英漢語(yǔ)主被動(dòng)對(duì)比與翻譯.doc

英漢語(yǔ)主被動(dòng)對(duì)比與翻譯一、概念主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)體現(xiàn)主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間的語(yǔ)法關(guān)系。所謂主動(dòng)，是指行為的發(fā)出者在句子里是主語(yǔ)，即施事；而被動(dòng)是指充當(dāng)句子主語(yǔ)的是某一行為作用的對(duì)象，即受事。二、漢語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)式與翻譯漢語(yǔ)中表達(dá)被動(dòng)概念有三種形式：帶有被動(dòng)標(biāo)記的被動(dòng)式、不帶有被動(dòng)標(biāo)記的意念被動(dòng)式和無(wú)主句。一）帶有被動(dòng)標(biāo)記的被動(dòng)式帶有被動(dòng)標(biāo)記的被動(dòng)式，是指借助詞匯手段實(shí)現(xiàn)的。主要有“被、由、給、把、讓、受、挨、為、使、于、蒙、經(jīng)、叫、遭受、加以、予以、為所、是的、在中”等。此類(lèi)被動(dòng)句一般表示較強(qiáng)的被動(dòng)意義，側(cè)重于行為的表達(dá)，翻譯時(shí)一般譯成英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)句。如：1. 救濟(jì)品很快被送到火災(zāi)的災(zāi)民手中。Relief was quickly sent to the sufferers from the fire.2. 這些發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)由蒸汽驅(qū)動(dòng)。The engines are driven by steam.二）不帶有被動(dòng)標(biāo)記的被動(dòng)式此類(lèi)句子中的主語(yǔ)或話(huà)題實(shí)際上是動(dòng)作的承受者。句子形式主動(dòng)，而意義被動(dòng)。一般情況下，譯成英語(yǔ)，可使用被動(dòng)式。1. 這座橋?qū)⒂诮衲昴甑捉ǔ?。The construction of the bridge will be completed by the end of this year.2. 地圖掛在墻上。A map was hung on the wall.三）無(wú)主句無(wú)主句通?？梢杂弥鲃?dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。一般情況下，可以用英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)式表達(dá)該類(lèi)無(wú)主句。必須保證8小時(shí)睡眠。Eight hours sleep must ne guaranteed.但如果選擇的英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的意義和英語(yǔ)的行文習(xí)慣，也可以用主動(dòng)式。洋車(chē)夫疑心他醉了，回頭叫他別動(dòng)，車(chē)不好拉。Suspecting he was drunk, the rickshaw puller turned his head and asked him to keep still, for it was hard to pull the rickshaw.三、英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)式與翻譯、鑒于以上漢語(yǔ)被動(dòng)句的三種表達(dá)方式，我們?cè)诜g英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)句的時(shí)候，要找出適當(dāng)?shù)谋粍?dòng)形式，因?yàn)闈h語(yǔ)表達(dá)被動(dòng)式的詞存在語(yǔ)體等方面的差異，如積極意義（被、受/到）和消極意義（挨、糟）的差異，抽象和具體的差異，口語(yǔ)體（給、叫、讓 + 施事）和書(shū)面語(yǔ)體差異等。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，有兩種情況：一是必須翻譯成“被字句”，或相似的結(jié)構(gòu)，如以上表達(dá)被動(dòng)式的詞匯手段（“被、由、給、把、讓、受、挨、為、使、于、蒙、經(jīng)、叫、遭受、加以、予以、為所、是的、在中”等。）這種翻譯方法在總的比例中所占的份量較小。二是翻譯成主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)或其它結(jié)構(gòu)，這種情況是大量的。具體操作方法：一）譯成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)1. Any minute we would surely be spotted by enemy planes flying and out of the airfield.我們隨時(shí)都會(huì)被出入機(jī)場(chǎng)的敵機(jī)發(fā)現(xiàn)。2. They were caught in the rain yesterday.他們昨天叫/讓給淋著了。3. Though Hamlet has been disappointed of the throne, every one respects him.雖然哈姆雷特被剝奪了王位，大家依然尊敬他。二）譯成漢語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)式（當(dāng)然被動(dòng)句）Happy reunion was much felt among the family members at the Spring Festival.春節(jié)合家團(tuán)圓，充滿(mǎn)著歡樂(lè)的氣氛。三）保留原主語(yǔ)，被動(dòng)譯為主動(dòng)His life was cut short by cholera.他因患霍亂病兒過(guò)早地去世了。四）把原文中的主語(yǔ)譯為賓語(yǔ)By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of over 200 Belgian and French lives.戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束時(shí)，這個(gè)組織拯救了八百人，但那是以?xún)砂俣啾壤麜r(shí)人和法國(guó)人的生命為代價(jià)的。五）譯為無(wú)主句Children should be taught to speak the truth.應(yīng)該教導(dǎo)兒童講實(shí)話(huà)。更多英漢語(yǔ)主被動(dòng)句翻譯對(duì)比：1. 這些產(chǎn)品是我國(guó)制造的。These products are made in our country.2. 一條新的鐵路正在建設(shè)中。A new railway is being constructed.3. 我們的計(jì)劃由于天氣的突然變化給打亂了。Our plans were upset by the sudden change in the weather.4. 1964年10月，中國(guó)爆炸了第一課原子彈，這把基辛格嚇了一跳。Kissinger was alarmed by Chinas first atomic blast in Oct, in 1964.5. 我知道，我不聽(tīng)話(huà)是要挨打的。I knew that I would be punished if I did not obey.6. 我們不該受錯(cuò)誤觀念的影響。We should not be infected by erroneous ideas.7. 他們?cè)馐軌浩扰c榨取的痛苦。They were aggrieved by oppression and extortion.8. 窗上的玻璃叫那個(gè)孩子打破了。The window pane was broken by the child.9. 該計(jì)劃將由一個(gè)特別委員會(huì)加以審查。The plan will be examined by a special committee.10. 社會(huì)主義思想體系已為全國(guó)人民所接受。Socialist ideology has been accepted by the people of the whole country.11. He was offered some assistance by them.他得到了他們的一些幫助。12. Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤一定要改正。13. Account should be taken of the low melting point of this substance.應(yīng)該考慮到這種物質(zhì)的熔點(diǎn)低。14. He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.他在臺(tái)上一亮相，觀眾就熱烈鼓起了掌。15. Much of the most important environmental litigation is brought by public interest groups.大部分重要的環(huán)境訴訟都是由公共利益集團(tuán)提出的。16. The question will be discussed in the next chapter.這個(gè)問(wèn)題將在下一章討論。17. It is generally believed that Hong Kong will continue to keep its prosperity and stability after its return to China.人們普遍認(rèn)為香港回歸后會(huì)繼續(xù)保持繁榮和穩(wěn)定。18. According to current rules, the country is deemed the place of origin because within it the imported goods have undergone substantial changes.根據(jù)現(xiàn)行的規(guī)則，貨物在該國(guó)發(fā)生了實(shí)質(zhì)性改變，便將該國(guó)列為原產(chǎn)國(guó)。19. This method is better, but can still be improved.這個(gè)方法好一些，但可以改進(jìn)。20. He was elected governor of the state of California.他當(dāng)選為加利福尼亞州長(zhǎng)。21. It is now understood that atoms can be further divided into smaller particles.現(xiàn)在人們懂得，原子還可以進(jìn)一步分成更小的粒子。22. Though Hamlet has been disappointed of the throne, every one respects him.雖然哈姆雷特被剝奪了王位，大家依然尊敬他。翻譯下列英語(yǔ)句子，注意語(yǔ)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換。1. 現(xiàn)代工業(yè)耗用大量燃料。2. It is generally accepted that Native Americans crossed over into the Americas from Asia many tens of thousands of years ago.3. The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been totally eradiated.4. The whole country was armed in a few days.5. But that question was wrung from those men again the next nightand got the same retort.6. We are encouraged by the initiative taken by developing countries to launch a round of global negotiation on international economic co-operation for development.developing countries have taken the initiative to launch a round of global negotiation on international economic co-operation for development.7. Smokers must be warned that doctors have reached the conclusion that smoking increases the possibility of lung cancer.8. The difficulties have been overcome, the work has been finished and the problem solved.9. The snowfall was so heavy that the ground was shrouded in white.10. He was thrown into confusion by the return of his wife.11. Most letters from his wife are read to him by the nurse in the hospital.12. Not too much can or should be read into the percentages.練習(xí)答案：1. 現(xiàn)代工業(yè)耗用大量燃料。2. 人們普遍認(rèn)為，數(shù)萬(wàn)年前，美洲土著人（是）從亞洲，越過(guò)海峽，進(jìn)入美洲（的）。3. 他在小/年輕時(shí)候形成/留下的自卑感，直到現(xiàn)在/至今還沒(méi)有完全消除（掉）。4. 幾天之內(nèi)，整個(gè)國(guó)家就武裝了起來(lái)。5. 可是，第二天夜晚，他們又把這個(gè)問(wèn)題搬了出來(lái)，但同樣遭到了呵斥。6. 為了發(fā)展，發(fā)展中國(guó)家能夠主動(dòng)就國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作進(jìn)行全球性協(xié)商，我們深受鼓舞。7. 需要提醒吸煙者，根據(jù)醫(yī)生的結(jié)論，吸煙會(huì)增大患肺癌的可能性8. 困難克服了，工作完成了，問(wèn)題也解決了。9. 這場(chǎng)雪下得很大，整個(gè)大地都變成了白色。10. 他妻子回來(lái)了，他不知道如何是好。11. 他妻子的大多數(shù)來(lái)信都是醫(yī)院的整個(gè)護(hù)士念給他聽(tīng)的。12. 這些百分比不能說(shuō)明太多問(wèn)題，也不應(yīng)該用它們說(shuō)明太多問(wèn)題。預(yù)習(xí)內(nèi)容：英漢語(yǔ)句子的語(yǔ)義結(jié)構(gòu)、語(yǔ)序?qū)Ρ扰c英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的翻譯翻譯下列句子：1. More probable is transported by birds, either externally, by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers, or internally, by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds. (29 words)More probable is transported by birds, /either externally, /by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers, /or internally, /by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds.1）更可能的是；2）由鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)運(yùn)輸；3）要么外部，種子偶然黏附在羽毛上；要么內(nèi)部，鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)吞食果子；種子隨后的排泄*更可能的是被鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)運(yùn)輸，要么外部，通過(guò)偶然的羽毛對(duì)種子的黏附，要么內(nèi)部，通過(guò)水果的吞食和隨后的排泄。更可能的是由鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)運(yùn)輸，要么是通過(guò)外部途徑，即由于種子偶然黏附在羽毛上；要么是通過(guò)內(nèi)部的方式，即由于鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)吞食果子并將種子排泄出來(lái)。2. They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress as curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty. (32 words)They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress /as curse/ which destroys the old muscle-power jobs /that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty. 1）窮人是最先體會(huì)到科技進(jìn)步所帶來(lái)的痛苦（詛咒的意象聯(lián)想）2）（作為詛咒的？）科學(xué)進(jìn)步摧毀了舊的體力勞動(dòng)3）以前幾代人用舊式的體力勞動(dòng)作為擺脫貧困的手段（作為手段來(lái)擺脫貧困） *窮人最先體會(huì)到科技進(jìn)步作為詛咒，詛咒摧毀了舊的體力勞動(dòng)，以前幾代人用舊式的體力勞動(dòng)作為擺脫貧困的手段（作為手段來(lái)擺脫貧困）。 以前幾代人用舊式的體力勞動(dòng)作為擺脫貧困的手段（作為手段來(lái)擺脫貧困），而科學(xué)進(jìn)步摧毀了舊的體力勞動(dòng)，因此，窮人是最先體會(huì)到科技進(jìn)步所帶來(lái)的痛苦。（最先體會(huì)到科技進(jìn)步所帶來(lái)的痛苦的是窮人。）翻譯練習(xí)：1）More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; consequently, children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family structure. 292）Other identifiable causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased availability of drugs and alcohol, and the growing incidence of child abuse and child neglect. 293）The communications revolution has influenced both wor