全新版大學英語筆記Unit8 book1.doc

Detailed ReadingII. Words & Expressionsrun out of: use up or finish a supply of (sth.) - To our disappointment, our car ran out of gas halfway home. - When they ran out of food, the soldiers set about hunting for more. in amazement: with a feeling of great surprise or disbelief- Aunt Sophia gazed at her picture in amazement: she looked like a teenage girl in it. - 當他大聲地與他的朋友交談時，報告廳里所有的人都吃驚地盯著他看。(All the people in the lecture hall stared at him in amazement when he talked loudly with his friend.)upset: vt. 1) make (sb.) worry or feel unhappy.Pattern: be upset by / about - They are terribly upset by the break-up of their parents marriage. - 他為與他妻子爭吵而感到煩惱。(He was upset about the argument he had with his wife.)2) make ill in the stomach- The foreign food upset me / my stomach. 3) knock over, causing confusion- The boy upset the glass of milk. - Her plans were upset by the change in the weather. ignorant: adj. knowing little or nothing- She was ignorant of her husbands illegal activities. Otherwise she would have done everything possible to stop him.Collocation:ignorant about / of在方面無知的 - Some people are ignorant of the facts about global warming. - 我對計算機一竅不通。(Im rather ignorant about computer.)ability: n. power or skill to do, make, or think; talent - We elected him monitor because he had the ability to bring out the best in others. - 雖然這翻譯并不盡善盡美，但他已盡力而為了。(Although his translation is not perfect, he did it to the best of his ability.)- He lost the ability to walk after a car accident.CF: ability, capability & capacity 這三個詞都是名詞，都有“能力”的意思。 ability 含義最廣，指智力（或體力）上的“能力”，主要指人， 說明他能否做一件事，后面接不定式，或介詞 in，for，但不能接 of + doing。 例如：- He shows considerable ability in / for organization. (他頗有組織能力。)此外，該詞用作復數時只能指智力方面的能力。例如：- He has found a job more suited to his abilities. (他找到了一份更適合他能力的工作。)capability 與 ability 互通，也指智力（或體力）上的“能力”，可指人或物，后面接 of + doing 或 for (doing) sth.。例如：- The essay is a proof of the writers capability of using the right word in the right place. (這篇文章證明作者能在適當的地方用適當的字。)NB： 需要注意的是，capability of 后接含有主動意義的動作； capability for 后接含有被動意義的動作。此外，capability 常指天生或潛在的能力，而 ability 常指學到的能力。例如：- He acquired in eight hours the ability to drive a car. (他在八小時內就學會了開汽車。)capacity 主要指能夠容納或吸收的“能力”，可用于人或物。例如：- He has a capacity for mathematics. 他有學數學的能力。（著重腦中的容納力）- The auditorium has a seating capacity of two thousand. (禮堂能容納二千人。)sum up: give a brief summary (of sth.) - My teacher would sum up the main points of the lesson before he ended the class.- Alice summed up her Christmas holidays in one word: “Terrible.” compete: vi. try to be better than (sb. else) - John competed for a place at the school, but he didnt get it.Pattern: compete with / against- The young tennis player has often competed against famous players, but so far he has always been beaten. - 中國正與其他國家競爭國際市場。(China is now competing with other countries for world market.)accumulate: v. collect, or gather together, esp. over a period of time; make or become greater in quantity or size - I have accumulated many books over the last few years. - Dust quickly accumulates if we dont sweep our room. - 他債臺高筑。(His debts accumulated.)Collocation：accumulate a huge mass of data積累大量資料 accumulate experience積累經驗 accumulate a fortune積攢一筆財富 accumulate a good library積聚一大批藏書 CF: accumulate & amass 兩者均可指積聚大量的東西。accumulate 強調經年累月地點滴積累。例如：- Through the years he accumulated sufficient money to buy a farm when he retired. (經過多年積攢，他有了足夠的錢在退休時買下一個農場。)amass 指在較短的時間內積聚到大量東西，尤指為自己而積聚。例如： - He soon amassed sufficient evidence to support his case. (他不久便收集到足夠的證據來為他的案子辯護。)affect: vt. 1) have an influence on - More than seven million people have been affected by the drought. 2) cause feelings of sorrow, anger, love, etc, in (sb.)- 馬丁 路德 金的講演深深打動了聽眾。 (Martin Luther Kings speech deeply affected the audience.)CF: affect , effect & influence 這里這三個詞都作為動詞進行比較。 affect 表示“影響”，以被影響的人或物作賓語。大致可分為兩種情況：1）“使起變化”，沒有好或壞的意思；2）“對發(fā)生不良影響”。例如：- Nothing you say will affect my decision. (無論你說什么都不會影響我的決定。)- The small amount of rain last year affected the growth of crops. (去年雨少影響了莊稼的生長。)effect 表示“產生，招致”或“實現”，以“改進，變化”等類的詞作賓語。例如：- The new hairdo effected a startling change in her appearance. (這新發(fā)式使她的外貌產生了驚人的變化。)influence 指對行為、性格或觀點等產生潛移默化的影響。例如： - Such films have a dangerous influence on children. function: 1. vi. operate; act - 你若不給機器加油，它就運轉不靈。(The machine wont function well if you dont oil it.)- Athens (雅典) functioned as a center of trade in the thirteenth century. 2. n. a usual purpose (of a thing) or special duty (of a person)- The function of an adjective is to describe or add to the meaning of a noun. idle: adj. 1) lazy - The boy is really idle; he just sits around the house all day. 2) not working - Men are left idle when machines break down. 3) of no use - His words were just idle threats; he cant harm us. Collocation：stand / lie idle閑著 - The machinery stood idle for a month. break down: 1) stop working - The elevators in this building are always breaking down. 2) fail - Talks between the two countries broke down when the two sides failed to reach an agreement.3) destroy; reduce or be reduced to pieces - They broke the door down. Collocation：break away逃走，逃脫 break in闖入，強行進入；打斷；插嘴 break into闖入，強行進入 break out逃脫，逃出；突然發(fā)生，爆發(fā) break through突破 break up打碎；結束；解散；（學校）開始放假 drive home: make (sth.) clear so that people understand itPattern: drive sth. home (to sb.) - He drove the point home with another quotation. - 我們必須使他徹底明白困難在哪里。(We must drive home to him where the difficulties lie.)- Peter was lazy. His parents tried to drive home to him the importance of hard work.humble: adj. 1) not proud; modest - Frank strikes me as a very humble person. - 這位醫(yī)生雖然治好了許多人的病，但他對他的工作仍很謙遜。 (The doctor was humble about his work, although he cured many people.)2) low in rank or position; unimportant - Michael started his career as a humble fisherman. - Many famous historical figures came from a humble background.suggestion: n. sth. suggested NB： 該詞后面經常接 by / for 和 that-clause 。在that-clause 中，動詞要用虛擬語氣。- I have lots of suggestions for the parks future. - They didnt like my suggestion that she share the room with her classmate. - At my suggestion we went on a picnic. CF: suggestion, advice & opinion 這三個詞都可譯作“意見”。suggestion 意為“建議”或“意見”，特指為了改進或解決問題而提出的辦法，常帶有“不一定正確，提出供對方參考”的意味。例如：- This is merely a suggestion. 這不過是一點（?。┮庖?。advice 著重提意見的人比對方（或自認為）有更多的經驗知識，因此可用于醫(yī)生給病人的“勸告”，老工人講給新手的“經驗之談”等。該詞有時也用得比較廣泛，凡是與己無關、純粹為了幫助旁人而提出的“意見”都可譯作 advice。例如： - You should follow the doctors advice and give up smoking. (你應該遵從醫(yī)生的意見，停止吸煙。)opinion 指對事物的一般“意見，看法”。例如： - He showed me a poem he had written and asked my opinion about it. (他給我看他寫的一首詩，要我提出意見。)Collocation:advance / make / offer / put forward a suggestion提出建議 ask for / call for / invite suggestions征求建議 act on a suggestion將建議付諸實施 adopt a suggestion采納建議 reject a suggestion拒絕建議 a suggestion about / concerning 一項有關的建議 at sbs suggestion按照某人的建議 search for: look for - Many planes and ships were sent to search the South Sea for the missing Chinese pilot. - 警察正在住宅內搜查一件藏匿的武器。(The police were searching the house for a hidden weapon.)luxury: n. 1) a pleasant thing that is expensive, but not necessary (used as a countable noun)- Champagne is a luxury they can no longer afford. - 我們花不起買奢侈品的錢。(We cant afford to spend money on luxuries.)2) great comfort, as provided by wealth (used as an uncountable noun) - She was brought up in an atmosphere of luxury and wealth. - He took over his fathers company and led a life of luxury. - They wallowed in luxury. (他們沉溺于奢侈的生活中。)Collocation：enjoy (a) luxury享受 afford a luxury買得起奢侈品 pure / sheer luxury絕對的奢侈；十足的享受 unaccustomed luxury罕有的享受 in luxury奢侈地 better off: richer than you were before; more comfortable - 現在，中國人的生活比以前強多了。(Nowadays Chinese people are better off than they used to be.)- Its obvious that those who work hard are better off than those who dont. scared: adj. frightened (often followed by of / to / that-clause) - The lady has always been scared of snakes. - Theyre scared of making a fool of themselves.- 我害怕坐飛機；我怕飛機可能墜毀。(Im scared to fly in a plane. Im scared that it might crash.)complex: adj.1) difficult to understand or explain - Her political ideas were too complex to get support from ordinary people. - The problem was so complex that there would be no easy solution. 2) consisting of many closely connected parts - When I visited Shanghai for the first time I got lost in the rather complex network of roads.adequate: adj. enough (often followed by infinitive to or for) - Is the transport system adequate to deliver the food to remote areas? - Her knowledge of English was adequate for the job.CF: adequate, enough & sufficient 三詞均表示“足夠的”。adequate 指“能夠滿足特定的或最起碼的要求的”。例如：- For the use of beginners, the book is adequate. (對于初學者來說，這本書也夠用了。)enough 指“能夠滿足一種欲望或需要”，比較偏重數量，并可放在所形容的名詞后面。例如： - Are there enough apples for everyone? (蘋果夠所有人吃嗎？)sufficient 具有與 enough 相同的意思，只是更為正式，并較強調程度。 Fill in the blanks with the adequate, enough or sufficient. 1) We havent got sufficient information from which to draw a conclusion.2) The pianist gave an adequate performance.3) There is enough food for six people.4) I hope you will prove adequate to the job.decline: 1. n. a gradual decrease in the quality, quantity, or importance of sth. (followed by in)- Some people are worried that there will be a great decline in the stock market.- Class attendance is in decline recently. Collocation：fall / sink into a decline開始衰落, 衰弱下去； 體力衰退（尤指因患肺病而衰弱）hasten the decline of加速的衰退 on the decline在下降； 在衰退中 2. v. 1) move from a better to a worse position, or from higher to lower- Her power has begun to decline now that she is old. - Because of the measures taken by the new mayor, the crime rate in our city sharply declined in the past two years.2) (fml) refuse, usu. politely- We had to decline their invitation because we had made other plans. - When he asked me to dance, I declined politely. acquire: vt. gain or come to possess by ones own work, skill, action, etc.- He acquired a knowledge of computer by careful study. - 格林先生靠做石油生意發(fā)了一筆大財。(Mr. Green acquired a fortune in the oil business.)astonish: vt. surprise very much; amaze- They were greatly astonished at the extraordinary beauty of the picture. - We were astonished to hear that he had passed his driving test. CF: astonish, amaze, & surprise 這三個詞在表示“使驚異”時，意義相近，一般以事物或人作主語；以人作主語時，一般用被動語態(tài)。它們的主要區(qū)別在于：astonish 特指不可能解釋的事發(fā)生后使人產生較強的驚異感情。astonish 表示驚異的時間較 surprise 長久。例如：- They were astonished at / by the news of his escape. (他們對他逃跑的消息感到吃驚。)amaze 指帶有迷惑或贊美的驚奇，是意義很強的詞。例如： - I was amazed at / by her calmness. 我對她的冷靜感到驚訝。（含有“欽佩”之意）surprise 著重因意外之事或特殊的事而產生的突然反應。例如： - Her frank answer surprised him. (她坦率的回答使他感到驚訝。)make a living by: earn money by (doing sth.) - Many farmers in this area make a good living by growing flowers. - He makes a living by writing. miracle: