every day.做表語，Tom is my good friend.做賓語補(bǔ)足語， They chose the boy monitor.三、既是可數(shù)又是不可數(shù)名詞的意義不同:Work工作-a work著作，glass玻璃-a glass玻璃杯，paper紙-a paper報(bào)紙，文件，試卷Tea茶-a tea一種茶，wood木頭-a wood小樹林，room空間-a room空間非復(fù)數(shù)：physics, maths, politics, news表示由兩部分構(gòu)成的東西，如：glasses （眼鏡）trousers,clot

21、hes等，若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目，要借助數(shù)量詞 pair（對(duì)，雙）;suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示該物質(zhì)的種類時(shí)，可數(shù)。例如：This factory produces steel.（不可數(shù)）We need various steels.（可數(shù)）當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示份數(shù)時(shí)，可數(shù)。例如：Our country is famous for tea. 我國因茶葉而聞名。Two teas, please. 請(qǐng)來兩杯茶。 The girl was washing greens. Our returns are not as good

22、 as before. Please hand in your papers at once. Mary lost her good looks when she was old.四、名詞動(dòng)詞化1. Dont brother me.2. Dont sir me!3. The dog nosed the door open.4. He mouthed down a piece of cake【實(shí)例解析】 1.These _ have saved many childrens lives. A. woman doctors B. women doctor C. women doctors D. w

23、oman doctor 答案：C。該題考查的是名詞作定語時(shí)的變化。woman 作定語時(shí)要和被修飾的名詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致。2.This is _ bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much. A. Anne and Jane B. Annes and Janes C. Annes and Jane D. Anne and Janes 答案：D。該題考查的是并列名詞的所有格。兩人共有一個(gè)房間時(shí)，只在后面的名詞后加s。 3.-Are there any _ on the farm? -Yes, there are some. A. horse B. duck

24、C. chicken D. sheep 答案：D。該題考查的是特殊名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。從謂語動(dòng)詞來判斷，主語應(yīng)該是復(fù)數(shù)名詞。只有sheep可用作復(fù)數(shù)名詞。 4.-What would you like to drink, _ or orange? -Orange, please. A. hamburger B. chip C. tea 答案：C。該題考查的是名詞的類別。三種東西中只有tea能喝。【中考演練】一. 單項(xiàng)填空1- Where have you been, Tim? - Ive been to _.A. the Henry house B. the Henry family C. The

25、 Henrys home D. Henrys2In England, if _ is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper.A. food B. lunch C. breakfast D. dinner3You looked for it twice, but you havent found it. Why not try _ .A. three times B. a third time C. the third time D. once4- They are thirsty. Will you please

26、 give them _ ? - Certainly.A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of waterC. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters5Mike hurt one of his _ in the accident yesterday.A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear6There is some _ on the plate.A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears7In England, the last name is

27、 the _ .A. family name B. middle C. given name D. full name8The are going to fly _ to Beijing.A. Germen B. Germany C. Germanys D. Germans9The_ has two _ .A. boys; watches B. boy; watch C. boy; watches D. boys; watch10The little baby has two _ already.A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths11Whats your

28、 _ for being late again?A. idea B. key C. excuse D. news12- Its dangerous here. Wed better go out quickly.- But I think we should let _ go out first.A. woman and children B. women and childC. woman and child D. women and children13- You can see Mr. Smith if there is a sign “_ ”on the door of his sho

29、p.- Thanks.A.ENTRANCE B.BUSINESS HOURS C.THIS SIDE UP D.NO SMOKING14Are they going to have a picnic on _ ?A. Childrens Day B. Childrenss Day C. Childrens Day D. Children Day15Where are the students? Are they in _ ?A. the Room 406 B. Room 406 C. the 406 Room D. 406 Room二. 根據(jù)下列句子的情景及所給漢語注釋，寫出所缺單詞。1. W

30、eve got a lot of new _(雜志) in our school library.2. Please turn to another _（頻道）, I dont like this show.3. Yesterday the _(航班) to London was put off because of the bad weather.4. Autumn is my favourite (季節(jié)) 5. -How many _(小刀) do you have? -Three.6. _ are widely used in the modern world. 7. June 1st is _(兒童) Day.8. Mary, would you please tell me your new _(地址) so that I can wr