光纖通信外文資料及翻譯(適用于畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯+中英文對(duì)照).doc

附件 1：外文資料翻譯譯文 光纖通信在配電網(wǎng)自動(dòng)化上的應(yīng)用1 前言廣泛分布的電話主導(dǎo)著通訊網(wǎng)絡(luò)的第一個(gè)階段并貫通了 90 多年。但是，電報(bào)領(lǐng)先于電話 30 多年，打字機(jī)領(lǐng)先于電話半個(gè)世紀(jì)。1844 年，電報(bào)的發(fā)明者，塞繆爾-莫爾斯從華盛頓發(fā)送第一條電報(bào)給他在馬里蘭-巴爾的摩的同事韋爾。1876 年，貝爾發(fā)明電話，之后不久，人們就意識(shí)到有線電話必須集中到一個(gè)中心點(diǎn)上，電話到電話的鏈接才能建立起來。這些點(diǎn)是手動(dòng)開關(guān)板，有值班操作員控制。之后引進(jìn)了機(jī)電開關(guān)，在 1889 年，第一個(gè)雙端可動(dòng)的步進(jìn)交換機(jī)產(chǎn)生。 第二次世界大戰(zhàn)之后，整個(gè)長(zhǎng)途網(wǎng)絡(luò)自動(dòng)化后，自動(dòng)電話進(jìn)入了黃金期。晶體管的發(fā)明推動(dòng)了電子在交換系統(tǒng)中的運(yùn)用，帶來了 20 實(shí)際 50 年代后期第一代電子交換機(jī)的發(fā)展。電子交換機(jī)使設(shè)計(jì)和建成的交換機(jī)擁有更大的容量。 通訊網(wǎng)絡(luò)的第二個(gè)階段發(fā)生在 20 世紀(jì) 60 年代，包含三個(gè)主要的里程碑：軟件，數(shù)字交換，和衛(wèi)星的發(fā)射部署。 通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)的第三個(gè)階段發(fā)生在上世紀(jì) 70 年代，以數(shù)據(jù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和分組交換技術(shù)的引進(jìn)為特征。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)電腦與分組交換網(wǎng)絡(luò)的兼容性，1976 年，國(guó)際電報(bào)電話咨詢委員會(huì)建立了一個(gè)世界標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的協(xié)議，稱為 X.25。這個(gè)階段的通訊網(wǎng)絡(luò)以局域網(wǎng)的引進(jìn)和推廣為特征。1959 年，光纖的產(chǎn)生在光通信領(lǐng)域帶來了跨越式的技術(shù)發(fā)展?？祵幑饫w實(shí)驗(yàn)室發(fā)布第一個(gè)低能耗光纖，可以實(shí)現(xiàn) 20Db/km 損耗。通訊網(wǎng)絡(luò)的第四個(gè)階段開始在上世紀(jì) 80 年代，以綜合業(yè)務(wù)數(shù)字網(wǎng)和移動(dòng)通信的運(yùn)用為特征。 隨著國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和人民生活水平的提高，人們對(duì)電力的需求日益增長(zhǎng)，同時(shí)對(duì)供電的可靠性和供電質(zhì)量提出了更高的要求。配網(wǎng)饋線自動(dòng)化是配網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)提高供電可靠性最直接有效的技術(shù)手段之一。在近幾年國(guó)家加大了對(duì)城網(wǎng)和農(nóng)網(wǎng)的改l造，國(guó)內(nèi)各大供電局對(duì)配電網(wǎng)自動(dòng)化的投入也在加大。在配網(wǎng)自動(dòng)化實(shí)現(xiàn)的過程中，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)通信問題是一個(gè)難點(diǎn)問題。在此，僅就光纖通信在配網(wǎng)自動(dòng)化方面的應(yīng)用談一點(diǎn)認(rèn)識(shí)和體會(huì)。2 配電網(wǎng)自動(dòng)化對(duì)通信的要求 同調(diào)度 SCADA 系統(tǒng)一樣，配電自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)也需要一個(gè)有效的通信網(wǎng)，同時(shí)他有自己的特點(diǎn)：終端數(shù)量極多。配網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)擁有眾多的開閉所、配電變壓器、柱上斷路器，要對(duì)這些設(shè)備進(jìn)行監(jiān)控就需要許多 FTU 和 TTU，同時(shí)這些 FTU 隨配電設(shè)備安裝，地域分布廣，通訊節(jié)點(diǎn)分散。配網(wǎng)自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)的規(guī)模、復(fù)雜程度和自動(dòng)化程度決定了通信系統(tǒng)應(yīng)滿足下述要求：1可靠性： 配網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)的通信設(shè)備有很多暴露在室外，環(huán)境惡劣，因此必須能夠抵御高溫、低溫、日曬、雨淋、風(fēng)雪、冰雹和雷電等自然環(huán)境的侵襲。同時(shí)，盡量避免各種電磁干擾，保證長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)定可靠地工作，并要求在線路停電時(shí)，通信系統(tǒng)仍能正常工作。2經(jīng)濟(jì)性： 考慮到配電網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)的總體經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，通信系統(tǒng)的投資不應(yīng)過大，力爭(zhēng)充分利用現(xiàn)有的主網(wǎng)通信資源，進(jìn)行主、配網(wǎng)整體規(guī)劃，避免重復(fù)投資。3尋址量大： 通信系統(tǒng)不僅要考慮目前及未來的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)男枰?，還要考慮系統(tǒng)升級(jí)的要求。4雙向通信： 配網(wǎng)自動(dòng)化要實(shí)現(xiàn)遙測(cè)、遙信、遙控功能，就必須要求具有雙向通信能力。5容易操作和免維護(hù)。 根據(jù)以上的要求，伴隨著光纖價(jià)格的下降，目前，光纖通信正廣泛地應(yīng)用于電力系統(tǒng)。3 光纖通信 自激光器和低損耗光纖問世以來，光纖通信系統(tǒng)以其技術(shù)、經(jīng)濟(jì)上無可比擬的優(yōu)越性而迅速崛起，并風(fēng)靡全球。該系統(tǒng)是以光纖為傳輸介質(zhì)，以光為載波信號(hào)傳遞信息的通信系統(tǒng)，應(yīng)用的光波波長(zhǎng)為 1.01.m 靘，整個(gè)系統(tǒng)由電端機(jī)、光端機(jī)、l光纜和中繼器構(gòu)成。光纖可分為單模光纖SMF、多模光纖MMF、長(zhǎng)波長(zhǎng)低射散光纖LMF、保偏光纖PMF及塑料光纖POF等很多種；常用的為單模和多模光纖，多模光纖就是傳輸多個(gè)光波模式，而單模光纖只傳輸一個(gè)光波模式。單模光纖比多模光纖傳輸距離長(zhǎng)，目前一般地，光信號(hào)在多模光纖內(nèi)可傳 6km 左右，在單模光纖內(nèi)可傳 30km。因此，單模光設(shè)備的價(jià)格要高于多模光設(shè)備。實(shí)用的光纖通常都是由多根光纖、加強(qiáng)芯、保護(hù)材料、固定材料等組合成光纜構(gòu)成的傳輸線。 光纖 MODEM 可完成光信號(hào)與數(shù)字信號(hào)之間的相互轉(zhuǎn)換。光纖 MODEM 一般有一個(gè)以上的數(shù)據(jù)口用以傳遞同步或異步信號(hào)。通信速率可達(dá)到 2Mbps 或更高，配網(wǎng)常用的通信速率一般為同步 N64K 或異步 19200bps 以下。故足以滿足配網(wǎng)通信的需要。 另外，還有一種光纖 MODEM 具有雙環(huán)自愈功能。這一功能使通信的可靠性大大增強(qiáng)。使通信不受影響，同時(shí)向主站發(fā)出相應(yīng)的告警及定位信號(hào)，使維修人員及時(shí)修復(fù)故障段光纜。4 光纖通信的特點(diǎn) 光纖通信具有通信容量大，衰減小，不怕雷擊，抗電磁干擾、抗腐蝕、保密性好、可靠性高、敷設(shè)方便等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，不過投資費(fèi)用相對(duì)較高，尤其對(duì)于城區(qū)內(nèi)直埋式電纜線路的光纖敷設(shè)，施工費(fèi)用將更大。5 光纖通信在配電網(wǎng)上的實(shí)現(xiàn)方案 光纖通信的組網(wǎng)方式非常靈活，可以構(gòu)架成星型、鏈型、樹狀、網(wǎng)狀、單纖網(wǎng)、雙纖網(wǎng)、環(huán)上多分支、多環(huán)相交、多環(huán)相切等各種拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。 根據(jù)配電自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn)，光纖網(wǎng)通常需組成環(huán)型網(wǎng)，并與計(jì)算機(jī)局域網(wǎng)連接，實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)共享。 實(shí)際工程設(shè)計(jì)中，充分考慮到電力通信專網(wǎng)拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜性，SDH 傳輸系統(tǒng)可以采用多達(dá) 126 個(gè) E12M 口全交叉連接和雙主光環(huán)多光分支的設(shè)計(jì)思想?；緲?gòu)架為 13 個(gè) SDHSTM-1 雙纖自愈環(huán)相交或相切，而且在需要時(shí)，可通過更l換光卡的方式在線升級(jí)為 SDHSTM-4。如果局調(diào)度中心局域網(wǎng)位于網(wǎng)絡(luò)地理中心，建議設(shè)計(jì)為相切環(huán)，以調(diào)度中心為切點(diǎn)；如果局調(diào)度中心局域網(wǎng)偏離網(wǎng)絡(luò)地理中心，建議設(shè)計(jì)為相交環(huán)，由于調(diào)度中心不在交點(diǎn)，為了環(huán)間可靠轉(zhuǎn)接，各環(huán)相交至少兩點(diǎn)，互為保護(hù)路由。6 結(jié)束語 在實(shí)際的配網(wǎng)自動(dòng)化的通信系統(tǒng)，必須構(gòu)建一個(gè)成本低、收效高的雙向通信系統(tǒng)，用可以接受的費(fèi)用在可靠性和信息流量方面提供非常高的性能。同時(shí)，由于配電網(wǎng)自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)所要完成的功能太多而系統(tǒng)復(fù)雜，采用單一的通信系統(tǒng)來滿足所有的功能需要是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的，也是不經(jīng)濟(jì)的。因此，在配電網(wǎng)自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)中，要應(yīng)用多種通信方式，按綜合的經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)指標(biāo)而選取其中最優(yōu)的組合。在電力系統(tǒng)中較常用的通信方式還有一點(diǎn)多址數(shù)字微波、數(shù)傳電臺(tái)、無線擴(kuò)頻、專線電纜、郵電本地網(wǎng)、載波、擴(kuò)頻載波等，可供組網(wǎng)時(shí)選擇。l附件 2：外文原文（復(fù)印件）Optical fiber communication in power distribution automation applications onpaper1 Foreword The first phase in the evolution of communication networks is dominated by thewide spread of telephony and covers over 90 years . However the telegraph preceded thetelephone by more than 30 years and the teletypewriter by half a century . In1844Samuel Morse the telegraphs inventor sent the first telegraph message fromWashington D.C. to his coleague Afred Vail in Baltimore Maryland. Shortly after theinvention of the telephone by Alexander Grahan Bell in 1876 it was realized thattelephone wires had to converge on central points where telephone-to-telephoneconnections could be made .These points were manual switch-boardStaffed by operator .This was followed by the introduction of electromechanicalswitching and in 1889Almond B.Strowger invented the first two-motion step-b-stepswitch. The golden age of automatic telephony occurred after Word War when theentire long-distance network was automated .The invention of the transistor spurred the application ofElectronics to switching systems and led to the deployment of the first electronicswitching in the late 1950s . Electronic switching made it possible to design and buildswitches with greater capacity. The second phase of networking which occurred in the 1960s included three majormilestones:software switching digital transmission and satellite deployment.l The third phase of the evolution of communication networks occurred in the 1970s andis characterized by the introduction of data networks and packer switching technology.To achieve compatibility between computers and packet-switched network theinternational Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee CCITT from the Frenchacronym established a word-standard protocol called X.25 in 1976. This phase ofnetworking is also characterized by the introduction and wide acceptance of local areanetworksLANs. The invention of the laser which stands for light amplification bysimulated emission of radiation in 1959 led to major technical developments in the fieldof optical communication. 1970 Corning Glass Works reported on the first low-lossoptical fiber dopedsilica clad fiber that achieved 20 dB/km loss. The fourth phase of communication networking which began in 1980 ischaracterized by the availability of the integrated services digital networks ISDN andmobile communications. With the development of national economy and peoples living standardsimprove peoples growing demand for electricity while the reliability and powerquality of power supply put forward higher requirements. Feeder Automation isthe reliability of power supply distribution network systems to improve the mostdirect and effective means of technology. Countries has increased in recent yearson the city network and the transformation of rural power network power supplybureaus of the major domestic investment in distribution automation is alsoincreasing. Achieved in the distribution network automation process we foundthat communication problems is a difficult problem. In this just from the fiber-opticcommunication networks in automation applications with little knowledge aboutand experience.2 Distribution Automation requirements for communication SCADA system with the same dispatch distribution automation system alsoneeds an effective communication network and he has his own characteristics:the number of terminals very much. System has a large distribution network bylopening and closing power distribution transformers circuit breakers column tomonitor these devices requires a number of FTU and TTU while the FTU with thepower distribution equipment installation wide geographical distributioncommunication nodes scattered. Distribution automation system size complexity and automation level of thedecision of the communication system should meet the following requirements:1 Reliability:Communications equipment distribution network systems have many exposedoutdoors bad environment so must be able to withstand heat cold sun rainsnow hail and lightning and other natural attacks. Meanwhile try to avoid allkinds of electromagnetic interference to ensure long-term stable and reliablework and asked when the line power failure communication system can still workproperly.2 economy:Taking into account the overall economic power distribution systemcommunication system investment should not be too large and strive to makefull use of the existing main network communication resources for the Lord theoverall distribution network planning avoid duplication of investment.3 addressing large: Communication system not only to consider the present and future data needsbut also consider the upgrade requirements.4 two-way communication:l Distribution network automation to achieve the telemetry remote remotecontrol you must request a two-way communication capabilities.5 easy operation and maintenance. According to the above requirements along with fiber prices down at presentoptical fiber communication systems are widely used in electric power.3 Optical Fiber Communication Since the inception of laser and low loss optical fiber optical fibercommunication system with its technical and economic advantages of the rapidrise of unparalleled and swept the globe. The system is based on optical fiber asthe transmission medium to light as the carrier signal to transmit information incommunication systems applications of light wavelength of 1.0 1.m Jing theentire system from the electrical side machine Optical cable and repeaters pose.Fiber can be divided into single-mode fiber SMF multi-mode fiber MMFlong-wavelength low drive bulk fiber LMF polarization maintaining fiber PMFand plastic optical fiber POF and so are many commonly used for single-modeand multi-mode fiber multimode fiber is more than light transmission mode andsingle-mode fiber transmission of a light wave mode only. Single-mode fibermultimode fiber transmission distance than the length the current general theoptical signal in the multi-mode optical fiber to be available for about 6km thesingle-mode fiber transmission within 30km. Therefore the price of single-modeoptical devices than multi-mode optical devices. Practical optical fibers areusually more to strengthen the core protecting materials fixed materialscombined to form the transmission line cable.lFiber MODEM to be completed by optical signal and digital signal conversionbetween. Fiber MODEM generally have more than one data port to transfersynchronous or asynchronous signals. Communication speed up to 2Mbps orhigher with commonly used network communication rate is generallysynchronous asynchronous 19200bps N 64K or less. It is sufficient to meet theneeds of distribution network communication。 In addition there is a double-loop fiber optic MODEM with self-healing func-tion. This feature greatly enhance the reliability of the communication. the signalis not affected while the main station to send the appropriate alarm andpositioning signals so that maintenance personnel section of cable fault repairtime.4 the characteristics of optical fiber communicationLarge capacity optical fiber communication with the communication theattenuation is small not afraid of lightning anti-electromagnetic interferencecorrosion resistance confidentiality reliability and easy installation but therelatively high investment costs especially for inner city buried cable lines fiberlaying construction costs will be greater.5 optical fiber communication implementations in distribution networksOptical fiber communications network formation is very flexible and can frame intoa star chain tree mesh single fiber network dual-fiber network ringmulti-branch multi-ring intersection tangent and other multi-ring topologynetwork.According to the characteristics of distribution automation systems fiber optic ringnet usually made up of network and computer local area network connectiondata sharing.l She Ji practical engineering the fully take into account the special networktopology power structure of communication complexity SDH transmissionsystems can use up to 126 E1 2M I Quan cross Lian Jie He pairs the mainbranch of halo more than the design of Si Xiang Guang. The basic framework of1 to 3 SDH/STM-1 dual-fiber self-healing intersect or tangent and whennecessary can change the way light card online upgrade SDH/STM-4. If theBureau of the network control center is located in the geographical center of theLAN the proposed design for the t