英漢翻譯課程教案.doc

英漢翻譯課程教案 課程編號(hào)：BZB03223 周 課 時(shí)： 2 總 課 時(shí)： 34 學(xué) 分： 2分 考試方式：考查 教 材：新編英漢翻譯教程 孫致禮 編 參 考 書： 英漢翻譯教程 張培基 編 實(shí)用翻譯教程 馮慶華 編ContentsChapter 1 What Is Translation1Chapter 2 The Process of Translation15Chapter 3 The linguistic Approach to Translation25Chapter 4 Conversion35Chapter 5 The importance of diction43Chapter 6 Translation concerning negation48Chapter 7 Amplification53Chapter 8 Repetition58Chapter 9 Changes of sentence parts62Chapter 10 Translation of attributive clause66Chapter 11 Translation of Long Sentences69Chapter 12 外位語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)在英譯漢中的應(yīng)用73Chapter 13 Translation of Passive Voice77Chapter 14 Translation of figures of speech82Chapter 15 Translation of idioms86Chapter 1 What Is TranslationAims: To understand the basic principles of translation and translation studiesKey points: the nature of translation, definition of translationDifficulties: the nature of translation, history of translationTeaching procedures1. The nature of translation Translation is of great importance in learning a foreign language. Many of those who learn English will be English Chinese translators in the future. There are many translation theories and techniques for you too learn . Without knowing the theories and the techniques one will most likely take a roundabout course in translation work. Thats why it is necessary for you to have a good command of both the source language and the target language, and of the theories and the techniques in translation. What is translation? Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language. or : Translation is an activity of reproducing in one language the ideas which have been expressed in another language.(翻譯是把一種語(yǔ)言所表達(dá)的思想用另一種語(yǔ)言重新表達(dá)出來(lái)的活動(dòng)) Eugene Nida, famous American translation theorist, defined translation as: Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language messages, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. 翻譯就是接受語(yǔ)言復(fù)制出與原語(yǔ)信息最接近的自然等值體-首先是就意義而言,其次是就其風(fēng)格而言.Eugene Nidas photo In addition to the definitions mentioned above, various definitions have been given to translation. Now Id like to cite some of them: Translation is a science . Translation is an art . Translation is a craft . Translation is a skill. Translation is an operation . Translation is a language activity . Translation is a communication. Among these definitions the first two are most important for they represent two schools - the school of science and the school of art. The former maintains that translating should reproduce the message of the original by means of the transformation of linguistic equivalence. It puts stress on the study of description of the process of translation, and the structures and the forms of the language so as to reveal the objective laws inherent in translation. The latter advocates recreating a literary work by using expressions of another language . It emphasizes on the effect of translation.1) Translation is a science We say translation is a science, because it has its own laws and methods. Take the translation between English and Chinese for example, if we want to translate well, we must be entirely familiar with the content of the original and all the knowledge it concerns. In addition we should have a comparatively comprehensive and thorough study of English and Chinese so that we may do our work with high proficiency. English and Chinese are two entirely different languages. Each has an individual and distinct system. On the other hand, there are lots of differences between them both in morphology and in syntax. Because of this , we have to know both languages well, especially with the wide difference in vocabulary , grammatical relations , and sentence structure . Now we may well conclude that translation is indeed a science with its peculiar laws and methods , a science related to lexicology ,grammar, rhetoric and other branches of linguistics.2) Translation is an art Lin Yutang was once a representative. In his essay On Translation he declares that translation is an art whose success depends on ones artistic talent and enough training. Besides these, there no set rules for translation and there is no short cut for art . From the examples mentioned above we can see that translation is an art, a brilliant art. Like painting, enables us to reproduce the fine thought of somebody, not in colors, but in words, in the words of a different language. It demands a broad and profound knowledge. In other words , a translator should have an understanding of literature and art, rhetoric and aesthetics; otherwise, he can hardly accomplish the task of reproduction of the original. In accordance with what we have discussed in the above, now we can come to the following conclusion: Translation depends on the artistic level and the technique of the translator. Whoever has a good command of translation both in theory and technique can offer satisfactory translations ,it is because ,as pointed out in this lecture , translation is not only a science with its own laws and methods but also an art of reproduction and recreation.2. Aim of foreign language learning and the importance of translation(1) What is the objects of a foreign language? Learning a foreign language is not easy but it is worthwhile. It enables you to read foreign scientific and technical literature, and that might be useful. It makes you enable to read some of the worlds best writers in their own language, and this is a great pleasure. But the most important thing is that it gives you a better understanding of your own language. (2) Translation is of great value to foreign language learners. It is very important to the development of our nation . Translation keeps you informed of the international situation ; translation enhances our competitive power in the international market ; translation serves as instrument of propagating traditional culture . Translation is for inter-lingual communication, bridges the gulf between different-tongue speakers , and reproduces and spreads the message in the original language. Translation permits knowledge to be transmitted to different corners of the world and to succeeding generations. Translation gives information, reveals feelings, and affect peoples thought or behavior. Through translation, we can draw on the advanced experience and achievement in the field of science and technology of foreign countries. Without translation, the worldwide civilization would not be possible. Today, translation plays an increasingly important role in our countrys economic reform and opening to the world . More and more people of financial and business circles from all parts of the world come to our country and take part in joint ventures, cooperative enterprises, sole foreign-invested enterprises, and various other economic, trade and technological cooperation. This situation results in the great need of translators, English Chinese translators in particular. Translation promotes mutual understanding between Chinese and foreigners, contributes to the speeding up of our countrys modernization and thus is absolutely necessary in the development of our market economy.3.Prerequisites for a translator (1) In order to achieve genuine competence in translation, a translator must bear in mind that translation means honest, solid knowledge, and that genuine knowledge comes from practice. As translation is work that involves at least two languages -the first language and the second language . Therefore, to know both language fairly well is one of the prerequisites for translation. e.g. You are telling me . (slang: I know that very well. / I knew that long ago.) 我早知道了還用你告訴我！你正在告訴我 e.g. Now you are talking . ( informal: at last you are saying something agreeable.)你到底說(shuō)了合我意的話了你這樣說(shuō)才合我的意思 現(xiàn)在你正在談話 e.g. Henry Kissinger has slept there before, in July and again in October. 這之前亨利基辛格在月和月兩度在這里下榻（不譯為：睡覺(jué)） 陳先生乃中國(guó)學(xué)界泰斗 Mr. Chen, our respected teacher , is a renowned master in the academic circles of China. e.g. 你要有所收獲,則必須在學(xué)習(xí)中不斷深入. If you want to gain anything , you must constantly deepen your studies. (2) Besides a good knowledge of both the SL and the TL, a translator should do a lot of reading, listening, and speaking. He has to experience the many ways in which the English is spoken and written by native speakers. And to be constantly exposed to English spoken and written by native speakers is considered to be a very important part of practice ,without which a Chinese learner of English cant expect to acquire competence in understanding and production as far as the English language is concerned. (3) Furthermore, acquaintance with the subject matter covered in the book or article is also an indispensable factor in doing translation work well. For instance : If you are going to translate some technological data on remote sensing of the earth by man-made satellites, you have to learn to acquire some basic knowledge of the relevant aspect of space science and technology , otherwise , you will run the risk of making mistakes in the subject matter imperceptibly. So you should have a wide background knowledge . E.g. The Security Council has been seized of the question since then.安理會(huì)自那以來(lái)就一直受理這個(gè)問(wèn)題。（需要國(guó)際法知識(shí)） To sum up, as a good translator, you have to know well the SL, the TL and the subject matter concerned. In addition, you have to master the skills and techniques of translation and do lots of practice. Guo Moruo once pointed out: “translation is creative work. Good translation is as good as writing and may be even better than the original. Sometimes translation is more difficult than writing . A writer must have experience in life , but a translator has to experience what the translator has experienced. At the same time a translator must not only be proficient in his mother tongue but also have a very good foundation in a foreign language. Therefore , translation is not easier than writing at all.” his analysis makes a good deal of sense. 4. The history of translation in China Translation has a long history of about two thousand years . During the centuries quite a number of world-famous translators in China appeared one after another and they made great contribution to China as well as to the world in the development of translation. See the following facts: (1) From the Eastern Han to the northern and Southern Dynasties.(25-581 A.D.) China invited foreigners or the foreigners came to China to translate Buddhist Scripture . Among them An Shih-ko (安世高)from Persia , Indu Dharmarakeha 竺法護(hù)and Kumarajiva 鳩摩羅氏from India.鳩摩羅氏玄奘From the Sui Dynasty (581618A.D.)to the Tang Dynasty : Golden age of translation in ancient China Xuan Zang 玄奘 Xuan zang was sent to India to make a study of the Buddhist scriptures. He stayed there for 17years. After he returned home from India, he translated 75 volumes of Buddhist scriptures in the following 19 years. He also translated some works of Laozi into Sanskrit , he was the first person to introduce Chinese classics to foreigners. His translation standard “ to be both true and coherent” （既須求真，又須喻俗）is still acceptable . He made great contribution to the theory and practice of translation. Kumarajiva鳩摩羅氏 He translated works such as , , , and so on. Paramartha (also called Gunarata)真諦 Invited by the king Liangwu , he came to China from India. His translation “ On Great Vehicle” 攝大乘論had a great influence in China. (3)In the Ming Dynasty (1363-1644A.D.) During this period , translation began to focus on science, literature and philosophy instead of religion. Xu Guangqi and M.Ricci(利馬竇 an Italian) translated Euclids Elements (幾何原本）cooperatively. (4) In the Qing Dynasty (16441911A.D.) There were great translator like Yanfu and Linshu during this period . Yan fu proposed the translation standard “ Faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance” He translated the following works: 1. Evolution and ethics and other essays (TH Huxley)天演論；. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of nations (A.Smith) 原富亞當(dāng)斯密, 3. The study of Sociology by H. Spencer科學(xué)肆言斯賓塞；On liberty (J.S.Mill) 群己權(quán)界論5. A history of politics 社會(huì)通詮甄克思嚴(yán)復(fù)林紓利馬竇徐光啟 Lin Shu was another well-known translator at that time , he translated 183 novels from English and French . It is interesting to know that he didnt know any foreign languages . He did like this : someone would tell him the meaning of each sentence in the original, and Lin would take notes in Chinese and then rewrite it in Chinese. He translated the following works: 1) La Dama aux Camelias 巴黎茶花女遺事 2) Uncle Toms Cabin 黑奴吁天錄 3) David Copperfield 塊肉余生述 4) Hamlet 王子復(fù)仇記 巴黎茶花女遺事譯于年，公開(kāi)刊行則在兩年后的年。此書一出，立即風(fēng)靡，以致嚴(yán)復(fù)詩(shī)稱“可憐一卷茶花女，斷盡支那蕩子腸”。 (5) After the May Fourth New literature Movement to Now The May Fourth New Literature Movement was inseparably linked to translation. Luxuns Diary of a mad Man was created under the influence of Russian literature. Lu Xun had done a lot of translation work. Lu Xuns translation of Destruction and Dead Soul , Qu Qiubais Song of the Seagull and others have served as models for translation. There appeared a lot of famous translators in China today, such as : 傅雷, 朱光潛, 曹靖華, 朱生豪,錢鐘書,冰心,戈寶權(quán),蕭乾,王佐良,and so on. 傅雷（1908-1966），一代翻譯巨匠。早年留學(xué)法國(guó)，回國(guó)后曾任教于上海美專，因不愿從流俗而閉門譯書，幾乎譯遍法國(guó)重要作家如伏爾泰、巴爾扎克、羅曼羅蘭的重要作品。數(shù)百萬(wàn)言的譯作成了中國(guó)譯界備受推崇的范文，形成了“傅雷體華文語(yǔ)言”。 譯作：羅曼羅蘭著貝多芬傳獨(dú)一無(wú)二的藝術(shù)家莫扎特“三巨人傳”（彌蓋朗琪羅傳、貝多芬傳、托爾斯泰傳） 。 朱生豪（19121944），著名的莎士比亞戲劇翻譯家、詩(shī)人。出生于浙江嘉興一個(gè)破落的商人家庭。1929年入杭州之江大學(xué)，主修中國(guó)文學(xué)，同時(shí)攻讀英語(yǔ)。畢業(yè)后于1933年在上海世界書局任英文編輯。 朱生豪從24歲起，以宏大的氣魄、堅(jiān)韌的毅力，經(jīng)數(shù)年嘔心瀝血，翻譯出版了莎士比亞戲劇全集（含戲劇31種）。他英年早逝，只度過(guò)了32個(gè)春秋。而他所譯莎劇全集由世界書局出版后，轟動(dòng)文壇，被時(shí)人嘆為“宏偉的工程”、“偉大的業(yè)績(jī)”。 朱生豪的翻譯態(tài)度嚴(yán)肅認(rèn)真，以“求于最大可能之范圍內(nèi)，保持原作之神韻”為其宗旨。譯筆流暢，文詞華麗。他所譯的莎士比亞戲劇全集是迄今我國(guó)莎士比亞作品的最完整的、質(zhì)量較好的譯本。 冰心()原名謝婉瑩，福建長(zhǎng)樂(lè)人 ，她的譯作如黎巴嫩凱羅紀(jì)伯倫的先知沙與沫，印度泰戈?duì)柕募村壤麍@丁集及戲劇集多種，都是公認(rèn)的文學(xué)翻譯精品， 年曾因此經(jīng)黎巴嫩共和國(guó)總統(tǒng)簽署授予國(guó)家級(jí)雪松勛章。她的文學(xué)影響超越國(guó)界，作品被翻譯成各國(guó)文字，得到海內(nèi)外讀者的贊賞。 錢鐘書 傅雷 冰心 朱生豪Part2: Criteria and Principles of Translation Criteria is something we can use to evaluate a translation. We can say that the criteria of translation function as plumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation and as a good set for translator to strive after. There have been various opinions about the appropriate criteria for translation. First of all, we tend to think of Yanfu who advocated for the first time the three words as translation criteria: namely , faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance. 1. Yan fus criteria: (1) Faithfulness: It means the full and complete conveying or translation of the original content or thought. Thats to say a translator must bring pout the original meaning both comprehensively and accurately without any distortion or casual addition or deletion of the original thought .Now lets have a discussion of how the following expressions or sentences in accordance with faithfulness. e.g. 1. My work, my family, my friends were more than enough to fill my time. 原譯：我干工作，我做家，我有朋友往來(lái),這些占用了我的全部時(shí)間. 該譯: 我要工作,要做家務(wù),要與朋友往來(lái),這些事 用全部時(shí)間應(yīng)付還不夠. E.g. 2. He took all his pain and what was left of his strength and his long gong pride and he put it against the fishs agony and the fish came over on to his side and swam gently on his side. 原譯:他要喚起久已喪失的自傲,忍住所有的痛楚,去克服那魚臨死的掙扎.魚身傾斜了,它側(cè)著身體緩緩地游著. 改譯:他忍著一身痛,使出還剩下的一點(diǎn)力氣, 鼓起早已喪失的自信,與臨死掙扎的魚拼搏著.終于魚翻過(guò)了身子,側(cè)起來(lái)慢慢游著.e.g.3. 他一面講經(jīng), 一面從事佛經(jīng)的翻譯工作. 鳩摩羅什既精通梵文,又精通漢文, 因此他翻譯的佛經(jīng)表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確,文字流暢,當(dāng)時(shí)頗受人們稱贊. 原譯:He was well versed in Sanskrit as well as Chinese. He preached while translating the Buddhist scripts. His translation are accurate and smooth. 改譯: He translated the Buddhist Scripts while preaching. He was good at both both Sanskrit and Chinese, and his translations were received with much praise for their accuracy and smoothness. From these examples, we can see that in order to fully realize the faithfulness of translation, a translator must profoundly comprehend the actual linguistic situation and original meaning of the source language. The translator ought to convey the authors ideas faithfully and exactly. He has no right to alter the original meaning of the original to suit his own taste. (2) Expressiveness: It demands that the version must be clear and fluent without any grammatical mistakes or confused logic and sense. E.g.1 She went , with her neat figure, and her sober womanly steps, down the dark street . 原譯: 她順著黑暗的街道走去,顯出利落勻稱的身材,邁著端莊的女人的步子. 改譯: 她邁著女人特有的不急不慢的步子,順著黑暗的大街走去,身材格外顯得勻稱. E.g.,2 Because the departure was not easy , we made it brief. 原譯: 告別這件事難受得很, 我們就做得簡(jiǎn)單一些. 改譯: 話別叫人難過(guò),我們只說(shuō)了幾句便分手了. From these examples we may see that faithfulness and expressiveness are the two rudimentary criteria every translator must observe so the first two words as translation criteria are easily acceptable .(3) Elegance : it means gracefulness. Yan fu held that only the language before the Han dynasty could be considered elegant and old vocabulary , old structure of Chinese must be used to represent the original fully and adequately. Therefore he can be said to object to the use of the vernacular or popular language of the people. As a matter of fact , the vernacular began to be in fashion when Yan fu lived . Facts prove the vernacular or the popular language of the people can be used to translate any foreign language in the world. But Yan fu opposed the application of the vernacular in translation, that is why his idea of elegance is not adaptable and criticized by many people. Of course, Yan fus explanation of the translation criteria is limited by the age he live