跨文化交際期末復(fù)習(xí).doc

判斷1 the iceberg model of culture implies that it is very difficult to understand a culture thoroughly 文化的冰山模式意味著要徹底理解文化是非常困難的。 （ T ）2 culture is innate as soon as a person is born 一個人出生就有文化 （ F ）3 people may sometimes get confused about his or her cultural identity 人們有時會對他或她的文化身份感到困惑。 （ T ）4 scholars prefer the term subculture to co-culture in describing a culture which exists witnin a dominant culture 在描述一種存在顯性文化的文化時,學(xué)者們傾向于亞文化到共同文化。 （ F ）5 a person could be a member of several different subgroups at the same time 一個人可以同時成為幾個不同的子組的成員。 （ T ）6 Intracultural communication occurs when the sender and the receiver from different races exchang messages 文化的交流是發(fā)生在不同種族交換消息的發(fā)送者和接收者 （ F ）7 communication and culture are inseparable and strongly connected 溝通與文化密不可分，緊密相連。 （ T ）8 The sender must choose certain words or nonverbal to send an intentional message.this activity is called decoding 發(fā)送者必須選擇言語或非言語的發(fā)出故意這活動被稱為解碼 （ F ）9 The process of communication has nine components :sender,encoding,message,channel,noise,decoding,feedback,and context 通信過程由九部分組成：發(fā)送方、編碼、消息、信道、噪聲、解碼、反饋和上下文。（ T ）10 No two of us can assume that our sensations are the same 我們誰也不能假定我們的感覺是一樣的。 （ T ）11 people may possess different sensing of the same smell 人們可能對同一氣味有不同的感覺。 （ T ）12 Our perception are influenced by who we are,includeing the accumulation of our experience 我們的感覺被我們是誰的影響，包括我們的經(jīng)驗的積累 （ T ）13 we give meaning to or decode the information that we have selected and organized during the selection stage 我們在選擇階段對我們選擇和組織的信息給予意義或解碼。 （ F ）14 the psychological filters refer to the psychological factors,including the attitudes,beliefs,and dispositions of the individual 心理過濾指的是心理因素，包括個人的態(tài)度、信念和性格。 （ T ）15 ethnocentrism,stereotyping,prejudice and racism are learned 民族中心主義、刻板印象、偏見和種族主義被學(xué)習(xí) （ T ）16 although stereotypes are considered as being negative judgements,they can also be positive 雖然刻板印象被認(rèn)為是消極的判斷，但也可以是積極的。 （ T ）17 when communicating with people from other cultures,an individual sometimes is likely to treat them as his people and to assume there is only one way of doing things:that is his way 當(dāng)與來自其他文化的人交流時，一個人有時可能會把他們當(dāng)作他的人看待，并假設(shè)只有一種做事方式：那就是他的方式。 （ T ）18 assumption of superiority may lead to asuming similarity instead of difference 假設(shè)的優(yōu)勢可能會導(dǎo)致假設(shè)相似性而不是差異 （ F ）19 economy is not the reason for the persistence of ethnocentrism,stereotyping,prejudice and racism 經(jīng)濟不是種族中心主義，堅持理性的成見，偏見和種族 （ F ）20 an exacting style of communication can be found in Japan,china,and some Native American cultures 一個嚴(yán)格的溝通方式，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)在日本，中國，和美國本土文化 （ F ）21 The self-effacement verbal style emphasizes the importance of boasting about ones accomplishments and abilities 自謙的言語風(fēng)格強調(diào)夸耀一個人的成就和能力的重要性 （ F ）22 the elaborate,exacting,or succint communication style deals with the quantity and/or volume of talk that is preferred across cultural groups精心設(shè)計的，嚴(yán)格的，或簡潔的溝通方式處理的數(shù)量和/或說是首選的跨文化群體體積 （ T ）23 dialect refers to geographic variation,while sociolect refers to variation in terms of social group 方言是指地理變異，而方言是指在社會群體方面的變化 （ T ）24 an elaborate style of communication can be seen in Arab cultures 在阿拉伯文化中可以看到一種復(fù)雜的交流方式。 （ T ）25 speaking is the only mode of effective communication 口語是有效溝通的唯一方式。 （ F ）26 the Thais liketo touch babies or small children,especially they like others to pat their childrens head 泰國人喜歡觸摸嬰兒或小孩，尤其是他們喜歡別人拍拍孩子的頭 （ F ）27 Saudi Arabs belong to touch cultures 沙特阿拉伯人屬于接觸文化。 （ T ）28 the appropriateness of eye contact varies with different cultures 眼睛接觸的適當(dāng)性因文化的不同而不同。 （ T ）29 Paralanguage may imply the connotation of the actual differences 它可能意味著實際差異的內(nèi)涵 （ T ）30 In industrialized societies like the United States,the mastery-over-nature view tends to predominate 在像美國這樣的工業(yè)化社會，對自然景觀的掌控往往占主導(dǎo)地位。 （ T ）31 The harmony-with-nature orientation draws clear distinctions among human life,nature,and the supernatural 與自然取向的和諧在人的生命、自然和超自然之間產(chǎn)生了明顯的區(qū)別。 （ F ）32 Both American and British show respect for tradition 美國人和英國人都尊重傳統(tǒng)。 （ F ）33 A doing orientation involves a focus on those types of activities which have outcomes that can be measured by someone else 做定向工作需要關(guān)注那些能被別人衡量的結(jié)果。 （ T ）34 In Being cultures,social status and position are more important than what a person does 作為一種文化，社會身份和地位比一個人所做的更重要。 （ T ）名詞解釋1 焦慮Anxiety： occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not be totally present in the communication transaction.在新環(huán)境下人們不知如何應(yīng)對，過多關(guān)注自己的情緒，不能全身心投入到交際中。2 假設(shè)相似性而不是差異性Assuming similarity instead of difference： refers to the assumption that people are more similar to you than they actually are or that another persons situation is more similar to you own situation than it in fact is. 是指人們比你實際情況更接近你的假設(shè)，或者另一個人的情況更像你自己的情況而不是事實。3 渠道channel ：is the method used to deliver a message是信息傳遞的手段。4 色彩學(xué)Chromatics：refers to the study of color use in affecting peoples mood,emotions,and impression of others.指影響你的情緒，情感和對他人的印象的顏色的研究。5 時間行為：Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time.是指研究人們?nèi)绾慰创褪褂脮r間。6 情境context：The environment in which communication occurs and helps to explain the meaning of communication.交際發(fā)生的環(huán)境并且有助于解釋交際內(nèi)容的含義。7 文化Culture ：is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是習(xí)得的一套關(guān)于信仰，價值觀，規(guī)范的公認(rèn)的解釋，這些信仰，價值觀，規(guī)范對相當(dāng)大人類群體的行為產(chǎn)生影響。 8 文化身份Culture identity ：refers to ones sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. 文化身份：指有意識地把自己歸為某一特定文化或種族群體。9 文化模式cultural pattern：refers to shared beliefs,value,norms,and social practices that are stable over time and that lead to roughly similar behaviors across similar situations 指共同的信仰、價值觀、規(guī)范和社會實踐，隨著時間的推移而穩(wěn)定，并在類似的情況下導(dǎo)致大致相似的行為。10 dialect：is a form of language peculiar to a group of people,as distinguished from the literary language of the whole people 是一群人特有的語言形式，區(qū)別于全體人民的文學(xué)語言。11 ethnocentrism：refers to negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of ones own culture 指的是用自己的文化標(biāo)準(zhǔn)消極的判斷另一種文化方面12 委婉語Euphemism： means the act of substituting a mild,indirect,or vague term for one considered harsh,blunt,or offensive.指用溫和的，間接的方式來代替嚴(yán)厲的，生硬的或冒犯的言語。13 觸覺行為Haptics：refers to communicating through the use of bodily context .通過身體接觸來進行交流。14 high context：When people communicate, there is more information contained in the social cultural environment and situation, and the amount of information is less obvious than the code load. 在人們交際時，有較多的信息量蘊含在社會文化環(huán)境和情景中，明顯的語碼負(fù)載較少的信息量。15跨文化能力intercultural competence：refers to the ability to understand and adapt to the target culture;in another word,it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity指理解和適應(yīng)目標(biāo)文化的能力，指對文化多樣性的敏感性16跨國交際 international communication：Of communication between the state and the government rather than the individual指國家和政府而非個人之間的交際17 interpretation：refers to attaching meaning to sence data and is synonymous with decoding釋義：指對意義數(shù)據(jù)附加意義，是解碼的同義詞。18 跨種族交際interracial communication：occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races 指信息源和信息來自不同的種族19 內(nèi)文化交際intracultural communication ：is defined as communication between and among members of the same culture .指同一文化內(nèi)某成員之間的交際，總的來說，同一種族，政治傾向宗教，或者具有同樣興趣的人們之間的交際。20 jargon：refers to the special or technical vocabularies developed to meet the special needs of particular professions such as medicine and law 21 身勢語行為Kinesics：is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements including facial expressions,gestures,posture and stance ,and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages.指交際時所使用的不同類型的動作，包括表情，手勢，姿勢，和其他代替語言傳達信息的行為舉止。22通用語言 lingua Franca：is used for communication purpose between different groups of people 通用語言：用于不同人群之間的交際目的。23 低語境low context：is communication in which the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code 低語境：是把大量信息賦予顯式代碼的一種通信方式。24 非言語交流noverbal communicate：refers to the messages sent without using words 指不使用詞發(fā)送的消息。25 氣味行為Olfactics：The study of communication via smell 對通過味道進行交流的研究。26 目光語oculesics：The study of communications sent by the eyes.研究目光傳遞的交流信息。27 organization：is the process during which we need to organize and impose structure on what we observe in a meaningful way組織：在這個過程中，我們需要以有意義的方式組織和強加我們所觀察到的結(jié)構(gòu)。28 副語言Paralanguage： refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message是與口語交際有關(guān)，指說的速度，音高，和質(zhì)量，這些要素會打斷或臨時取代語言并影響信息的語意表達.29 感覺perception：is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environmnent .人們意識到周圍環(huán)境的神經(jīng)過程。30 pidgin：is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages for restricted purposed such as trading 是一種特殊的語言變體，混合或混合語言的限制性等交易31 權(quán)利距離power distance：The degree of unequal distribution, acceptance, and expectation of power within an organization or organization.組織或機構(gòu)里邊，沒有權(quán)力的成員對于權(quán)力不均等分配接受和期望的程度。32 偏見Prejudice： refers to the irrational dislike,suspicion,or hatred of a particular group,race,religion,or sexual orientation.偏見是指對于某一特定群體，種類，宗教或性取向的無端的憎惡和懷疑。33 時空行為proxemics ：refers to the study of spatial relations 指空間關(guān)系的研究。34 種族主義是基于種族Racism： is any policy,practice,belief,or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race.把性格特點或地位歸因于個人的任意政策