專業(yè)英語材料.doc

一、 詞匯中央處理器:cpu(central processing unit)控制單元:control unit寄存器: register算術(shù)邏輯單元:alu(arithmetic and logic unit)基本輸入輸出系統(tǒng):BIOS(basic input/output system)前端總線:fsb(front side bus)操作系統(tǒng): Operating system雙處理器: Dual-processor動態(tài)隨機(jī)訪問存儲器: Dynamic Random Access Memory虛擬存儲器(虛擬內(nèi)存)：virtual memory一級緩存: level 1 cache(primany cache)二級緩存：level 2 cache（secondyary cache）硬件: Hardware主板: Motherboard主機(jī)箱:PC case聲卡:sound card硬盤: Hard disk液晶顯示器:LCD(liquid crystal display)光電鼠標(biāo): Optical Mouse集成設(shè)備電路:IDE(integrated device electronics)電源:prower supply擴(kuò)展卡:expansion card數(shù)碼相機(jī): Digital Camera計(jì)算機(jī)體系結(jié)構(gòu): Computer Architecture并行處理: Parallel processing2的4次方:the 4th power 2二進(jìn)制: Binary八進(jìn)制:octal十進(jìn)制:decimal十六進(jìn)制:hexadecimal擴(kuò)展計(jì)數(shù)法: Extended counting method數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu): Data structures數(shù)據(jù)類型:data type鏈表:linked lists先進(jìn)先出:fifo(first in first out)后進(jìn)后出last in first out根結(jié)點(diǎn):root node數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng):DBMS(data base management system)關(guān)系型數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng):RDBMS(Relational data base management system)多用戶系統(tǒng):multi-user system結(jié)構(gòu)化查詢語言SQL(structured query language)并發(fā)控制: Concurrency Control文件擴(kuò)展名:filename extension文件格式: File format動畫animated motion有損壓縮Lossy compression/lossy codec磁盤存儲器 disc storage紅外發(fā)射機(jī) infrared transmitter轉(zhuǎn)變 convert二、 句子1、 CPU is the abbreviation of central processing unit, and pronounced as separate letters.Cpu是中央處理器的縮寫，每個字母單獨(dú)發(fā)音。2、 The ALU is made up of devices called gates.算術(shù)邏輯運(yùn)算單元是由稱為門的設(shè)備組成。3、 Processor：Short for microprocessor or CPU.處理器是cpu或者微處理器的簡稱。4、 On personal computers and small workstations, the CPU is housed in a single chip called a microprocessor.在個人計(jì)算機(jī)和型工作站上，cpu被集成在一個被稱為微處理器的單獨(dú)芯片里5、 The CPU is the brains of the computer, it is responsible for handling all instructions and calculations it receives from other hardware components in the computer and software programs running on the computer.Cpu猶如計(jì)算機(jī)的大腦。它負(fù)責(zé)處理所有的指令和進(jìn)行計(jì)算，這些指令或者在計(jì)算是該計(jì)算機(jī)的其他硬件的部件或者運(yùn)行在的計(jì)算機(jī)的軟件發(fā)出的。6、 The central processor is where most calculations take place.7、 大部分計(jì)算是在中央處理器進(jìn)行的。8、 Integrated circuit: Another name for a chip, an integrated circuit (IC) is a small electronic device made out of a semiconductor material.集成電路：芯片的別名，由半導(dǎo)體材料制成的小型電子設(shè)備9、 All the information in memory is encoded in fixed size cell called bytes.存儲器上的所有信息都以固定的大小單元為單位進(jìn)行編碼的，這樣的單元被稱為字節(jié)10、 Information is prioritized in terms of importance and stability to determine which form of memory would hold the data. 信息按照重要性和穩(wěn)定性被劃分為不同的優(yōu)先級，這樣做的目的是決定用那種存儲器保存這些數(shù)據(jù)。11、 ROM is sustained by a small long-life battery in your computer.在電腦里只讀存儲器的長時(shí)間運(yùn)行是靠電池支撐的。12、 Each form of memory feeds the CPU at differing speeds and efficiency due to their different technological make up.每種存儲器向cpu提供信息的速度和效率都不一樣，這是由存儲器不同的制作技術(shù)決定。13、 All the elements that make up a PC can be purchased individually.所有的個人電腦組成器件使計(jì)算機(jī)可以單獨(dú)購買14、 Power supply converts 120v ac (standard house power) into DC voltages that are used by other components in the PC.電源把120伏的交流電（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)居民供電）轉(zhuǎn)為直流電壓，供個人電腦的其他部件使用。15、 PC is a system, consisting of many components.個人電腦是由多個組件組成的系統(tǒng)16、 The Von Neumann Architecture bases on three ideas: four subsystems, stored program concept and sequential execution of instructions.馮.諾伊曼體系結(jié)構(gòu)基于三大概念：四大子系統(tǒng)，程序存儲概念和指令的順序執(zhí)行17、 He defined the control organ as that which would automatically execute the coded instructions stored in memory.他把控制器定義為：能夠自動執(zhí)行存儲部件的結(jié)構(gòu)18、 The number system is a way of counting things.數(shù)字系統(tǒng)是一種數(shù)字的計(jì)數(shù)方式19、 Another way to make this clear is to write decimal numbers in expanded notation.另外一種說明的方法是以擴(kuò)展計(jì)數(shù)方法寫出十進(jìn)制數(shù)字20、 The binary number 11010110111 is equal to the octal number _ or hexadecimal number _.二進(jìn)制數(shù)11010110111是八進(jìn)制數(shù)_ 3267 _或十六進(jìn)制數(shù)等于_ 6b7 _21、 Much of programming involves the storage and retrieval of data.許多編程都涉及數(shù)據(jù)存儲和檢索22、 Data structures are an important way of organizing information.數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)是信息存儲的一種重要方式23、 Many of the most efficient algorithms for important problems are based on the use of specific data structure; the efficiency of the algorithm depends on the efficiency of the underlying data structure.重要問題的有效算法大多建立在特定的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)之上，算法的效率依賴于其潛在數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)的效率24、 Basic operations of a stack are push and pop.一個堆棧的基本操作是進(jìn)棧和出棧25、 In handling user requests, the DBMS ensures the integrity of the data and security.在處理用戶請求，數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)，確保數(shù)據(jù)的完整性和安全。26、 Databases are designed to manage concurrency control if the system is shared by multiple users.如果系統(tǒng)被多個用戶使用，數(shù)據(jù)庫能夠執(zhí)行并行控制管理27、 JPEG compression takes advantage of the human eyes inability to see minute change.JPEG壓縮技術(shù)利用了人眼無法看見細(xì)微顏色的特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行變化的28、 Most formats were developed for particular programs , some have become the standards , and a few formats were developed specifically for interchanging files between different programs and computers.29、 期中大部分格式是專門的程序開發(fā)的，一部分格式已經(jīng)成為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式，還有一些格式是專門為不同的程序以及不同的計(jì)算機(jī)之間進(jìn)行文件交換而開發(fā)的。30、 DBMS ensures the integrity of the data.數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)確保數(shù)據(jù)的完整性。31、 There are a large number of formats used for storing digital images.有大量的格式可以存儲數(shù)字圖像32、 Although they contain the complete formatting of the original document , including fonts and images , PDF files are highly compressed , allowing complex information to be downloaded efficiently.33、 雖然PDE文件包含了原始文檔中包括字體和圖像在內(nèi)的全部格式，但是這種文件是經(jīng)過高度壓縮的，因此支持高速下載。1、On personal computers(PC) and small workstations, the CPU is housed in a single chip called a microprocessor.2、Information is prioritized in terms of importance and stability to determine which form of memory would hold the data. 3、He defined the control organ as that which would automatically execute the coded instructions stored in memory. 4、Much of programming involves the storage and _retrieval_ of data. 5、In handling user requests, the DBMS ensures the _integrity_ of the data and security. 6、TIFF is a _flexible_ container format for digital still images. 三、 課外復(fù)習(xí)材料Topic 1: Artificial intelligence (AI) Artificial intelligence (AI) is the field of engineering(工程學(xué)) which builds systems, primarily computer systems, to perform tasks which require intelligence. The key aspects of intelligence around which AI research is usually focused include automated reasoning(推理), decision making, machine learning, machine vision, natural language processing, pattern recognition, planning, problem-solving, and robot control. This field of research has often set itself ambitious goals, seeking to build machines which can out think humans in particular domains(領(lǐng)域) of skill and knowledge, and has achieved some success in this. 人工智能是工程學(xué)的一個領(lǐng)域，它通過搭建系統(tǒng)，主要是計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)，來執(zhí)行需要“智能”的任務(wù)。人工智能研究集中在“智能”的幾個主要方面，包括自動推理、決策、機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)、機(jī)器視覺（計(jì)算機(jī)視覺）、自然語言處理、模式識別、計(jì)劃、問題解決、機(jī)器人控制等等。這一領(lǐng)域的研究常定下遠(yuǎn)大的目標(biāo)，力求制造出能在特定知識技能領(lǐng)域戰(zhàn)勝人類的機(jī)器，并在這方面已取得了一定的成果。Topic 2: CacheThere are two levels of cache: level 1 cache