跨文化交際復(fù)習(xí)試題及答案解析

判斷題T 1 As a phenomenon, intercultural communication has existed for thousands of years. However, as a discipline, its history is only about fifty years. 作為一種現(xiàn)象，跨文化傳播已經(jīng)存在了數(shù)千年。然而，作為一門學(xué)科，它的歷史只有大約五十年。F 2 Intercultural Communication as a discipline first started in Europe. 跨文化交際是歐洲第一門學(xué)科F 3 Culture is a static entity 靜態(tài)的 實體 while communication is a dynamic process. 文化是一個靜態(tài)的實體 而溝通是一個動態(tài)的過程 T 4 Culture can be seen as shared knowledge ,what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given 約定的 特定的 culture. 文化可以被看作是一種共享的知識，人們需要知道的是在一個特定的文化中扮演適當(dāng)?shù)男袨門 5 Although cultural stereotype has its limitations (over-generalization),it still contributes to a persons cultural cognition.認(rèn)識、認(rèn)知文化刻板印象雖有其局限性，但仍有助于人的文化認(rèn)知。T 6 In intercultural communication, we should separate ones individual character from cultural generalization. 在跨文化交際中，我們要把自己的個性和文化的泛化分開。 T 7 Cultural mistakes are more serious than linguistic mistakes. The linguistic mistake means that someone is not fully expressing his or her idea while cultural mistakes can lead to serious misunderstanding and even ill-feeling between individuals. 文化錯誤比語言錯誤更嚴(yán)重。語言錯誤意味著有人不能充分表達(dá)自己的想法，而文化上的錯誤會導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的誤解，甚至個人之間的不適感F 8 All people of the same nationality will have the same culture. 所有同一民族的人都會有相同的文化T 9 Although two cultures may share the same ideas, their meaning and significance may not be the same. 雖然兩國文化有著相同的想法，但它們的意義和意義可能不一樣F 10 Ones actions are totally independent of his or her culture. 個人的行為完全獨立于他或她的文化II Comprehension CheckT 1、All cultures require and value politeness, but the ways in which politeness is achieved may vary significantly. 所有的文化都需要和價值的禮貌，但禮貌的方式可能會有所不同T_2、Dont take offence-getting the form of address ”wrong” is rarely intended to be offensive. 不要拿“錯誤”的形式來攻擊，這是很難得的進(jìn)攻 T_3、Addressing forms like “Miss Mary”, ”Brown” by the Chinese may be a form of cultural compromise. 解決形式如“瑪麗小姐”，“棕色”由中國可能是一種文化妥協(xié)的形式。T_4.Ranks in the armed forces like Captain, Colonel can be used as titles. 上校，上校，上校，可以用作頭銜F_5.Westerners can understand what Uncle policeman or P.L.A. Uncle means. 西方人能夠理解警察叔叔和解放軍叔叔的手段。F6.We can address Jason Douglas, who is a lawyer, as Lawyer Douglas. 我們可以解決杰森道格拉斯，他是個律師，律師道格拉斯。F_7.Chinese hospitality toward the westerners is always greatly appreciated. 中國人對西方人的熱情好客是非常贊賞的。F_8.The Chinese way of showing concern is usually appreciated by the Westerners. 西方人對中國人的關(guān)注往往受到西方人的贊賞。 F_9.”Thank you for coming!” is a typical expression used by Western hosts when the guests just arrived. 謝謝你的到來！“當(dāng)客人剛到的時候，這是西方主人使用的一種典型的表達(dá)形式。T_10.”Im sorry to have wasted your time” or “Im sorry to have taken up so much of your time” are usually appropriate for the business visit. 我很抱歉浪費了你的時間”或者“我很抱歉占用了你這么多時間”，通常都是適合商務(wù)拜訪的。 III Comprehension CheckT 1.sometimes the Chinese way of showing modesty may be considered as fishing for compliments. 有時，中國人表現(xiàn)出謙虛的方式可以被視為對贊美的贊美T2.The social functions of Chinese and English compliments are roughly the same. 漢語和英語的社會功能大致相同。T 3.In informal situations, a large number of compliments are used to make people feel comfortable. 在非正式場合，大量的贊美是讓人感到舒服的F 4.The cultural assumption of compliments is the same between cultures. 文化的假設(shè)是文化的相同的。T 5.Adjectives and verbs are often used to convey compliment message in English, while adjectives, adverbs and verbs are often used in Chinese. 形容詞和動詞常被用來傳遞英語中的恭維話，而形容詞、副詞和動詞常被用在漢語里。F 6. English compliments often begin with the word “you” while Chinese compliments often start with the word “I”. 英語的贊美常以“你”一詞開頭，而中國人的贊美常以“我”一詞開頭F 7. Chinese people give more compliments in daily life than Americans. 在日常生活中，中國人比美國人更為贊美。F8. Americans tends to be self-effacing in their compliments responses. 美國人往往自謙在稱贊別人的反應(yīng)。 F 9. Compliments on others belongings are sometimes an indirect way of request in American culture. 對他人財物的贊美有時是美國文化中的一種間接的方式T 10. If a guest compliments something in another persons home, the Chinese host or hostess will probably give that thing to the guest. 如果一個客人在別人家里贊美別人的話，中國主人或女主人很可能會把這件事告訴客人。IV Comprehension CheckF 1Verbal communication is more important than nonverbal communication. 言語交際比非語言交際更為重要F 2 “Dragon” means the same to the Westerner as “龍” to the Chinese. “龍”是指同為西方人的“龍”到中國。 F 3The Chinese phrase “知識分子” has the same meaning as “intellectual”. 中國“知識分子”具有相同的含義是“知識 T 4A term in one language may not have a counterpart in another language. 在一種語言中的一個術(shù)語在另一種語言中可能沒有對等詞 F 5 In referring to animals and birds, the Chinese practice is generally, but not always ,to use “公” or “母” to show whether a creature is male or female. This is the same with the English language. 在談到動物和鳥類，中國的做法是通常，但不總是，用“公”或“母”來表明該生物是否是男性或女性。這與英語是一樣的。T 6 The following six English word: “vice”, “associate”, “assistant”, “deputy”, “l(fā)ieutenant” and “under” can all mean “副” in Chinese language. 以下六個英文單詞：“副”、“聯(lián)想”、“助理”、“副”、“中尉”和“下”都是“副”在漢語中F 7 There are as many similarities as dissimilarities between English proverbs and Chinese proverbs. 有許多相似之處，英語諺語和漢語諺語的異同。T 8 Violating a cultural taboo is as serious as violating a verbal taboo, 違反文化禁忌的是嚴(yán)重違背了言語禁忌T 9 Patterns of thought varies with culture. 思維方式隨文化而變化。 T10 Particular thought patterns predominate in each culture, e.g. American culture is predominantly factual-inductive, Russian culture is predominantly axiomatic-deductive, and Arab cultures are predominately intuitive-affective. 在每一個特定的思維模式主導(dǎo)文化的T10，例如美國文化主要是事實的歸納，俄羅斯文化主要是公理化演繹，和阿拉伯文化以直觀的情感。V Comprehension CheckT1 Speaking is just one mode of communication. There are many others. 說只是一種交流方式。還有許多人 F2 Some researchers assert that in face-to-face communication, about 70%of information is communicated through speaking, and over 30% sis sent by nonverbal means. 一些研究者斷言，在面對面的交流中，約有70%的信息是通過說話，而超過30%則是通過非語言方式發(fā)送的T3 Environment is one of the five study areas that nonverbal communication covers. 環(huán)境是非語言交際的五個研究領(lǐng)域之一T4 Much of our nonverbal behavior, like culture, tends to elusive, spontaneous and frequently goes beyond our awareness. 我們大部分的非語言行為，如文化，往往難以實現(xiàn)，自發(fā)的，往往超越我們的認(rèn)識 F 5 Latin American, African, Arab and most Asian cultures are M-Time cultures. 拉丁美洲，非洲，阿拉伯和大多數(shù)亞洲文化是單一的文化。T6 Arab belongs to tough cultures. 阿拉伯屬于艱難的文化 T7 In some cultures, eye contact should be avoided in order to show respect or obedience. 在一些文化中，為了表示尊重或服從，應(yīng)該避免使用目光接觸T8 the appropriateness of physical contact varies with different cultures. 身體接觸的適宜性因不同的文化而不同F(xiàn)9 Western women usually like Chinese to touch their bodies or small children. 西方婦女通常喜歡中國人接觸他們的身體或小孩。F10 Seating arrangements reflect culture. Chinese people tend to talk with those opposite them rather than those seated or standing beside them. 座位安排體現(xiàn)文化。中國人傾向于和他們說話，而不是坐在他們旁邊的人VI Comprehension CheckF1.Gender is the cultural meaning of “sex”. 性別是“性”的文化內(nèi)涵F2.Sex and gender are synonymous.同義的性別和性別是同義詞T3.A lady might be feminine, masculine or a combination of both. 一位女士可能是女性，男性或兩者的結(jié)合T4.Women are generally comfortable with building close relationships and confiding to others, while most men are reserved about involvement and disclosure. 女性一般舒適與建筑密切關(guān)系和信任別人，而大多數(shù)人都保留對參與和披露。 F5.Most men use communication to create connection or equality between people. 大多數(shù)人用溝通來建立聯(lián)系或平等的人F6.Women usually use communication to establish status and power. 女性通常使用溝通來確立地位和權(quán)力T7.In feminine culture, communication is a wayprobably the primary wayto express and expand closeness. 在女性文化中，傳播是表達(dá)和擴(kuò)大親密關(guān)系的主要途徑。T8.Masculine socialization stresses doing things and regards action as primary ways to create and express closeness. 男性社會化強(qiáng)調(diào)做事情，把行動視為創(chuàng)造和表達(dá)親密的主要方式。 T9.The first and last principal for effective cross-gender communication is suspending judgment. 有效的跨性別傳播的第一個和最后一個主要是中止判斷。T10.It is difficult but possible to seek translation cues that will facilitate our communication. 這是困難的，但可能尋求翻譯線索，將有利于我們的溝通。T1.The most common problems in cross-cultural negotiations concern (1) rules for conducting business, (2) the selection of negotiators, and (3) methods of decision-making. 最常見的問題，在跨文化談判的關(guān)注（1）的規(guī)則，進(jìn)行業(yè)務(wù)，（2）的選擇，談判，和（3）決策方法。 T2.The Japanese believe that socializing is integral to the negotiation process while the Americans do not think so. 日本人認(rèn)為，社交是談判過程中不可或缺的一部分，而美國人卻不這么認(rèn)為F3.American negotiation team members are usually selected on the basis of their social and professional status. 美國談判團(tuán)隊成員通常在他們的社會和職業(yè)地位的基礎(chǔ)上F4.Like Japanese and Chinese negotiators, a detailed written agreement is not central to the negotiation process in the Middle East, Mexico and France. 與日本和中國的談判人員一樣，在中東、墨西哥和法國的談判進(jìn)程中，有一個詳細(xì)的書面協(xié)議是不一樣的。T5.The British employ a negotiating style similar to that of Americans, but more silence is utilized and they are less egalitarian. 英國人采用了類似于美國人的談判風(fēng)格，但更多的是利用沉默，他們也不太平等。 T6.Germans prefer clear, firm, and assertire expression while the Japanese encourage convert, fragmented expression. 德國人喜歡明確的，堅定的，和assertire表達(dá)而日本鼓勵轉(zhuǎn)換、碎片化的表達(dá)T7.Mexican negotiators prefer the deductive approach. More emphasis is placed on contemplation and intuition. 墨西哥談判者更喜歡演繹的方法。更強(qiáng)調(diào)的是沉思和直覺。F8.The Brazilians do not openly disagree during formal negotiations; they would consider this insulting and embarrassing. 在正式談判中，巴西人不會公開地不同意，他們會考慮這種侮辱和尷尬。T9.Creating a comfortable climate and spending time on the exploratory phase of negotiations are crucial in Middle East and Brazil. 創(chuàng)造一個舒適的氣候和花費時間在談判的探索階段是至關(guān)重要的中東和巴西。F10.Women are frequent participants on a Japanese negotiation team. 女性經(jīng)常參加一個日本談判小組。名詞解釋1 economic globalization(經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化）：the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.2 barter system(物物交換）：exchange without moneyFarming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money.Human society has always traded goods across great distances.3 global village(地球村）：the world form one communityAll the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet.4 melting pot(大熔爐）：a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.5 culture(文化）：can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. 6 cultural diversity(文化融合）：refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.7. Communication(交際）: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.8 intercultural communication(跨文化交際）：communication between people whose cultural backgrounds and distinct(不同） enough to alter（改變） their communicaion。1 Pragmatics（語用學(xué)）: the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.2 Semantics（語義學(xué)）：a system that associates words to meaning. It is the study of the meaning of words.3 Denotation（引申含義）：the literal meaning or definition of a word - the explicit, particular, defined meaning.1 Chronemics（時間學(xué)）：The study of how people perceive and use time.(1) Polychromic Time: paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.(2)Polychronic Time（多元時間觀念）: being involved with many things at once.2 Proxemics（空間學(xué)）：Refers to the perception and use of space.3 Kinetics（身勢學(xué)）:the study of body language.身勢學(xué)4 Paralanguage(副語言)：Involving sounds but not word and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication .1 A planetary culture（行星文化）: integrates Eastern mysticism with Western science and rationalism(理性主義）.2 Intercultural person（跨文化的人）: represents someone whose cognitive(認(rèn)知的）, affective, and behavioral(行為的）characteristics are open to growth beyond the psychological parameters(心理界限）of his or her own culture.High-context cultures（含蓄的文化） assign meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an explicit message. In high-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in communication.Low-context cultures （外向型的文化）exclude many of those stimuli and focus more intensely on the objective communication event, whether it be a word, a sentence, or a physical gesture. In low-context cultures, the message itself means everything.Iculture(個體主義）：1.Freedom to control their won destiny 2.Self-reliance to stand on their own feet 3.Privacy to mind their own business4.Family ties tend to be relatively unimportantWeculture(集體主義）：1.Harmony to strive for the common good 2.Competition is not encouraged 3.Limit rights to property 4.Filial piety(孝順） 5.Inter-dependantPower distance(權(quán)利差距）：describes the distribution(分布） of influence within the culture, the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. Cultures are classified on a continuum(延續(xù)體）of high to low distance, that is hierarchy(等級主義） v.s. egalitarian（平等主義）.Masculine cultures(剛性文化）:These cultures place high values on maculine traits and stress assertiveness, competition and material success.Feminine cultures(柔性文化）：These cultures place high values on feminne traits and stress quality of life, interpersonal relationships and concern for the weak.1. Enculturation(文化習(xí)得): all the activities of learning ones culture are called enculturation9. Acculturation(文化適應(yīng)): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主義): the belief that your own cultural background is superior.11. Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.12. Source交際邀請The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.13.Encoding編碼Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.1.Message編碼信息The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.2.Channel交際渠道The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.3.Noise干擾The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.4.Receiver交際接受The receiver is the person who attends to the message.1.Decoding解碼Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.2.Receiver response接受反應(yīng)The receiver is the person who attends to the message. Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.3.Feedback反饋Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.1.Context場景The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.16. Connotation（內(nèi)涵）：the suggestive meaning of a word - all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a word the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.17. Taboo禁忌語：refers to some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons. 18. Euphemism委婉語：Means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.Strike while the iron is hot 趁熱打鐵 More haste, less speed. 欲速不達(dá)To pass fish eyes for pearls 魚目混珠as stubborn as a mule 犟得像頭牛dumb bell 笨蛋 to fish in the air 水底撈月to drink like a fish 牛飲 as dry as sawdust 味同嚼蠟to be at the end of ones rope 山窮水盡landscape engineer 園林工人 tonsorial artist 理發(fā)師sanitation engineer 清潔工 shoe rebuilder 補(bǔ)鞋匠soft in the head 發(fā)瘋的 reckless disregard for truth 撒謊to take things without permission 偷竊industrial climate 勞資關(guān)系緊張justice has long arms 天網(wǎng)恢恢，疏而不漏 fat office 肥缺diamond cut diamond 棋逢對手 golden saying 金玉良言You will cross the bridge when you get to it船到橋頭自然直better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion 寧為雞頭，勿為牛后tread upon eggs 如履薄冰簡答題9 components of communication（交際的十大要素）source(來源）：the person who desires to encoding(編碼）：the process of putting on idea into a symbolmessage(信息）：identifies the encoding thoughtchannel(渠道）：the means of transmission(傳播途徑）noise(干擾）：anything distorts the messagesreceiver(接受者）：the person who attends to the messagedecoding(解碼）：assigning meaning to the symbols receivedreceiver response(接受者反應(yīng)）：anything the receiver doesfeedback(反饋）：the portion which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaningcontext(場景）：help define(使明確） the communication1.Discuss the four trends that make our world more interdependent.convenient transportation systems(便捷的交通系統(tǒng)） innovative communication systems(革新通信技術(shù)）economic globailzation(經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化）widespread migrations(廣泛的移民)2.What are the three ingredients(組成) of culture?artifacts(the material and spiritual products people produce)behavior(what they do)concepts(共有觀點）(what they think)3.How to understand cultural iceberg? just as an iceberg, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be suspected an imagined. Also like an iceberg, nine-tenth of culture is below the surface4.What are the characteristic(特點） of culture?shared learned(enculuration 文化習(xí)得：learning ones culture) dynamic(動態(tài)的）（accultration文化適應(yīng)：adopts