初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法--名詞專題(含練習(xí))

名詞（一） 一、名詞的概念：在我們身邊存在著形形色色的人和事物，它們都有自己的稱呼，我們用來(lái)稱呼它們的詞就是名詞，概括來(lái)說(shuō)表示人、事物、地方、現(xiàn)象等的名稱的詞都叫名詞。二、名詞的分類：1專有名詞：它的第一個(gè)字母通常大寫。a. 人名、地名、國(guó)名等 例如：Lucy, Shanghai, Chinab.組織、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等 例如: the United Nationsc.語(yǔ)言、星期、月份等 例如：English, Friday, March (注意介詞in/on/at的用法)注意：國(guó)家與人的對(duì)應(yīng)China- Chinese America- American(s) Australia- Australian(s) Canada- Canadian(s) Japan- Japanese Germany- German(s)France-Frenchman(Frenchmen) GB-Englishman(Englishmen)2 普通名詞：（1）不可數(shù)名詞：不可以直接以數(shù)字計(jì)算的名詞。例如：snow, air, water, rice, paper, work, news(新聞)，food, rain, weather, juice, milk, meat, money ，English, fruit , information 不可數(shù)名詞要表示具體數(shù)量，必須借助of短語(yǔ)。如不能說(shuō)one bread，但是可以說(shuō)one piece of bread和two pieces of bread。只能用來(lái)修飾不可數(shù)名詞的表示數(shù)量的一些詞或短語(yǔ)：little很少的（表示否定）； a little一些（表示肯定），much（許多），how much（多少）， a bit of（一些）既能用來(lái)修飾可數(shù)名詞又能用來(lái)修飾不可數(shù)名詞的表示數(shù)量的一些詞或短語(yǔ)：some(一些，用于肯定句), any（一些，用于否定和疑問(wèn)句）a lot of (許多), lots of(許多) 不可數(shù)名詞量的表示方法：計(jì)量詞+of 例如：a piece of news a cup of tea a piece of bread two pieces of news two cups of tea two pieces of bread注意： a bag of apples （2）可數(shù)名詞：可以直接以數(shù)字計(jì)算的名詞。如one book、two pens?？蓴?shù)名詞有數(shù)的變化，即每個(gè)名詞都有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。可數(shù)名詞可以用兩種方式表示具體數(shù)量：1、直接在其前加數(shù)詞；2、在其前加of短語(yǔ)（of+可以用作計(jì)量的名詞）。如：one egg, two eggs; one basket of eggs, two baskets of eggs名詞復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成：a. 一般情況下，直接在詞尾加s; 例如：book-books girl-girls desk-desksb.以s, x, sh, ch結(jié)尾的，在詞尾加es；例如：box-boxes bus-buses watch-watches fish-fishesc. 以輔音字母+y 結(jié)尾的，變y為i 加es; 例如：city-cities family-families 以元音字母（a, e, i, o, u）+y 結(jié)尾的，直接加s; 例如：boy-boys day-days key-keysd. 以f或fe結(jié)尾的，變f或fe為v加es; 例如：knife-knives life-lives wife-wives half-halves但roof, scarf 后直接加se. 以o結(jié)尾的，有生命的(或以輔音字母加o 結(jié)尾的)加es, 沒(méi)生命的（或以元音字母加o結(jié)尾的）加s; 例如：radio-radios Negro-Negroes tomato-tomatoes potato-potatoes zoo-zoos piano-pianos photo- photos 但hippo后直接加s以下名詞特別容易出錯(cuò)，請(qǐng)注意：stomach胃stomachs, roof屋頂roofs, reef暗礁reefs, belief信仰beliefs，handkerchief手帕handkerchiefs/handkerchieves Man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese, child-children, fish-fish/fishes, sheep-sheep, ox-oxen（公牛）, deer-deer, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese, mouse-mice policeman-policemen 等 注：German(德國(guó)人)Germans只能用來(lái)修飾可數(shù)名詞的表示數(shù)量的一些詞或短語(yǔ)： few很少的（表示否定），a few一些（表示肯定），many（許多），how many（多少），a number of(許多的), several幾個(gè)課堂練習(xí)：一、寫出下列名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：1. egg _ 2. watch _ 3. story _ 4. knife _ 5. radio _ 6. tomato _ 7. desk _ 8. glass _ 9. child _ 10. sheep _ 11. Chinese _ 12.pencil-box _ 13. wife _ 14. family_ 15. city_ 16. dress _ 17.Englishman _18. match _ 19. exam_ 20. German _ 21. potato_22. .juice_ 23.water_ 24.holiday_ 25.paper_ 26.factory_ 27. thief_ 28.bus_ 29.class_ 30.glass_ 31. wife 32. baby 33. policeman 34.brush 二、單項(xiàng)選擇 1. Please pass me _. A. two glass of water B. two glasses of waters C. two glasses of water D. two glass water 2. They got much _ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C.information D. stories3. He had something to write down and asked me for _.A.a paper B.some papers C.some pieces of papers D.a piece of paper4. Some _ are flying kites near the river.A.child B.boy C.boys D.childs5. Id like some water, but he wants _.A. two bottle orange B. two bottles of orange C. two bottles of oranges D. two bottles of oranges6. Look at the _. You can see_ _ and _.A. photos; potatoes, tomatoes, radioes B. photoes; potatoes, tomatoes, radiosC. photos; potatoes, tomatoes, radios D. photos; potatos, tomatos, radioes 7. Cut the apple into _. A. halfs B.halves C. half8. Mr. Lin often gives us _ by e-mail.A. some good information B. some good informations C. good informations D. a good information9. There are _ in the fields. Theyre eating grass.A. a horse B. much horses C. many horse D. many horses10. I am thirsty. Would you bring me _, please?A.some bread B.some water C.some cakes D.some eggs11. -How great Dalian Radio and TV center looks!-Yes. Thats one of the greatest _ in Dalian.A. building B. build C. buildings D. builds12. How many _ has the old farmer got?A. field B. sheep C. mutton D. cow13. The guide has some new _. She can show them to us.A.rice B.food C.jacket D.pictures 14. -What would you like to drink, girls? -_, please.A.Two cup of coffee B.Two cups of coffeesC.Two cups of coffee D.Two cup of coffees15. The _ are going to fly to Beijing.A.Germen B.Germany C.Germanys D.Germans16. The _ has two _.A.boys, watches B.boy, watch C.boy, watches D.boys,watch17. The boy always stays there for _.A.one and half hour B.one and a half hour C.one and half hours D.one and a half hours18. -They are thirsty. Will you please give them _? -Certainly.A.some bottles of waters B.some bottles of water C.some bottle of water D.some bottle of waters19. Dont you think Dalian is one of the most beautiful _ in China?A.cities B.city C.place D.towns up 20. -What can I do for you? -Im looking for _.A.a pair of shoes B.a pair of T-shirt C.two pairs of hat D.two pair of trousers21. Twelve _ were hurt, but no _ were lost in that accident.A.person; life B.people; lives C.peoples; lives D.persons; life22. There are _ on the table.A.a glass of water B.a glass of milk C.two glasses of water D.a glass of orange23. There are few _ in the fridge. Lets go and buy some peas, carrots and cabbages. A.vegetables B.fruit C.meat D.eggs24. Mr. Smith always has _ to tell us.A.some good pieces of news B.some pieces of good news C.some good piece of news D.some piece of good news25. There is a lot of _ in the box.A.cake B.bags of cakes C.milk D.bags of milk 課后作業(yè)：一、英漢互譯1.一片面包 2. 一瓶牛奶 3.一箱蘋果 4. 一碗湯 5.一條消息 6. 四杯桔子汁 7.五包糖果 8. 兩公斤牛肉 9.十一名美國(guó)人 10. 六名女學(xué)生 二、用所給名詞的正確形式填空。1. I have two (knife).2. There are many (box) here.3. I got a lot of Christmas (card).4. There is a pair of (glass) on the table.5. There are a few (people) in the playground.6. How many (ship) can you see in the picture?7. Mike has seven (friend).8. A few (boy) are drawing on the wall.9. He has some interesting (book).10. The (child) are playing football now.三、單項(xiàng)選擇1. He is hungry. Give him _ to eat. A. two breads B. two piece of bread C. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads 2. I would like to have_. A. two glasses of milk B. two glass of milk C. two glasses of milks D. two glass of milks 3. Can you give me _? A. a tea B. some cup of tea C. a cup tea D . a cup of tea 4. Please give me _ paper.A. one B. a piece C. a D. a piece of 5. John bought_for himself yesterday. A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe C. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoes6. Children should make_ for old people in a bus. A. room B. a room C. rooms D. the room7. There are sixty-seven_ in our school. A. womens teacher B. women teachers C. woman teachers D. women teacher8.Weneedsomemore_.Canyougoandgetsome,please?A.potato B.potatos C.potatoes D.Potatos9.A group of _ are talking with two _ over there.A. Frenchmen; Germans B. Frenchmen; Germen C. German; Frenchmen D. Germans; Frenchmans11.Lucy and I go to school _ every day.A. on feet B. on foot C. by foots D. by buses12. Are those _? -No, they arent. Theyre _.A. sheep; cows B. sheep; cow C. sheeps; cow D. sheeps; cows13.She is the tallest of in the family.A. any sister B. all the sisters C. all her sisters D. any other sisters14. They dont have to do today.A. much homework B. many homeworks C. many homework D.much homeworks15. The Chinese people enjoy happy now.A. life B. lifes C. a life D. lives名詞（二）重點(diǎn)：名詞所有格在英語(yǔ)中，有些名詞的詞尾可以加上s, 用來(lái)表示所屬關(guān)系，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為名詞的所有格。1. 單數(shù)名詞變所有格，只需在詞尾加s. Eg. the boys schoolbag the workers shoes2. 復(fù)數(shù)名詞的詞尾已有s, 只需加即可。Eg. the teachers office the students pens3. 若復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾無(wú)s, 則應(yīng)加s. Eg. Womens Day the Peoples Park4. 無(wú)生命的詞的所有格一般可用of 加名詞這一結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示。Eg. the name of the museum the center of the city5. 表示幾個(gè)人共有一樣?xùn)|西，只需在最后一個(gè)人的名詞前加s，若表示各自所有， 則每個(gè)名詞后都要加s.Eg. Jim and Toms bedroom (吉姆和湯姆的臥室)（兩人共有） Jims and Toms bedrooms (吉姆和湯姆的臥室) （兩人各自所有）課堂練習(xí)：一、 用s 或of 填空。1. my mother bag 2. Tom friend3. the door our room 4. postmen bags5. the teachers desk 6. a book my fathers二、漢譯英1. 露西的書 2. 學(xué)生們的鞋子 3. 李明的貓 4. 母親的裙子 5. 這個(gè)公園的花 6. 我們教室的墻 三、 用所給名詞的正確形式填空。1. This is (May) book.2. My (brothers) toy cars are very beautiful.3. He is a friend of my (mother).4. Thats (Ken and Bill) new bedroom.5. -Whose are these lunchbox? -They are (Ben).6. (Pat) bag is very pretty. （Bob）is very pretty, too.7. These books are my (friend).8. Tomorrow is June 1st. Its (children) Day.四、單項(xiàng)選擇1. This is not your radio, but . A. yours brother B. your brothers C. you brothers D. yours brothers2. September 10th is Day. A. Teacher B. Teachers C. Teachers D. Teacherss3. Jane is sister. A. Mary and Jack B. Marys and Jacks C. Marys and Jack D. Mary and Jacks4. I will give you to finish it. A. two weeks time B. two week time C. two weeks time D. two weeks time5. Miss Smith is a friend of . A. Marys mothers B. Marys mother C. Mary mothers D. mothers of Mary6. March 8th is Day.A. Woman B. Women C. Womens D. Womans 7. Mary went to last night. A. the house of her father B. hers fathers house C. the houses her father D. her fathers house8. There are sheep in this place. A. a lot B. lot C. much D. many9. Its about walk from this shop to the nearest bus stop. A. three minutes B. three minute C. three minutes D. three minutess10. The doctor was very happy. He made mistakes in the exam. A. a little B. little C. few D. a few課后練習(xí)：一、用s 或of 填空。1. the desks our classroom 2. my btother