英美文化概況 名詞解釋 問(wèn)答題.doc

英美文化概況問(wèn)答題以及答案：1. What are the some of the major powers of each of the three branches of the US government? How are the three branches supposed to check and balance each other? Can political reform in China borrow anything from that? 美國(guó)政府三大部門(mén)的一些主要權(quán)利是什么？三大部門(mén)之間如何制約和平衡？中國(guó)的政治改革能否從中借鑒什么？AWhat are the some of the major powers of each of the three branches of the US government?The three branchesthe Legislative, the Executive, headed by the president. And the Judicial, headed by the Supreme Court. The Legislative, including both houses of Congress (the Senate and the House of Representative) 。The legislative branch(立法機(jī)構(gòu)）is the only branch that can make federal laws, levy federal taxes and declare war or put foreign treaties into effect. The Executive, headed by the president. The president can appoint federal judges as vacancies occur, including members of the Supreme Court. All such court appointments are subject to confirmation by the Senate. The president has broad powers, with the executive branch, to issue regulations and directives regarding the work of the federal departments. He is the commander in chief of the armed forces. The judicial branch(司法機(jī)構(gòu)) is headed by the Supreme Court with a chief justice and 8 associate justices. The Federal courts have jurisdiction over cases arising out of the Constitution and other cases which do not arise out of individual states. The Supreme Court has the judicial review power.BHow are the three branches supposed to check and balance each other?System of “checks and balances (制約與平衡的原則)” of the three-part national government works to keep serious mistakes from being made by one branch or another.CCan political reform in China borrow anything from that?China does not make the separation, but can absorb the reasonable factors. The peoples congress system is a basic system suitable to Chinas national conditions. It directly reflects that peoples democratic dictatorship is national nature in our country, reflected the whole picture of our political life and is the basic forms and means for the people to be the masters of democratic rights.(中國(guó)不搞三權(quán)分立，但可以吸收其合理的因素。人民代表大會(huì)制度是比較符合我國(guó)國(guó)情的根本制度，它直接反映我國(guó)人民民主專(zhuān)政的國(guó)家性質(zhì)，體現(xiàn)了我國(guó)政治生活的全貌，是人民實(shí)現(xiàn)當(dāng)家作主的民主權(quán)利的基本形式和途徑)2. “British history is a history of invasion”. Please illustrate this point. How did each of the invasions influence English culture? “英國(guó)的歷史是侵略的歷史”請(qǐng)說(shuō)明這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。每次侵略是如何影響英國(guó)文化的？Before the 1st century AD, be made up of tribal kingdoms of Celtic people凱爾特人1.In 43AD, invaded by the Roman Empire羅馬帝國(guó), and England and Wales (though not Scotland and Ireland) became a part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400years(till the 5th century AD) 2.The Germanic日爾曼人 (the Angles盎格魯人 and the Saxon 撒克遜人) invasion, the Anglo-Saxons either absorbed the Celtic people, or pushed them to the western or northern edges of Britain (Glasgow, Scottish Celts). Anglo-Saxon invaders became the forefathers of the English, the founders of “Angle-land” or “England” as it has become known.3.From the late 8th century on,( till the 10th) raiders from Scandinavia(斯堪的納維亞), the ferocious Vikings(北歐海盜), threatened Britains shores, leading to large areas of northern and eastern England were under their control. (the difference between the northerners and the southerners sophisticated, arrogant, unfriendly and richer) 4.The year of 1066, Norman(諾曼人,from northern France, who were descendents of Vikings) invasion; Under William Normandy (known as “William the Conqueror”征服者威廉一世 ),they crossed the English Channel in 1066, and in the Battle of Hastings, defeated an English army under King Harold(英格蘭最后一位撒克遜民族的國(guó)王). This marks the last time that an army from3In the late 1980s and the early 1990s the world saw great changes. What new strategy did the US form after that? 在1980s末和1990s初世界發(fā)生了巨大的變化。在那之后美國(guó)的新政策是什么？In the late1980s and early 1990s the world witnessed the most remarkable changes since the WWII. The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the change of the color of the Eastern European countries and the disintegration of the SU at the end of 1991 radically changed the balance of power in the world. American strategic planners again brought up the idea of a Plax Americana. Its national strategy was engagement and expansion, which means the US, will take a more active part in world affairs and will more actively promote market economy and American style democracy in the world. What is preemption in the Bush Doctrine? 在布什主義中得到優(yōu)先權(quán)是什么？In an address delivered to the West Point graduates, President Bush, for the first time, put forward the strategy of preemption, which is formalized in the National Security Strategy issued in Sept. 2002.By preemption, the US means that when it determines that a country which is repressive and hostile to the US has acquired or produced weapons of mass destruction or has the potential to possess such weapons, the US should use force to remove this threat to US security and should not wait till the danger becomes imminent or until the Us is attacked. This is known as Bush Doctrine.4. Compare the education system in Britain and that in China. Try to illustrate it specifically.比較英中兩國(guó)的教育體系。盡量列出他們的不同。Receiving education in Britain is kind of welfare, however, that is kind of trade in China. A student in UK will have “Streaming”, national test and GCSE in their studying path, and they have 4 Key Stages. In China, students usually have 3 stagesprimary school, junior high school and senior high school. And the fatal exam “Gaokao”(university entrance exam) will decide their way of life forwards.The chance for a student to get into a university in China is much lower than that in Britain. Only 1 out of 1000 students has the access to university. In China, which decided that the education is a mean of selecting other than a way of exploring students potential.Studying in Britain is tending to think, yet studying in China is tend to recite. As to the course, comparing the three core subjects for a British student-English, Mathematics and Science, the Chinese core subjects are Chinese, Mathematics and English, of which 2/3 are linguistic. While the British are learning science, we spend 1/3 of our time learning their language, which, I think this should explain why we are inferior to British in science.窗體頂端5. What are the major powers of each of the three branches of the US government? How are they supposed to check and balance（制約與平衡） each other？(這兩問(wèn)答案見(jiàn)第一題）What are the advantages of the system? 這種體系的先進(jìn)之處是什么？The separation is to restrict power, avoid the abuse of power, prevent a state organ or personal dictatorship and tyranny, thus ensuring the national political stability.6. Compare the roles of the British queen and the US president. 比較英國(guó)國(guó)王和美國(guó)首相的作用。In UK, the sovereign only has a ceremonial role restricted in exercise of power by convention and public opinion. The British monarch has no real power. The Queen is primarily to symbolize the tradition and unity of the British State.In US, the president is the head of the executive branch(行政機(jī)構(gòu)) , who is elected to a four-year term and can be elected to only two terms .The powers of the presidency are formidable but with limitations. The president, as the chief formulator of public policy, often proposes legislation to Congress. The president can also veto any bill passed by Congress. The president can appoint federal judges as vacancies occur, including members of the Supreme Court. All such court appointments are subject to confirmation by the Senate. The president can issue regulations and directives regarding the work of the federal departments. He is the commander in chief of the armed forces and is primarily responsible for handling foreign relations.7. How do you understand that Britain has a “special relationship” with the US? 如何理解英國(guó)與美國(guó)有著特殊的關(guān)系？During World War II, the two countries were closely allied and continued to work together closely in the postwar year. Even today, British and American policy-makers share the general ideas in many respects. However, Britains “special relationship” with the USA has gone through ups and downs (the 1956 Suez Crisis). The British began to realize that their own foreign policy actions can be limited by the United States. But both sides have worked hard to maintain the “special relations”. Britain is described as an outpost(atpost 前哨, 哨兵, 哨站 )of an American-dominated military bloc. 集團(tuán)；聯(lián)盟 There are 63 American military bases 基地under American control in Britain.8. Please introduce the undergraduate curriculum and graduate study in American higher education. What can be the borrowed by us from that to improve the curriculum in Chinese Universities? 請(qǐng)介紹美國(guó)高等教育中本科課程與畢業(yè)生教育。我們應(yīng)該從中借鑒哪些去提升中國(guó)大學(xué)的課程？In America, the undergraduate curriculum is basically divided into three categories: the General Education, Major/Minor and Free Elective (Free Elective). In the first two years, every student has to take some courses (such as world history, writing, math or research). In the third year, each student must choose professional courses. At the same time, they can also choose courses which interest them, such as sports, music, dance and drama classes. This is called free elective. 至于研究生教育有何不同，自己總結(jié)，另外What can be the borrowed by us from that to improve the curriculum in Chinese Universities?自己總結(jié)9. How did the English Parliament come into being? 英國(guó)議會(huì)如何開(kāi)始的？The word “parliament” comes from the verb “to parley”, that is to discuss or talk. The term was first used officially in 1236 to describe the gathering of feudal barons and representatives from counties and towns which the king occasionally summoned if he wanted to raise money.Parliament a place for argument and debateBefore the 13 the century Kings CouncilIn the 14 the century Lords and CommonsBefore the 17 the century ruled by the KingIn 1688 “Bill of Rights” shifting of the power from the monarch to parliament.Strictly speaking, the Parliament today consists of the Queen, and the two Houses. Since the British monarch has no real power, why do the English want to remain it? 嚴(yán)格的說(shuō)，今天的議會(huì)由國(guó)王和兩個(gè)議會(huì)組成。既然英國(guó)君主沒(méi)有真正的權(quán)利，為什么英國(guó)還要保留呢？Because the British monarch is the living symbol of national unity, demonstrating stability and continuity, embodying the development of English history, so the English want to remain it.10. Compare the roles of the British Queen and the American President. (該題目答案見(jiàn)同第六題答案）Who has more powers in your opinion? Illustrate your point with examples. 在你看來(lái)誰(shuí)有更多的權(quán)利？列舉出你的觀點(diǎn)（該題目自由發(fā)揮）11. How did the Cold War begin? 冷戰(zhàn)如何開(kāi)始的？By the end of WWII, The United States, which had not suffered as much as other allied countries, became the strongest country in the world. As the sole possessor of atomic bombs and much of the worlds gold reserve and industrial production in its hand, the planners of the United States wanted a world order dominated by the United States, a world market which was free and open to American goods and services and more and more countries modeling on American intuition and values. In pursuing this goal, the US encountered determined resistance from the Soviet Union .Gradually ,the two wartime allies, fell apart and the Cold War began to unfold in Europe.What role did the US play in this? 美國(guó)在其中發(fā)揮著什么作用？They were the 2 super powers of the world- and both were fighting for the top spot. The USSR represented the Communist Nations (most of which were the USAs enemies) so we could not, as a Democratic nation, let them be more powerful (at risk of showing weakness to the rest of the world). The USSR had opposing views to the USA.12. What are the two political parties in the United States? Do you think they are fundamentally different? 美國(guó)的兩大政黨是什么？你認(rèn)為他們的根本不同是什么？The United States has two major political parties. One is the Democratic Party, which is thought to be more liberal and the symbol of which is the donkey. Democrats regard Thomas Jefferson as the founder of the party.The other is the Republican Party, which is believed to be more conservative and the symbol of which is the elephant.Although Republicans place more emphasis on private enterprise and often accuse the Democrats of making the government too expensive and of creating too many laws that harm individual initiative, they are not fundamentally different.名詞解釋?zhuān)?.The Functions of Parliament(議會(huì)的功能): The functions of the British Parliament are to pass laws, to vote for taxation, to scrutinize（仔細(xì)審查） government policy, administration and expenditure（花費(fèi)使用）and to debate the major issues of the day.2.The four invasions in the history of Britain（英國(guó)歷史上4次入侵）:The 1st Invasion: Roman Britain，The Second Invasion: Anglo-Saxon InvasionThe Third Invasion: Viking Invasion (8001066)The Fourth Invasion: Norman Conquest3.The containment policy（遏制政策）: Apart from the arms race, the US put into effect the containment policy in the late 1940s. In 1948, President Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine (杜魯門(mén)主義)，which is generally regarded as the formal announcement of the implementation of containment. By containment the US meant that it would use whatever means, including military force, to prevent the SU from breaking out of its sphere of influence.4.The Servicemens Readjustment Act（軍人的重調(diào)法案）:It was passed in 1944, soon popularly called the “GI Bill of Rights”. GI was a nickname for the American soldier. This nickname is a short name of “Government Issue”. The Act promised financial aid, including aid for higher education to members of the armed forces. 5.Grammar School（文法學(xué)校）:It is a type of secondary schools in Britain. Grammar Schools select children at the age 11, through an examination called “the 11-plus”. Those children with the highest marks go to grammar schools. These schools lay emphasis on advanced academic subjects rather than the more general curriculum of the comprehensive schools and expect many of their pupils to go on to universities.6.Declaration of Independence（獨(dú)立宣言）:The Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Congress on July 4th, 1776, when the people of 13 English colonies in North America were fighting for their freedom and independence from the British colonial rule. It declared that all men were equal and they were entitled to have some unalienable rights such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. It also explained the philosophy of government: the powers of governments came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governments was to secure the rights mentioned above. The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainly came from John Locke. 7.Comprehensive schools（綜合學(xué)校）:Comprehensive schools are the most popular secondary schools in Britain today. Such schools admit students without reference to their academic abilities and provide a general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subjects to more general subjects like cooking.8.The Bill of Rights (US)（權(quán)利法案）:The Bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791. The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.9.Puritanism（清教主義）:Puritans were those who followed the doctrine of John Calvin and wanted to purify the Church of England. They believed that human beings were predestined by God before they were born. Some were Gods chosen people while others were damned to hell. No church or good words could save people. The sign of being Gods elect was the success in his work or the prosperity in his calling. They also argued that everyone must read the Bible in order to find Gods will and establish a direct contact with God. These beliefs had great impact on American culture.10.The Making of Britains Foreign Policy（英國(guó)的外交政策的標(biāo)志）:The general direction of Britains foreign policy is mainly decided by the Prime Minister and Cabinet. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, the main government department, plays a significant role in the making of Britains foreign policy. Many other government ministers such as the Ministry of Defense also play a part in formulating and carrying out the governments decisions. But an extremely influential play in Britains foreign policy is the Treasury, which makes decision on how much money other departments can have each year.11.A federal system（一個(gè)聯(lián)邦制度）:A federal system means that power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each. The central government for the nation alone has the power to answer questions that affect the nation as a whole. Below the central government, the state and local governments has separate and distinct power laid down in the Constitution.12.The Anglo-Saxons（盎格魯撒克遜人）:They were groups of Germanic peoples who settled down in England from the 5th century. They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.13.The three traditions of Christmas in Britain（三圣誕節(jié)在英國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)）同18T14.The Strategy of Preemption（有優(yōu)先權(quán)的戰(zhàn)略）: In an address delivered to the West Point graduates, President Bush, for the first time, put forward the strategy of preemption. By preemption, the US means that when it is determined that a country which is repressive and has acquired or produced weapons of mass destruction or has the potential to have such weapons, the US should use force to remove this threat to the Us security and should not wait till the danger becomes imminent or until the US is attacked. This has come to be known as the Bush doctrine.15.The House of Commons（下議院）:The House of Commons is the real center of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives (Members of Parliament) make and debate policy. These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent