被動語態(tài)講義與專項練習.doc

被動語態(tài)講義與專項練習一、被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式1. 被動語態(tài)的基本時態(tài)變化被動語態(tài)通常為10種時態(tài)的被動形式, 被動語態(tài)由be過去分詞構(gòu)成，be隨時態(tài)的變化而變化。以do為e.g. ，各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)形式為：1) am/is/are +done 一般現(xiàn)在時e.g. Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.2） am/is /are being done 現(xiàn)在進行時e.g. A new cinema is being built here3） was/were done 一般過去時 e.g. I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.4） was/were being done 過去進行時e.g. A meeting was being held when I was there.5） has /have been done 現(xiàn)在完成時e.g. All the preparations for the task have been completed, and were ready to start.6） had been done 過去完成時e.g. By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.7） shall/will be done 一般將來時e.g. Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.8） should/would be done 過去將來時e.g. The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived.9） shall/will have been done 將來完成時（少用）e.g. The project will have been completed before July.10） should/would have been done 過去將來完成時（少用）e.g. He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.附：動詞的時態(tài)1. 一般現(xiàn)在時的用法1） 表示經(jīng)常性、習慣性的動作；表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)、特征和真理。e.g. The earth moves around the sun.2） 表示“出發(fā)”“開始”“往來”的動詞可用現(xiàn)在時表示將來。e.g. John gets back from America tonight.3） 在時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中，用現(xiàn)在時表示將來。e.g. If you come this afternoon, well have a meeting.When I graduate, Ill go to the countryside.2. 現(xiàn)在進行時的用法1） 表示現(xiàn)在正在進行的動作。2） 現(xiàn)在進行時用于替代一般現(xiàn)在時表示某種情緒，如贊許、厭煩，不滿等，常與副詞always, often連用。e.g. Dont believe him. He is always telling lies.That boy is always making trouble.3） 表示位置移動的動詞如：come, go, leave, arrive, start等，用進行時表示一個即將發(fā)生的動作，而不表示動作正在進行。e.g. The foreign teacher is arriving on Monday.3. 一般過去時的用法1） 表示過去某個時間發(fā)生的事、存在的狀態(tài)或過去反復發(fā)生的動作。e.g. He worked in a factory in 1986.2） 表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作，也可用used to + do或would + do。e.g. During the vacation, I would / used to swim in the sea.4. 過去進行時的用法1） 表示過去某一時刻、某一階段正在進行的動作。e.g. He was reading a novel when I came in.2） while表示時間段，其引導的從句用過去進行時。e.g. While I was taking a shower, the telephone rang.He was reading the newspaper while I was studying.3） get, become, turn, run, go, begin, 等動詞用進行時表示逐漸，越來越e.g. The daytime is becoming longer and longer.4） 過去進行時與always, forever, all the time等詞連用表示對不良習慣的抱怨。e.g. They were always quarreling.5） Was/were going to do結(jié)構(gòu)常表示對過去未能實現(xiàn)的計劃或打算。e.g. -Why didnt you come to the meeting yesterday?-I was going to, but my father came to my house,5. 現(xiàn)在完成時的用法1） 現(xiàn)在完成時所表示的動作在說話子前已完成，而對現(xiàn)在有影響。e.g. He has gone to America.2） 現(xiàn)在完成時所表示的動作開始于過去，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，也許還會持續(xù)下去。常用for和since表示一段時間的狀語或so far, up to now, now等表示包括現(xiàn)在時間在內(nèi)的狀語。e.g. He has studied English for 5 years.Now I have finished the work.6. 過去完成時的用法1） 過去完成時表示過去某一時刻或某一動作之前完成的動作或狀態(tài)，句中常有by, before, until, when等引導的時間狀語。e.g. By the end of last year we had built five new houses.I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.2） 過去完成時的動詞還可表示過去某一時刻之前發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過去某個時間。e.g. Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.7. 一般將來時的用法1） 表示將來發(fā)生的動作或?qū)泶嬖诘臓顟B(tài)，常與表示將來的時間狀語連用。2） 表示一種傾向或一種固有特性或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作。e.g. Without air a living thing will die.When it gets warmer, the snow will start to melt.3） Be going to + do表示即將發(fā)生的或最近打算進行的事。e.g. We are going to have a meeting today.4） Go, come, start, move, sail, leave等可用進行時態(tài)表示按計劃即將發(fā)生的動作。e.g. Im leaving for Beijing.5） Be to + do表示按計劃要發(fā)生的事或征求對方意見。e.g. Are we to go on with this work?The boy is to go to school tomorrow.6） Be about to + do表示即將發(fā)生的動作，不能與時間狀語連用。e.g. We are about to leave.2. 被動語態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)形式1)帶情態(tài)動詞的被動結(jié)構(gòu)。其形式為：情態(tài)動詞be過去分詞。e.g. The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.2) 有些動詞可以有兩個賓語，在用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)時，可以把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一賓語仍然保留在謂語后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z的是間接賓語。e.g. His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改為 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.3) 當“動詞+賓語+賓語補足語”結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，將賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)中的主語，其余不動。e.g. Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改為The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.We always keep the classroom clean.可改為 The classroom is always kept clean.4）在使役動詞have, make, get以及感官動詞see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作賓語補語時，在主動結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式to要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)時，要加to。e.g. Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改為A stranger was seen to walk into the building.5) 有些相當于及物動詞的動詞詞組，如“動詞介詞”，“動詞副詞”等，也可以用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)，但要把它們看作一個整體，不能分開。其中的介詞或副詞也不能省略。e.g. The meeting is to be put off till Friday.6)“動詞名詞介詞”這類動詞詞組，如:catch sight of, make use of, pay attention to, take advantage of, take care of, take notice of, put an end to, set fire to等，有兩種被動形式：e.g. Attention must be paid to your pronunciation.Your pronunciation must be paid attention to.Good care will be taken of them.They will be taken good care of.3. 非謂語動詞的被動語態(tài)v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被動語態(tài)(一般時態(tài)和完成時態(tài)) 。v.+ing的被動形式：being done, having been doneto的被動形式：to be done, to have been donee.g. Sunglasses can defend your eye from being hurt.Having been fired, I had to find another job to support my family.Nobody will like to be treated like this.He seemed to have been told the truth.二、 如何使用被動語態(tài)1. 講話者不知道動作的執(zhí)行者或不必說出動作的執(zhí)行者 (這時可省 by 短語)。e.g. My bike was stolen last night.2. 借助被動的動作突出動作的執(zhí)行者。e.g. I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.3. 為了更好地安排句子。e.g. The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. 三、 It is said that+從句及其他類似句型一些表示“據(jù)說”或“相信”的動詞如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“Itbe過去分詞that從句”或“主語be過去分詞to do sth.”。有：It is said that 據(jù)說,It is reported that據(jù)報道，It is believed that大家相信，It is hoped that大家希望，It is well known that眾所周知，It is thought that大家認為，It is suggested that據(jù)建議，It must be admitted必須承認，It must be pointed out that必須指出，It will be generally considered that大家認為。e.g. It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）It is reported that the film star have divorced with his wife.（=The film star is reported to have divorced with his wife.）四、謂語動詞的主動形式表示被動意義1.在主語是物的句子里（某些動詞在表達主語的性質(zhì)時，不用被動語態(tài)），有些動詞的主動形式可以表示被動意義。常用的這類動詞sell, read, feel, write, wash, measure, run, begin, wear等。e.g. This kind of cloth washes well.The books sell well.Class begins at eight.Your composition reads well.This pen writes smoothly.This coat wears well.有的及物動詞構(gòu)成的被動語態(tài)，與其作不及物動詞構(gòu)成的主動語態(tài)表達被動意義，兩者的含義有細微差別。注意：主動語態(tài)表被動強調(diào)的是主語的特征，而被動語態(tài)則強調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。e.g. The door wont lock（指門本身有毛?。㏕he door wont be locked（指不會有人來鎖門, 指“門沒有鎖”是人的原因）2. 表示“發(fā)生、進行”的不及物動詞和短語，如：happen, occur, exist, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out, come into being等以主動形式表示被動意義。e.g. How do the newspapers come out? The Anti-Japanese War broke out in 1937.May 4th Movement took place in 1919.3. 表示狀態(tài)特征的系動詞沒有被動形式, 如：feel, sound, taste, look, smell, remain, stay, prove, appear, disappear等在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中常以主動形式表示被動意義。e.g. Good medicine tastes bitter.Your sentence doesnt sound right.What he said proved to be correct.五、非謂語動詞的主動形式表被動意義在某些句型中可用動名詞和不定式的主動形式表被動意義 。1. 在need，want，require, bear等詞的后面，動名詞用主動形式表示被動意義，其含義相當于動詞不定式的被動形式。e.g. The house needs repairing（to be repaired）2. 形容詞worth后面跟動名詞的主動形式表示被動含義，但不能跟動詞不定式；而worthy后面跟動詞不定式的被動形式。e.g. The picture-book is well worth reading（The picture-book is very worthy to be read）3. 動詞不定式在名詞后面作定語，不定式和名詞之間有動賓關(guān)系時，又和句中另一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系, 不定式的主動形式表示被動含義。e.g. I have a lot of things to do this afternoon (to do與things是動賓關(guān)系，與I是主謂關(guān)系。)試比較：Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此處用不定式的被動語態(tài)作定語表明you不是post動作的執(zhí)行者。)4. 在形容詞后作狀語用的不定式，與句中主語構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系時，用主動形式表示被動意義。這些形容詞有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。 e.g. This problem is difficult to work out .That man is difficult to deal with.5. 在too to結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式前面可加邏輯主語，所以應用主動形式表示被動意義。e.g. This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.6. 在there be句型中，當動詞不定式修飾名詞作定語時，不定式用主動式作定語，重點在人，用被動形式作定語，重點在物。e.g. There is no time to lose（to be lost）（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，誰 lost time不明確。）7. to let, to seek, to blame等，常用主動形式表示被動意義。e.g. Who is to blame for starting the fire? 六、謂語動詞的被動形式表示主動意義be pleased (satisfied, discouraged excited) to do sth.be determined to do sth.be devoted to do sth.be seated inbe dressed inbe located / situated inbe engaged / occupied / employed in (doing) sth.be engaged / married to sb. be used / accustomed to (doing) sth. 七、介詞in, on, under等+名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語表被動意義表示被動含義的介詞詞組通常是以帶有動詞意義的名詞作介詞賓語的。1. “under +名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“某事在進行中”。常見的有：under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治療中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在討論中）, under construction（在施工中）。e.g. The building is under construction( is being constructed).2“beyond+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，“出乎勝過、范圍、限度”。常見的有：beyond belief (令人難以置信)， beyond ones reach（鞭長莫及），beyond ones control（無法控制），beyond our hope 我們的成功始料不及。e.g. The rumor is beyond belief（=cant be believed）3.“above+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu), 表示“(品質(zhì)、行為、能力等) 超過、高于”。e.g. His honest character is above all praise=His honest character cannot be praised enough4“for+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示 “適于、 為著”。如：for sale(出售), for rent（出租）e.g. That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).5“in+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu) ，表示“在過程中或范圍內(nèi)”常見的有：in print（在印刷中），in sight(在視野范圍內(nèi))，等。e.g. The book is not yet in print(=is not yet printed)6“on+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu), 表示“在從事 中”。常見的有：on sale(出售)，on show（展出）, on trial（受審）。e.g. Today some treasures are on show in the museum (= are being showed).7“out of+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu) ； 表示 “超出 之外“，常見的有：out of control (控制不了)，out of sight （超出視線之外），out of ones reach(夠不著), out of fashion(不流行)等。e.g. The plane was out of control (cant be controlled) 。8“within+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，“在內(nèi)、不超過”。八、被動語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別當“be+過去分詞”作被動語態(tài)時表示主語承受的動作；作系表結(jié)構(gòu)時表示主語的特點或所處的狀態(tài)時，be后面的過去分詞是表語，相當于形容詞。其區(qū)分辦法如下：1如果強調(diào)動作或句中有介詞by引導出動作的執(zhí)行者，該句一般為被動語態(tài)，否則為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。e.g. The glass is broken （系表結(jié)構(gòu)）The glass was broken by the boy （被動語態(tài)）2如果句中有地點、頻率或時間狀語時，一般為被動語態(tài)。e.g. The door is locked （系表結(jié)構(gòu)）The door has already/just been locked（被動語態(tài)）3被動語態(tài)除用于一般時態(tài)和完成時態(tài)外，還可以用于其他各種時態(tài)，而系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的系動詞be只有一般時態(tài)和完成時態(tài)。e.g. The machine is being repaired 被動語態(tài)專項練習Part One1. A lot of things _ by people to save the little girl now. A. are doing B. are being doneC. has been done D. will be done2. The doctor _ for yet. A. isnt sent B. hasnt been sent C. wont be sent D. wasnt sent3. -When _ this kind of computers_? -Last year. A. did; useB. was; usedC. is; usedD. are; used4. Whom _ this book _? A. did written B. was written byC. did writtenD. waswritten5. Mary _ show me her new dictionary. A. has asked toB. was asked to C. is askedD. asks to6. _ a new library _ in our school last year? A. Isbuilt B. Was builtC. Does buildD. Didbuild7. An accident _ on this road last week. A. has been happened B. was happenedC. is happened D. happened8. Cotton _ in the southeast of China. A. is grownB. are grownC. growsD. grow9. So far, the moon _ by man already. A. is visited B. will be visited C. has been visited D. was visited10. A talk on Chinese history _ in the school hall next week. A. is givenB. has been givenC. will be given D. gives11. A story _ by Granny yesterday. A. was told usB. was told to usC. is told usD. told us12. The monkey was seen _ off the tree. A. jumpB. jumpsC. jumpedD. to jump13. Older people _ well. A. looks after B. must be looked after C. must look after D. looked after14. Our teacher _ carefully.A. should be listened to B. should be listened C. be listenedD. is listened15. In some part of the world, tea _ with milk and sugar.A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served16. It was reported that the murderer _ arrested.A. has been B. had been C. has D. had17. Do you think that the bridge _ in a year?A. would be completed B. will be completed C. had been completedD. is being completed18. Great changes _ in China since the Peoples Republic of China _ in 1949.A. have taken place; was founded B. has taken place; was foundedC. have been taken place; foundedD. took place; founded19.-Why does Mary look so unhappy? -She has _ by her classmates.A. laughed B. laughed at C. been laughed D. been laughed at20. Doctors _ in every part of the world.A. need B. are needingC. are neededD. will need21. I promise that matter will _.A. be taken care B. be taken care of C. take care D. take care of 22. No permission has _ for anybody to enter the building.A. been given B. givenC. to give D. be given23. I _ ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.A. gave B. was givenC. was givingD. had given24. Can such a thing _ happening again?A. prevent from B. prevented fromC. be prevented from D. to prevent from25. A new house _ at the corner of the road.A. is buildingB. is being built C. been builtD. be building26. This bike _ last year.A. bought B. has been bought C. was boughtD. had been bought27. Did you see the house that _ by fire last year?A. was destroyingB. destroyedC. would destroyD. was destroyed28. It _ whether she will get her work in the hospital.A. hasnt been decided B. isnt deciding C. doesnt decideD. hasnt decided29. The pen _ me. It is hers.A. isnt belong to B. wasnt belong to C. doesnt belong to D. didnt belong to 30. I cant use my bike because it _.A. is repairing B. is being repaired C. will repairD. was repairing31. The chairman told the speaker that she _ to speak a little louder so as to make herself _.A. was expected; heard B. had expected; hear C. had hoped; hearD. was hoped; heard32. -The window is dirty.-I know. It _ for weeks. A. hasnt cleaned B. didnt clean C. wasnt cleaned D. hasnt been cleaned33. By the end of last year, another new gymnasium _ in Beijing. A. would be completedB. was being completed C. has been completed D. had been completed 34. -How long _ at this job?-Since 1990. A. were you employed B. have you been employed C. had you been employed D. will you be employed35. -What happened to the priceless works of art?-_. A. They were destroyed in the earthquake B. The earthquake was destroying themC. They destroyed in the earthquake D. The earthquake destroyed them36. This is Teds photo. We miss him a lot. He _ trying to save a child in the earthquake.A. killedB. is killed C. was killedD. was killing 37. Rainforests_ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future. A. cutB. are cutC. are being cut D. had been cut38. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology _ so rapidly.A. is changing B. has changed C. will have changed D. will change 39. Hundreds of jobs _ if the factory closes. A. lose B. will be lostC. are lostD. will lose40. A new cinema _ here. They hope to finish it next month. A. will be built B. is built C. has been built D. is being built41. I have no idea what _ while I was asleep. A. has happened B. was happened C. had happened D. happened42. I have to make a quick phone call. Can you wait a few minutes? It _ long. A. wont be taking B. isnt taking C. doesnt take D. wont take43. If the film _ in our school, well go and see it. A. will be shown B. is shown C. was shownD. is to be shown44. A great part of the city _ by the earthquake. A. are destroyed B. is destroyed C. were destroyed D. was destroyed45. This table _ too much space. Lets move it to the next room. A. is taken up B. takes up C. takes for D. takes off46. I wish you _ your name on your homework. I dont know which is which. A. write B. wrote C. have written D. had written47.-I heard you talking to somebody just now. -Oh, I_ to myself. A. have only talked B. was only talking C. only talked D. had only been talking48. Our English teacher loves us very much and he _ . A. is well thought of B. is thought well C. thinks well of D. is well thinking49. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job. A. to expect B. expected C. to be expecting D. expects50. -Youve got a good result in your research, havent you? -Yes, but much_. A. remains to do B. is remained to do C. remains to be done D. has remained to do itPart Two1. If city noises _ from increasing，people _ shout to be heard even at dinnerA are not kept；will have toB are not kept；haveC do not keep；will have toD do not keep；have to2. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are _and perfected now.A. developedB. have developedC. are being developedD. will have been developed3. - _ the sports meet might be put off - Yes，it all depends on the weatherA Ive been told B Ive toldC Im told D I told4. I need one more stamp before my collection _.A. has completed B. completesC. has been