中考英語總復(fù)習(xí)之動(dòng)詞不定式-詳解與練習(xí).doc

概念：動(dòng)詞不定式由to+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。這里的to是不定式標(biāo)志，沒有詞義。不定式具有名詞、形容詞或副詞的某些語法功能，又有動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的特點(diǎn)及作用。 可以做主語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、表語、定語、狀語。一、作主語動(dòng)詞不定式作主語時(shí)，句子的謂語動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)，其位置有以下兩種： (1)把不定式置于句首。如： To get there by bike will take us half an hour. (2)用it作形式主語，把真正的主語不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如： Itbe名詞to do Its our duty to take good care of the old. It takes sb+some time+to do How long did it take you to finish the work? Itbe形容詞bto do It is difficult for us to finish for swriting the composition in a quarter of an hour. 在句型中，常用表示客觀情況的形容詞，如：easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,better; the first,the next,the last,the best,too much,too little,not enough Itbe形容詞of sbto do It is stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says. 在句型中，常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wiserude,clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless（欠考慮的；不考慮的）,brave,considerate(考慮周到的), selfish(自私的)等 表示贊揚(yáng)或批評(píng)的詞。在不定式前的sb，可看作其邏輯主語。這一句式有時(shí)相當(dāng)于Sb is形容詞to do句式 ，如：Its kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to help me with my English.It seems(appears)形容詞to do It seemed impossible to save money. It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西，這顯得太自私了。 注意：1) 其他系動(dòng)詞如，look，appear等也可用于此句型 2) 不定式作為句子主語時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。 3) 當(dāng)不定式作主語的句子中又有一個(gè)不定式作表語時(shí)，不能用It is to的句型 對(duì)應(yīng)性：To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。 二、作賓語1) 以下動(dòng)詞后，只能跟不定式作賓語 afford （付得起），agree（同意），aim(力求做到), appear（顯得），arrange（安排），ask（要求），attempt （試圖），care（想要），choose（決定），claim（聲稱），condescend（屈尊），consent（準(zhǔn)許），decide（決定），demand（要求），determine（決心），endeavor（竭力），expect（期待），fail（未履行），help（幫助），hesitate（猶豫），hope（希望），learn（學(xué)會(huì)），manage（設(shè)法），neglect（疏忽），offer（主動(dòng)提出），plan（計(jì)劃），prepare（準(zhǔn)備），pretend（假裝），proceed（接著做），promise（答應(yīng)），prove（證明），refuse（拒絕），resolve（解決），seem（覺得好像），swear（發(fā)誓），tend（往往會(huì)），threaten（威脅），undertake（承諾），volunteer（自愿做），vow（發(fā)誓），want（想要），wish（希望） 舉例： The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司機(jī)沒能及時(shí)看見另一輛車。 I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。 2） 動(dòng)詞+疑問詞+ 不定式 decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell Please show us how to do that. 請(qǐng)演示給我們?nèi)绾稳プ觥?There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind which to buy.有這么多的錄音機(jī)，我都拿不定主意買哪一種。 注意:疑問詞帶不定式在句中作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 The question is how to put it into practice. 問題是怎樣把它付諸實(shí)施。 3)當(dāng)復(fù)合賓語中的賓語是不定式時(shí)，先用形式賓語it代替不定式，把不定式置于補(bǔ)語之后，即：主語動(dòng) 詞it補(bǔ)語to do句式。如： We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well. He feels it his duty to help the poor. I find it difficult to learn English well. 三、作補(bǔ)語1) 動(dòng)詞+賓語+不定式(to do) adviseallowbelievecausechallengecompel（強(qiáng)迫, 使不得不）declareencourageforbidforcefindhireinduce（引誘, 勸導(dǎo)） instruct（命令, 指示）invitelikeorderpermitpersuaderemindrequestrequireselectsendsupposetelltrainurge（催促，鼓勵(lì)） 例句： a.Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父親不讓我們?cè)诮稚贤嫠！?b.We believe him to be guilty. 我們相信他是有罪的。 find 的特殊用法： find 后可用分詞做賓補(bǔ)，或先加形式賓語，再加形容詞，最后加帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式。find后也可帶一個(gè)從句。此類動(dòng)詞還有g(shù)et，have。 I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn. I found that to learn English is important. 典型例題: The next morning she found the man _ in bed，dead. A. lyingB. lieC. layD. laying 答案：A. find的賓語后面，用分詞或分詞短語，起賓語補(bǔ)足語作用?，F(xiàn)在分詞表達(dá)主動(dòng)，也表達(dá)正在進(jìn)行，過去分詞表達(dá)被動(dòng)。 lie: 躺 過去式 lay,過去分詞 lain , 現(xiàn)在分詞 lying;lie: 說謊 過去式 lied,過去分詞 lied , 現(xiàn)在分詞 lying;lay:安放 過去式 laid,過去分詞 laid, 現(xiàn)在分詞 laying;2) to + be 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，作補(bǔ)語的動(dòng)詞。 Acknowledge 承認(rèn), 供認(rèn),believe,consider,think,declare(聲稱),discover, fancy(設(shè)想),feel，find,guess,judge,imagine,know,prove,see(理解), show,suppose,take(以為),understand We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 我們認(rèn)為湯姆是班上最好的學(xué)生之一。 3) to be +形容詞 Seem,appear,be said,be supposed,be believed,be thought,be known,be reported,hope, wish,desire,want,plan,expect,mean The book is believed to be uninteresting. It is believed that人們認(rèn)為這本書沒什么意思。 有些動(dòng)詞需用as 短語做補(bǔ)語，如regard, think believe, take, consider. We regard Tom as our best teacher.我們認(rèn)為湯姆是我們最好的老師。 Mary took him as her father .瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親。 四、作表語不定式作表語表示具體動(dòng)作或?qū)韯?dòng)作；動(dòng)名詞作表語表示抽象的一般行為。 To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter. What I would suggest is to put off the meeting. 當(dāng)主語和表語都是不定式時(shí)，其含義一是條件，一是結(jié)果（例）。當(dāng)主語是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等為中心詞的名詞詞組（例）時(shí)，或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性分句（例），不定 式說明主語的內(nèi)容。 Our work is serving the people. What he likes is taking a walk after supper. The story told by Mr Wang is interesting. 句動(dòng)名詞作表語，與主語部分可以轉(zhuǎn)換，如Serving the people is our work,而句中是現(xiàn)在分詞作 表語，說明主語的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)，現(xiàn)在分詞具有形容詞的各種特征，另外，動(dòng)名詞作表語還應(yīng)與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)區(qū)別開 來。 五、作狀語1）目的狀語 To only to (僅僅為了),in order to,so as to,so(such) as to (如此以便) He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。 I come here only to say good-bye to you.我來僅僅是向你告別。 2）作結(jié)果狀語，表事先沒有預(yù)料到的，要放在句子后面。 He searched the room only to find nothing. 3)表原因 Im glad to see you. 典型例題 The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to _. A. sitB. sit onC. be seatD. be sat on 答案：B.如果不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞，其后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。當(dāng)動(dòng)詞與介詞連用時(shí)，常位于形容詞+動(dòng)詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的末尾。 The water is too cold to drink.(不用被動(dòng))六、作定語不定式作定語 不定式在句中作定語，置于被修飾的名詞或代詞之后。如： The next train to arrive is from Washington. Do you have anything to be taken ( to take)to your sister? Do you have anything to say on the question? Would you please give me some paper to write on? My wish to visit France has come true at last. 不定式短語作定語和被修飾詞之間表示以下關(guān)系： (1)表示將來的動(dòng)作（例）。 (2)與被修飾詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，如是不及物動(dòng)詞，則需加介詞（例）。 (3)與被修飾詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，同時(shí)與句中其它詞之間又有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，盡管有被動(dòng)含義，卻仍 用主動(dòng)語態(tài)（例）；如只有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，而無邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，則需用被動(dòng)語態(tài)（例）。 (4)不定式作定語時(shí)，一般可轉(zhuǎn)換為定語從句，例to arrive=that will arrive。 七省to 的動(dòng)詞不定式介紹1） 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 ( 除ought 外，ought to意思是應(yīng)該，是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，只有一種形式，后邊接動(dòng)詞不定式，to不能省略。ought to沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，后接動(dòng)詞原形可以表示現(xiàn)在、將來或過去將來，由時(shí)間狀語或上下文決定。例如： They ought to come tomorrow.他們明天應(yīng)當(dāng)來)： 2） 使役動(dòng)詞 let, have, make： 3） 感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補(bǔ)，省略to。 注意：在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中則to 不能省掉。 在使役動(dòng)詞中g(shù)et除外(get sb. to do sth.) I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night. =They were made to work the whole night. 4） 表示個(gè)人意愿或傾向的would rather，had better，might(just) as well：rather than置于句首時(shí)。 Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bike. 5） Why / why not： 6） help 可帶to，也可不帶to, help sb (to) do sth： 7） but和except：but前是動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，后面出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。 8） 由and, or和than連接的兩個(gè)不定式，第二個(gè)to 可以省去： 9） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞后，可以省去to be： He is supposed (to be) nice.他應(yīng)該是個(gè)好人。 10）but作介詞，后接不定式結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，前面謂語動(dòng)詞部分若含有do的形式時(shí)，but后的不定式要省去to，否則要帶to。 He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 11）當(dāng)兩個(gè)或多個(gè)不定式短語由連詞and，but或or連接時(shí)，后一個(gè)或幾個(gè)不定式符號(hào)to常省略。但若表示對(duì)比、對(duì)照關(guān)系時(shí)，則不能省略。 He wants to move to France and marry the girl. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, .not to make it more difficult. 12）不定式做表語時(shí)，一般要帶to，但若主語部分中含有do的各種形式時(shí)，符號(hào)to可省去。 Weve missed the last bus.All we could do now is walk home. 典型例題1) - I usually go there by train. - Why not _ by boat for a change? A. to try goingB.trying to goC.to try and goD.try going 答案：D. why not 后面接不帶to 的不定式，因此選D。 2） Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learnB. to learnC. learnedD. learning 答案：B. make后接不帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式，當(dāng)其用于被動(dòng)時(shí)，to 不可省略。 13，在口語中,為避免重復(fù),常用to代替不定式結(jié)構(gòu),有時(shí)甚至可以把to省略.如: -Did you go to visit the Great Wall -No, I wanted to, but there wasnt enough time.動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式.not to do.Tell him not to shut the window She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走過的時(shí)候，她假裝沒看見。 典型例題 1）Tell him _ the window. A. to shut notB. not to shutC. to not shut D. not shut 答案：B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式為tell sb not to do sth. 2)She pretended _ me when I passed by. A.not to seeB. not seeingC. to not see D.having not seen 答案：A。 pretend 后應(yīng)接不定式。其否定形式為pretend not to do sth.。 3）Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking. A. never to driveB. to never driver C. never drivingD. never drive 答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式為warn sb not to do sth. 此處用的是否定詞never. 4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him _. A. not toB. not to doC. not do it D. do not to 答案：A。not to 為not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to這個(gè)詞，而不必重復(fù)整個(gè)不定式詞組。及物動(dòng)詞do后應(yīng)有名詞、代詞等，否則不對(duì)，因此B，D不對(duì)。 5) The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation. A. to eat noB. eating notC. not to eat D. not eating 答案：C。warn一詞要求后用不定式，此處為不定式的被動(dòng)，否定形式為be warned not to do。 八、不定式的特殊句型不定式的特殊句型so as to 1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。 Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 湯姆對(duì)事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。 Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 輕點(diǎn)進(jìn)去，別驚醒了嬰兒。 2)so kind as to -勞駕 Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 勞駕，現(xiàn)在幾點(diǎn)了。 2、 Why not +動(dòng)詞原形表達(dá)向某人提出建議 為什么不? 干嗎不? 例如： Why not take a holiday? 干嗎不去度假? 3、Its for sb.和 Its of sb.1）for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn)，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult,interesting, impossible等： Its very hard for him to study two languages. 對(duì)他來說學(xué)兩門外語是很難的。 2）of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。 Its very nice of you to help me. 你來幫助我，你真是太好了。 for 與of 的辨別方法： 用介詞后面的代詞作主語，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語，造個(gè)句子。如果道理上通順用of，不通則用for。如： You are nice.(通順，所以應(yīng)用of)。 He is hard.(人是困難的，不通，因此應(yīng)用for。) 4、不定式的特殊句型tooto1）tooto太以至于 He is too excited to speak. 他太激動(dòng)了，說不出話來。 - Can I help you ? 需要我?guī)兔? - Well, Im afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.不用了。這箱子太重，恐怕你搬不動(dòng)。謝謝您。 2) 如在too前有否定詞，則整個(gè)句子用否定詞表達(dá)肯定， too 后那個(gè)詞表達(dá)一種委婉含義，意 為不太。 Its never too late to mend.(諺語) 改過不嫌晚。 3)當(dāng)too 前面有only, all, but時(shí)，意思是：非常 等于very。 Im only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高興能幫助你。 He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。動(dòng)詞不定式的to與介詞的to區(qū)別to 有兩種用法： 一為不定式+動(dòng)詞原形； 一為介詞+名詞/動(dòng)名詞, to 在下面的用法中是介詞，即to+ 名詞/動(dòng)名詞： admit to承認(rèn)，confess to承認(rèn)，be accustomed to 習(xí)慣于，be used to 習(xí)慣于， stick to 堅(jiān)持， turn to開始，著手于， devote oneself to 獻(xiàn)身于，be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望，pay attention to 注意 ，contribute to, object to介詞but,except,besides+to do(do) 在這種句型中，如介詞前有動(dòng)詞do，后面應(yīng)接不帶to的不定式；如無do，則接to不定式，即帶do不帶to， 帶to不帶do。如： The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in. On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV. 九、動(dòng)詞不定式與動(dòng)名詞區(qū)別與聯(lián)系1 動(dòng)名詞與不定式的區(qū)別：動(dòng)名詞表達(dá)的是： 狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)，心境，抽象，經(jīng)常性，已發(fā)生的不定式表達(dá)的是： 目的，結(jié)果，原因，具體，一次性，將發(fā)生的 2 接不定式或動(dòng)名詞，意義相同3)在下列情況下，一般要用不定式： hate,like,love前有would(should)時(shí)，如：Id like to have a cup of coffee. 當(dāng)謂語動(dòng)詞begin,continue,start等是進(jìn)行式時(shí)，如：The students are starting to work on the difficult maths problem. begin,continue,start與know,understand等狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用時(shí)，如：I soon began to understand what was happening. advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等動(dòng)詞后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語，或帶不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。如： Our teachers dont permit our/us swimming in the lake. Our teachers dont permit us to swim in the lake. 4） 部分動(dòng)詞后接不定式或動(dòng)名詞時(shí)，意義差別較大，應(yīng)根據(jù)句子語境選擇使用。 forget,remember,regret后接不定式，表示現(xiàn)在或未來的動(dòng)作，接動(dòng)名詞表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生。如： Dont forget to post the letter for me. Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport? Remember to close the windows before you leave. I remember writing him a letter a year ago. We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting. They regretted ordering these books from abroad. 動(dòng)名詞與不定式語義不同的有11 組1stop to do/stop doing 2 forget to do/forget doing 3remember to do/remember doing 4 regret to do/regret doing 5cease to do(長時(shí)間，甚至永遠(yuǎn)停止)/cease doing（短時(shí)間） 6 try to do（盡力）、try doing（嘗試） 7go on to dogo on doing 8 afraid to do不敢去做某事afraid of doing 一向害怕做某事，表示習(xí)慣9interested to do對(duì)某事感興趣，想了解、 interested doing 對(duì)某種想法感興趣10 mean to do打算、mean doing 意味11 begin/ start to dobegin/ start doing 十，動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài),語態(tài) (1)時(shí)態(tài) 一般式:動(dòng)詞不定式一般式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之后,有時(shí)表示同時(shí)發(fā)生.如: I hope to become a university student this year.(to become發(fā)生在hope之后) We often hear Dick play the piano in the next room.(play和hear同時(shí)發(fā)生) 完成式:表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前.如: Im sorry to have kept you waiting. We are too young to have seen the old society. 進(jìn)行式:表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生.如: The teacher happened to be correcting our papers when I came in. They seemed to be discussing something important. (2)語態(tài) 如果動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語是這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者,不定式一般要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式.如: Its a great honour to be invited to Marys birthday party.(不定式作主語) It was impossible for lost time to be made up.(不定式作主語) I wish to be sent to work in the country.(不定式作賓語) Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired (不定式作定語) He went to the hospital to be examined.(不定式作狀語) 在There be結(jié)構(gòu)中,修飾主語的不定式可用被動(dòng),也可用主動(dòng).如:There are still many things to take care of (to be taken care of).但有時(shí)兩種形式表達(dá)的意思不同,如:These is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.) 不定式完成進(jìn)行式與完成被動(dòng)式的用法一、不定式被動(dòng)式的用法不定式到底用主動(dòng)形式還是被動(dòng)形式，往往取決于句子的意思，即意思上為主動(dòng)就用主動(dòng)形式，意思上為被動(dòng)就用被動(dòng)形式： Did it need to be done so soon? 這事需要這么快就做嗎? She cant bear to be laughed at. 她受不了被人嘲笑。 There was business to be taken care of. 有生意要人管理。 It remains to be seen whether you are right. 你是否正確，以后見分曉。 There was a lot of rubbish to be got rid of. 有大量垃圾需要扔掉。 二、不定式完成被動(dòng)式的用法不定式的完成被動(dòng)式表示發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作： Im pleased to have been given this opportunity. 給了我這次機(jī)會(huì)我很高興。 Its said to have been built in the Ming dynasty. 據(jù)說它是明朝修建的。不定式完成式的三種用法一、表示發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前的動(dòng)作He seems to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。 I hate to have quarreled with her. 我后悔和她吵架了。 I believe it to have been a mistake. 我相信這是一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。 You appear to have travelled quite a lot. 你似乎作過多次旅行。 Im sorry to have given you so much trouble. 對(duì)不起給了你這么多麻煩。 Its said to have been built in the Ming dynasty. 據(jù)說它是明朝修建的。 二、表示在某個(gè)給定的時(shí)間之前已完成的動(dòng)作I hope to have finished the work by now. 我希望現(xiàn)在以前已完成這項(xiàng)工作。 三、表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法和愿望I should like to have come earlier. 我本想早點(diǎn)來的。 We were to have been married last year. 我們本來打算去年結(jié)婚的。實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練 1. The patient was warned _oily food after the operation. A. to not eat B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating2._in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose3.I would love _to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B having gone C. going D. to have gone4.The Olympic Games, _in 776BC, did not include women players until 1912. A. first played B. to be first played C. first playing D. to be first playing5.Cleaning women in big cities usually get _by the hour. A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay6.European football is played in 80 countries, _it the most popular sports in the world. A. making B. makes C. made D. to make 7.Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in.A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying8.When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door, _”Sorry to miss y0u; will call later” A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading 9.The purpose of new technology is to make life easier, _it more difficult.A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make10.Ive worked with children before, so I know what _in my job. A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects11.The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _the next year. A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out12. The picture_ on the wall is painted by my nephew. A. having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung13. A _ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the oper