直譯與意譯,歸化與異化.doc

直譯與意譯，歸化與異化直譯與意譯之爭中國漢唐時期的“文”與“質(zhì)”之爭（實際上是意譯與直譯之爭） 主張“文”的翻譯家強調(diào)翻譯的修辭和通順強調(diào)譯文的可讀性（意譯）；主張“質(zhì)”的翻譯家則強調(diào)翻譯的不增不減，強調(diào)翻譯的忠實性（直譯，甚至是硬譯）。兩者都有片面性。 literal translation, generally speaking, means “not to alter the original words and sentences”; strictly speaking, it strives “to keep the sentiments and style of the original”. It takes sentences as its basic units and takes the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translation. Furthermore, it strives to reproduce both the ideological content and the style of the original works and retains as much as possible the figures of speech.Free translation, also called liberal translation, is an alternative approach which is used mainly to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figure of speech. This approach is most frequently adopted when it is really impossible to translate the original literally. 直譯與意譯直譯：literal translation；意譯：free translation直譯的例子：crocodile tears 鱷魚的眼淚；armed to the teeth 武裝到牙齒；chain reaction 連鎖反應；gentlemens agreement 君子協(xié)定one country, two systems 一國兩制；The three religions and the nine schools of thought 三教九流； paper tiger 紙老虎；Breathe ones last 斷氣；go to ones external rest 安息；the long sleep 長眠；see Marx 見馬克思；go west 上西天；go to heaven 上天堂；blow out the candles 吹燈拔蠟；kick the bucket 蹬腿You can kick everything but you can not kick the bucket直譯不等于死譯(dead translation):街道婦女應動員起來打掃衛(wèi)生。Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning.“In the street” should be replaced by “in the community”.她一大早起床，進城，見到了她的公爹：She got up early, went to the town and saw her public father. Public father should be father in law.意譯的例子：It rains cats and dogs / at sixes and sevens /Adams apple句子比較：Little fish does not eat big fish直譯：小魚不吃大魚；意譯：胳膊擰不過大腿試譯：天有不測風云，人有旦夕禍福直譯：Storms gather without warning in nature and bad luck befalls men overnight.意譯：The weather and human life are both unpredictable更多練習：But I hate him, and I had a feeling that he would surely lead us both to our ancestor. Dont get cross the bridge till you get to it.Do you see any green in my eye?你覺得我幼稚可欺嗎？ 這句話帶有反問語氣，關(guān)鍵在于“green”。此處“green”不是綠色的，而是指“缺少經(jīng)驗的，幼稚的，好欺負的”。 Hitler was armed to the teeth when he launched the Second World War, but in a few years , he was completely defeated. 希特勒在發(fā)動第二次世界大戰(zhàn)時是武裝到牙齒的，可是不過幾年，就被徹底擊敗了。雙語轉(zhuǎn)換模式契合式：概念（深層結(jié)構(gòu)）對應，表達形式（表層結(jié)構(gòu)）大體對應；并行式：概念（深層結(jié)構(gòu)）并行，表達形式（表層結(jié)構(gòu)）大體并行；沖突式：概念（深層結(jié)構(gòu)）相左，表達形式（表層結(jié)構(gòu)）不同；替代式：概念（深層結(jié)構(gòu)）替代，表達形式（表層結(jié)構(gòu)）替代；結(jié)論直譯意譯相互關(guān)聯(lián)，相互補充EX.Youve got an iron butt, and thats the secret of being a lawyer.Ruth was upsetting the other children, so I showed her the door.Their accent couldnt fool a native speaker.翻譯方法直譯(literal translation)意譯(free translation)音譯(transliteration)北京Beijing, radar雷達形譯(formal translation)T-shirt T恤衫, T-square丁字尺解釋性翻譯Practice1. Its a Smoke Free Area.直譯：這是個自由吸煙區(qū)。意譯：這是個無煙區(qū)。2. Shakespeare put his hometown on the map.直譯：莎士比亞把他的家鄉(xiāng)放在了地圖上。意譯：莎士比亞使他的家鄉(xiāng)聲名遠揚。3. He got into trouble when he paid his bills with rubber checks.直譯：他用橡皮支票付賬，并給自己帶來了麻煩。意譯：他用空頭支票結(jié)賬，并給自己帶來了麻煩。4. Frank ran circles around the other boys on the basketball team.直譯：弗蘭克繞著籃球隊的其他男孩轉(zhuǎn)圈。意譯：在籃球隊里弗蘭克的技術(shù)最好。5. On a rainy day the children sometimes ran their mother ragged.直譯：在雨天，孩子們有時侯使他們的母親跑得衣衫襤縷。意譯：在雨天，孩子們有時侯把他們的母親鬧得筋疲力盡。6. When he teased her, she taught him a lesson by breaking his leg.直譯：他戲弄她的時候，她打斷了他的腿，給他上了一課。意譯：他戲弄她的時候，她打斷了他的腿，教訓了他一頓。7. Where does Susan come into the picture?直譯：蘇珊是從哪里來到照片里的？意譯：在這件事中，蘇珊扮演了一個什么樣的角色？8. When I asked Henry if he would come to my birthday party, he replied that he would be there with bells on.直譯：我問亨利是否來參加我的生日聚會，他說他會搖著鈴鐺來。意譯：我問亨利是否來參加我的生日聚會，他說他很榮幸參加我的生日聚會。9. The book about the dark side of the country fluttered the dovecotes.直譯：這本揭露國家陰暗面的書擾亂了鴿舍。意譯：這本揭露國家陰暗面的書引起了軒然大波。10.It is an international agreement that no government should take hijackers under its wing.直譯：根據(jù)國際協(xié)定，任何政府都不能把劫機者放在翅膀底下。意譯：根據(jù)國際協(xié)定，任何政府都不能包庇劫機者。From the above analysis, we come to the conclusion that there is no obvious distinction between literal translation and free translation, nor is it necessary to distinguish one from the other. The key point for a translator to grasp is to comprehend the original thoroughly, and then put it into idiomatic Chinese. In the process of translation, specific approaches such as literal or free translation may be of some help, but we should avoid the two extremes. In the application of literal translation, we should endeavor to rid ourselves to stiff patterns and rigid adherence to translation rules, trying to be flexible；while in the practice of free translation, we should be cautious of subjectivity, avoiding groundless affirmation or arbitrary fabrication. Whatever the circumstance are, we may alternate or combine these two approaches when it is necessary.一、否定句型中的直譯誤區(qū)英語中有一些不同的否定句型，其中有一些句型不能完全采用直譯法進行翻譯，否則，就會造成誤譯，甚至與原意背道而馳，下列幾種否定句型值得注意： Foreignizing and domesticating 1813年，德國古典語言學家、翻譯理論家施萊爾馬赫在論翻譯的方法中提出：翻譯的途徑“只有兩種：一種是盡可能讓作者安居不動，而引導讀者去接近作者；另一種是盡可能讓讀者安居不動，而引導作者去接近讀者。” 1995年，美國翻譯理論家勞倫斯韋努蒂(Lawrence Venuti) 在其The Translators Invisibility一書中，將第一種方法稱作“異化法”（foreignizing method），將第二種方法稱作“歸化法”（domesticating method） 5歸化與異化（domestication/adaptation or foreignization / alienation）歸化的翻譯在理論上是把語言看作交際工具；在實踐上，強調(diào)通俗易懂，避免多義或歧義。習慣認為，當原文與譯文之間因文化差異而出現(xiàn)不能通達的情況時，“要用譯語文化替代原語文化”即把在譯語中找不到對等的外語詞匯改頭換面，或套用譯語中與之相似的現(xiàn)成的表達法，把它們變成讀者熟悉的譯語文化形象。歸化派代表人物尤金奈達（Eugene A. Nida）: Functional Equivalence 功能對等What is functional equivalence?“The receptors of the translated text could respond to it with comprehension and appreciation in essentially the same manner and to the same degree as the original receptors of the message”;“Translation should arouse the same feeling in its receptors as the feeling of the readers of the original”- NidaFor instance: as white as snow 通常譯為白如雪 / 但沒有見過雪的人可以將其翻譯為“白如白鷺毛”，以達到功能對等的目的。Spring up like mushrooms-雨后春筍Everybodys business is nobodys business. 三個和尚無水喝Among the blind the one -eyed man is king. 山中無老虎，猴子稱霸王然而，翻譯負有文化交流的使命，即盡可能把一個民族的語言和文化習慣介紹給另一個民族。魯迅先生就特別強調(diào)譯文要“保留原文的豐姿”。 在南京大學姜秋霞教授舉辦的一次翻譯調(diào)查中，多數(shù)讀者認為，讀異國文學是為了欣賞異國作品特有的韻味和語言風格，他們在讀譯文之前就已經(jīng)對不同文化的差異有了一定的心理準備，有些人讀譯文的目的之一是想了解外國人與中國人之間的異同究竟在什么地方。因此，從促進世界文化交流這個角度上講，我們在處理英譯漢或漢譯英時，都應著力于全面、完整地向譯語讀者介紹對方(己方)的全部意蘊，包括文化。特別要強調(diào)的是，在漢譯英中，我們尤其要樹立這種文化意識，積極創(chuàng)造條件，弘揚中華文化，幫助英語讀者擴大加深對中華文化的了解。異化的翻譯無疑在文化交流方面起了巨大的作用。異化派代表人物韋努蒂（Lawrence Venuti ）:All roads lead to Rome: 條條大道通羅馬 不能譯成：殊途同歸To teach ones grandmother to eat eggs: 教老祖母吃雞蛋 不能譯成：班門弄斧班門弄斧：show off ones proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban, the master carpenter.Hence：Make hay while it is sunshine: 不能譯成：趁熱打鐵If I slapped someone, He would see the way to Cracow: 要是我給誰一巴掌，準會把他扇到克拉科去。不能：一巴掌扇到西天去。武松要吃酒，哪里聽他人發(fā)說，一轉(zhuǎn)身道：“放屁！放屁！”pass your wind/sheer nonsense 異化可以在語音層上出現(xiàn)。例如：ballet譯作“芭蕾舞”cigar譯作“雪茄”laser過去譯成“萊塞”，現(xiàn)譯作“鐳射”、“激光”目前大街小巷都風行的“卡拉 OK”等。 異化可以在詞語層出現(xiàn)。例如：“crocodile tears”譯作“鱷魚的眼淚”“an olive branch”譯作“橄欖枝”“sour grapes”譯作“酸葡萄”“the cold war”譯作“冷戰(zhàn)”等等。 異化可以在句子結(jié)構(gòu)層次出現(xiàn)。朱生豪翻譯的莎士比亞戲劇是公認的佳譯，其中就運用了不少“歐化句式”例如：在哈姆雷特第一幕第三場中，波洛涅斯告誡女兒不要輕信哈姆雷特時說：“You speak like a green girl, ungifted in such perilous circumstance”朱生豪將其譯為：“你講的話完全像是一個不曾經(jīng)歷過這種危險的不懂事的女孩子。” 翻譯中對文化因素的處理： （ 1）主要以目的語文化為歸宿（歸化） （2）主要以源語文化為歸宿（異化）謀事在人，成事在天?；糇g： Man proposes, God disposes. 楊譯： Man proposes, Heaven disposes. 直譯和意譯所關(guān)注的核心問題是如何在語言層面處理形式和意義; 異化和歸化則突破語言因素的局限，將視野擴展到語言、文化和美學等因素。直譯 = 異化意譯 歸化Kill two birds with one stone 用歸化法翻譯下列習語1. Strike while the iron is hot. 2. go through fire and water 3. add fuel to the flames / pour oil on the flames4. an ass in a lions skin 5. a wolf in sheeps clothin