如何寫好英語主題句1

1、How to Write Good Topic Sentences,nina,段落是文章的縮影。寫好了段落，就能比較成功地寫出較好的文章。經(jīng)過中學(xué)英語基礎(chǔ)階段的學(xué)習(xí)之后，大學(xué)英語的寫作重點(diǎn)就從選詞造句轉(zhuǎn)移到了聯(lián)句成段和聯(lián)段成篇上。 段落（ paragraph ）是由表達(dá)單一中心思想（controlling idea or central idea ）的一組句子（包括主題句 topic sentence,推展句supporting sentences及結(jié)論句concluding sentence）構(gòu)成，是文章結(jié)構(gòu)的基本獨(dú)立單位。本講我們將就主題句和中心思想這兩個(gè)方面展開討論。,如何寫好主題句:,

2、1.取材立意 2.遣詞造句 3.銜接過渡 4.修辭表達(dá) 5.邏輯思辯,1.取材立意,主題句由兩部分組成，即主題(topic)和中心思想（controlling idea）。中心思想的作用是導(dǎo)向(control)和制約(limit)。關(guān)鍵詞就反映了中心思想。所謂導(dǎo)向就是規(guī)定段落的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)，所謂制約就是限制主題的覆蓋范圍，兩者不可分割。沒有導(dǎo)向，內(nèi)容就會(huì)離題或偏題；沒有制約，內(nèi)容就可能超出一個(gè)段落所能容納的范圍。對于初學(xué)寫作的人來說，“導(dǎo)向”的重要性容易理解，但如果由他們自己來構(gòu)思一個(gè)主題句，就可能忽視“制約”這一面。,例如：There are two ways in which one can

3、own a book. The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you have made it a part of yourself and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing in it. 本段的主題句如果沒有in which 引出的定語從句，那么two ways 不僅不能起制約作用，而且也不能起導(dǎo)向作用，句子本身讀起來也就使人覺得欠缺點(diǎn)什么。,Exercise is beneficial to your he

4、art. A 22-year study was conducted by doctors in California. They found that people who work at physical jobs experience fewer heart attacks than other people. These active people work all the time at moderate speeds, their daily routine gives them an adequate amount of exercise and helps them stay

5、in shape. Exercise is beneficial這是毫無疑義的。但主題句中如不加上to your heart來加以 control 和 limit，那就流于空泛。,As a university student, a variety of personal qualities are required, including aggressiveness, initiative, responsibility, sincerity and so on, among which, the most important, in my opinion, is aggressivenes

6、s.,In order to be a competent college student, we should possess a wealth of qualities, among which honesty, in my opinion, is the essential.,這個(gè)主題句寫得比較成功，內(nèi)容豐富，交代了主題的目的。此外，視野開闊，主題 honesty是許多優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)（a wealth of qualities）之一，有一點(diǎn)層次感。 不少學(xué)生會(huì)這樣寫：“I think honesty is an important quality for a college student.”

7、 這就比較單薄。,Indeed, crime has been disturbing the American people and has become a serious social problem just next to the unemployment problem. Some figures are terrifying: 1 of 4 Americans has been a victim of some kind of crimes; nearly 22 million crime cases occurred last year throughout the countr

8、y. A simple arithmetic calculation indicates that on average, a crime is being committed in every 2 seconds.,Our life today depends very much on energy. In towns and in villages, on farms and in factories, machines have made life easier than it used to be. The machines use energy, and energy is need

9、ed for heating, lighting, communications, carrying goods - everything. Factories and industrial plants use a great deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell.,這段文字所講的主要是能源問題。第一句就概括性地提出“我們目前的生活很大程度上依賴于能源”。而隨后出現(xiàn)的三句都是具體事例，對第一句進(jìn)行說明和論述。我們可以斷定第一句為該段的主題句,（主題句）No one can avoid being infl

10、uenced by advertisements. （推展句1）Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us. （推展句2）In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertisers have made a close study of human natur

11、e and have classified all our little weakness.,Another equally important personal quality is ability, including ability to study, ability to practice, ability to create, ability to communicate, etc.,顯然這個(gè)主題句包含的內(nèi)容太多，有學(xué)習(xí)能力，實(shí)踐能力，創(chuàng)新能力，甚至交際能力，共有四項(xiàng)。英語習(xí)作篇幅有限，一般200左右，一篇文章除去開頭、結(jié)尾、過渡句、主題句之外，支持句的數(shù)量并不是很多，這么大一個(gè)主題

12、句靠為數(shù)不多的支持句是闡述不清的，除非是長篇大論，這為文章的展開制造了不小的麻煩，到底闡述哪一項(xiàng)能力？其實(shí)，句子中提到的四項(xiàng)能力中的任何一項(xiàng)都可以當(dāng)作主題句來進(jìn)一步闡述。因此，改進(jìn)的方法是把主題句范圍縮小，只提及其中的一項(xiàng)能力。,Keeping a good mood does good to social development.,有的學(xué)生寫作文時(shí)，動(dòng)不動(dòng)就把自己的觀點(diǎn)和“社會(huì)進(jìn)步，經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，和諧社會(huì)”等扯在一塊，不管它們有無聯(lián)系， 類似牽強(qiáng)附會(huì)的主題句并不鮮見。解決的辦法是多審題，多練主題句。 收集一些寫作題目 ，有些練全文寫作，有些只練主題句， 強(qiáng)化其主題句意識。,2.遣詞造句 主題句是

13、文章觀點(diǎn)的濃縮，在譴詞造句方面尤其要凝練，用有限的詞匯表達(dá)豐富的內(nèi)容，如果贅詞太多，文章將空洞無物，要盡量避免主題句口語化，努力使用抽象名詞。,問題：主題句中抽象名詞使用頻率低 。 外語學(xué)習(xí)到了一定階段應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)使用抽象名詞，抽象名詞的適當(dāng)使用可使文章言簡意賅，增強(qiáng)文章的說服力。 抽象名詞的使用有難度 ，謙詞造句能力薄弱的學(xué)生往往想不到或回避使用抽象名詞。 主題句是文章觀點(diǎn)的概括，內(nèi)容的提煉，尤其需要抽象名詞的使用，主題句是否耐人尋味，抽象名詞的使用將起到關(guān)鍵作用。,1.To achieve this goal, priority should be given to quality educa

14、tion. 2. Mozart is often quoted as a familiar example of sustained endeavor. Walking, or at the theater, or even while engaged in social amusements, he lived in a self-created atmosphere of music. His head was working all the time. Nobody, runs his own account, takes as much pains in the study of co

15、mposition as I.,主題句在句式選擇上也要多推敲，選用經(jīng)典句式，讓人一看便知作者有足夠的語言輸入，儲(chǔ)存了大量語言素材，功底扎實(shí)。下面是幾例比較成熟的主題句。 Nothing can match expectations for inspiring an utterly disheartened person to regain his confidence .,Perhaps I can think of no better illustration of the spirit of a scientist than the examples of Columbus, Galile

16、o, Einstein, and other great men who devoted their lives to conquering uncharted places, discovering unknown facts and exploring new frontiers.,3.銜接過渡 問題1）主題句前缺乏鋪墊， 問題2）主題句之間缺乏過渡或照應(yīng). 學(xué)生寫題句時(shí)時(shí)要么濫用firstly, secondly等簡單羅列法，要么主題句的出現(xiàn)比較突然，缺乏鋪墊、引導(dǎo)，讀起來不是很順暢。理想的做法是在主題句出現(xiàn)之前，使用一個(gè)起鋪墊作用的句子，既順利地過渡到主題句，又增強(qiáng)了文章的層次感。另外

17、，從心理學(xué)的角度講，為主題句的出現(xiàn)多少制造一點(diǎn)懸念，讓讀者注意力集中在即將出現(xiàn)的主題句上。,A number of factors could account for unhappiness among youngsters today. The major one, perhaps, is the academic pressure they have to bear. The pressure to achieve at an early age is so great that the identity and uniqueness of childhood is totally los

18、t. 這一小段文字中共有三句話，第一句的功能在于引出第二句即主題句，使得主題句的出現(xiàn)比較自然，不那么突兀，增加文章層次的層次感，從而使讀者得知主題“壓力”（pressure）只是眾多年輕人不快樂的因素之一。第三句是支持說明句。,Much is said about population density in places like Tokyo or New York. In terms of swarming humanity, however, nothing approaches the city of Shanghai between 4 and 6 p.m. on a weekday.

19、 Men have solved the problem of flying to the moon, but they are completely mystified when it comes to getting from one point to another inside Shanghai.,一篇文章經(jīng)常不止一個(gè)主題句，不少學(xué)生主題句與主題句之間不善于寫過渡或照應(yīng)句。過渡的方式有多種，如代詞、副詞、連詞、短語、句型等的使用，在此不贅述，這里以語序調(diào)整為例探討其過渡功能。下面是兩個(gè)主題句：,主題句1：Taking a second major obviously could inc

20、rease our competitiveness. 主題句2：And to the well-known advantage of this, another one should be added: broadening a students outlook. 調(diào)整語序是主題句銜接主題句的過渡方式，把短語add to 分裂，將“to the well-known advantage of this”置于句首, 既很好地銜接了主題句1，又自然地引出主題句2，值得學(xué)習(xí)者模仿。再者，這樣的主題句新穎別致，比較有吸引力。 再看一例通過語序手段實(shí)現(xiàn)主題句過渡的類似句型： Closely relate

21、d to this is that we still stick to our belief when we come into trouble.,4.修辭表達(dá) 下面兩句用了什么修辭手法？,1. No expectations, no goals. 2. The ability of teaching oneself is to a university student as the cornerstone is to a building. 3.Happiness lies not in the mere possession of money; it lies in the joy of achievement, in the thrill of creative effort.,Every one faces the problem of choosing an occupation after graduating from university, which is of vital importance in hi