英語文章及漢語翻譯.doc

The development trend of advanced manufacturing technology and production modeWith the advent of the information age, global economic integration and the formation of unified market, as a pillar of the national economy, manufacturing industry is facing more fierce competition. 2l century manufacturing industry has been experiencing new technology revolution, through continuous change, rapid response, strengthen in the whole life cycle of products quality, function, service and pay attention to environmental protection and enhance market competitiveness, therefore, use of highly integrated, agility, intelligence and green manufacturing technology is an irreversible trend.1 the developing trend of advanced manufacturing technologyAdvanced manufacturing technology is the United States in the late nineteen eighties, according to manufacturing industry faces the challenge of Japan, in order to enhance the competitive capacity of manufacturing industry and revitalize American economy put forward, it is supported by information technology, research and transformation of the role in the entire life cycle of products all the technical term, it integrates mechanical, electronic, information biology, optics, materials, energy, environmental protection, management and the latest achievements in the field, to obtain high quality, high efficiency, low consumption, cleaning products. 2l century the development trend of advanced manufacturing technology embodied in the following aspects:A ) precision: nineteen sixties, general machining accuracy of 100 m, l m precision machining precision, precision of 0.1 M; to the end of twentieth Century, general machining accuracy 1 u m, precision machining accuracy of 0.01 M, ultra precision machining accuracy for 0.00l / m. In the modern precision machinery, to high precision, such as satellite instrument bearing, its roundness, cylindrical, surface roughness are in nanometer scale. For example, the electronic manufacturing required in the control accuracy, precision tends to nanometer to sub-nanometer level.Technique of precision and ultra precision machining precision and ultra precision cutting, grinding, polishing and processing of special and complex processing ( such as chemical mechanical polishing and electrolytic polishing, ultrasonic grinding ) three big fields. Ultra precision machining technology has been to nanotechnology development, in recent years the emergence of nanotechnology, prompted the ultra precision machining to the ultimate precision atomic level processing challenges. Nanotechnology promotes science, materials science, mechanical and optical science, measurement science and the development of electronic science.B ) automation: automation technology since twentieth Century after appearing at the beginning, experienced by a single varieties suitable for mass production of rigid automation, to more varieties of small quantities of flexible automation, multiple species and batch of integrated automation in the development process, the successful application of automation technology, greatly improving the product productivity, effectively to users to provide quality products, but also can complete risk environment task. As the car engine production, so the bulk of the larger industries automation, through the machine automation, the use of automatic machine, combined machine tool, automatic production line to complete the. Small batch production automation through NC, IMS, MC, CAM, FMS, CIM, IMS to complete. The future of automation will more consider man machine environment harmonious relationship.C ) network: the manufacturing process of market development, raw materials procurement, product design, parts manufacturing, machine assembly, sales and other links, are not confined to a business, a group or a nation, with the aid of the network technology, especially the Internet, across different enterprise space exists between the gap, organization, management and utilization of scattered around in the manufacturing resource, establish flexible and efficient, mutually beneficial use, transnational enterprise dynamic alliance, through the enterprise between information integration, process integration, resource sharing, for enterprises to carry out collaborative design and manufacturing, marketing, supply chain management to provide technical support for the environment and means, realization of product business affairs in coordination, product design, product manufacturing and supply chain coordination, greatly shorten the product development cycle, reduce development cost, improve the industry chain and manufacturing groups competitiveness.D ) integration : over time, the traditional manufacturing technology on the basis of constant development, computer technology, information technology, new material technology and management technology of organic integration in the product life cycle to form multiple disciplines, interdisciplinary technology complex, advanced manufacturing technology and its connotation across the traditional manufacturing technology and business and processing plant boundary, it is a demand from the market, innovative design, technology to the process of production organization and monitoring, feedback market information, enterprise culture, engineering system; with advanced manufacturing technology, computer application technology as the core of information, design, technology, and energy engineering the corresponding project management integrated technology in modern manufacturing engineering.E ) of intelligence: the information age with the machine to achieve the persons mental labour part of mechanization and automation, make the people get rid of the tedious calculation and analysis, have more energy to engage in creative labour. Intelligent manufacturing technology development trend of intelligent manufacturing system, promote the flexibility, so it has better judgement and the ability to adapt, guarantee the manufacturing system to the best state in the operation process.F ) green: green manufacturing is a sustainable development strategy of human society in the modern manufacturing industry in embodiment, green manufacturing is mainly related to the optimal use of resources, cleaner production and waste minimization and the use of green manufacturing, product, design, production, products covered packaging, transportation, distribution, consumption and scrap the product life cycle.In green design, selection of green non-toxic, no pollution, easily recycled, reused or easily degradable materials; improve product disassembly, product only by removing and classification can be thoroughly carried out material recovery and recycling of parts; the design takes full account of the various products of material components of recycling possibility, recovery process and technology, recycling costs associated with the product a series of problems, thereby simplifying the recovery process, reduce the waste of resources, no environmental pollution or less pollution to.During the Gulf War, the United States Army Support Battalion in just 3 months, using the remanufacturing technology restored theater 70% of damaged equipment, Japan Fuji Xerox company on the reusable parts repair after treatment and recycling, utilization rate has reached more than 50%, with the old parts of the copier production reached 25% of the total output. American of iron and steel scrap product remanufacturing has obtained remarkable effect; to save energy 47% 74%, reduce air pollution 86%, reduce water pollution 76%, reduction of solid waste water saving 97%, 40%.In order to reduce the cutting process of cutting fluid on environment pollution, appeared the minimum quantity lubrication cutting, dry cutting, grinding, low-temperature spraying liquid nitrogen cooled gas jet cutting of green cutting and grinding technology, machining process with no or only a trace of the cutting fluid. Compared with traditional wet cutting, the processing cost is reduced, avoiding the waste liquid treatment.2 advanced manufacturing modeIn the rapid development of the social economy and the increasingly fierce competition in the market today, manufacturing enterprises to rely solely on the improvement of technology, improve the level of equipment is cant meet above requirements, must from overall strategy, organization structure, management mode, to adapt to market requirements, manufacturing mode is to show the enterprise system, management, management, organization of production and technical system configuration and operation mode.A ) lean production (LP ) : in 1990 the United States Massachusetts Institute of Technology James took 5 years to study global nearly 100 car manufacturing plant, in the TheMachineThatChangedtheworld in one book put forward the concept of lean production. And so to describe the Toyota mode of production, that Japan nineteen eighties success lies in using the new mode of production.Lean production is characterized by: 1) the people-oriented, mobilize the enthusiasm of all staff and creativity; 2) pay attention to the needs of customers, according to customer s need to provide marketable products, and provide quality services; 3) be very careful in reckoning, elimination of the manufacturing process of all people, objects, redundant activities, post, time, space, require workers to multi-skill, achieve perfect production; 4) refine on, the pursuit of manufacturing process each link and the whole process of ceaseless and perfect, solve the problem in time, realize zero waste, zero inventory and product diversification.B ) ( AM ) and agile manufacturing virtual enterprise ( VE ): nineteen eighties, in order to restore the American manufacturing industry in the global leadership position, by the United States Department of defense organized by Lehigh University and GM 13 large company as the core has more than 100 companies involved in the joint study group, finally completed in 1991. In twenty-first Century the development strategy of manufacturing industry report and submit to the United States Congress, this report presents the concept of agile manufacturing .The features of Agile Manufacturing: 1) demand response fast, quick response to the market current and future needs of development, predictable, production in line with the user design or order products; 2) manufacturing resource integration, enterprise is not only the internal resource sharing and information integration between enterprises, also includes a variety of resources integration, technology, management and human integration, thus in the product life cycle, the maximum to meet the needs of users; 3) organizational form of dynamic, to win the opportunity of market competition, the use of information technology and network technology, to achieve different organization and enterprises dynamic organization, it increases with the task of producing, and with the mission ended, beyond the interrogation of the mutual benefit, fight in coordination, resource complementary coalition, known as virtual enterprise, also known as dynamic alliance.In 1993, the United States of America Sandia National Laboratories, the combined signal company joint implementation of telemetry device agile manufacturing demonstration projects, in 13 months to design and manufacture of a new integrated telemetry processor, project cost than budget decreased more than 30%, the production time than the previous mode of production decreased by 50%, improves production efficiency several times.In 2000 February, GM, Ford and Daimler Chrysler terminate at respective parts purchasing plan, to jointly build parts procurement e-commerce market ( procurement dynamic alliance ), in April the same year, Renault - Nissan company decided to join the e-commerce market, transaction cost by original every 100 150 dollars lower to $5 per car, the manufacturing cost can be reduced at least $1200.C ) integrated manufacturing ( CIM ) and intelligent manufacturing ( IM ) : 1974, the United States Dr. Harrington in ComputerIntegratedManufacturing ) a book made computer integrated manufacturing ( CIM ) concept. Integrated manufacturing of two basic points are: 1 ) the system view, enterprise each management link, from the market, product development, manufacturing, management, sales and service are an integral whole, need to consider; 2) manufacturing information view, enterprises throughout the production process, is actually information acquisition, transmission and processing of the process.CIM is the enterprise organization, management and modernization of production of the new model, it will be the person of the enterprise, technology, three elements of management and the information flow, material flow, value flow organically integrated together, the progressive realization of enterprise whole process computer integrated, it can make the enterprise overall optimization in the premise, to seek local optimization and to achieve global optimization operation, in order to obtain the biggest benefit.IM is in the nineteen eighties artificial intelligence technology is widely used in the foundation, it is characterized by : the manufacture of all aspects of the highly flexible, highly integrated and intelligent, through the computer to simulate human experts intelligent activity, to manufacturing issues analysis, judgment, inference, ideas and decision, replace or extended manufacturing environment the human part of mental labour, and a human expert on manufacturing intelligence collection, storage, sharing, perfect, inheritance and development.3 conclusionIn recent years, Chinese advanced manufacturing technology in the governments guidance and support, to get rapid development and breakthrough. Computer aided design ( CAD ) technology in the manufacturing industry uses generally in our country, the development of a number of excellent 3D CAD, CAPP and CAM system, CNC machine tools and flexible manufacturing system has achieved fruitful results. Basic technology and technical aspects of system development, greatly promoted the modernization of manufacturing industry. Development and promotion of advanced manufacturing technology should stand in the information technology revolution of science and technology, nano science and technology revolution and revolution of science and technology of biology of height, sufficient understanding of advanced manufacturing technology innovation is the need for talents, the implementation of advanced manufacturing mode of talents training is the key. 漢語翻譯先進制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢與生產(chǎn)模式隨著信息時代的到來，全球經(jīng)濟的一體化和統(tǒng)一市場的形成，作為國民經(jīng)濟支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)的制造業(yè)面臨更加激烈的競爭。2l世紀的制造業(yè)不斷經(jīng)歷新的技術(shù)革命，通過持續(xù)變革、快速響應、加強產(chǎn)品全生命周期內(nèi)的品質(zhì)、功能、服務和注重環(huán)保等增強市場競爭力，因此，采用高度集成、敏捷、智能和綠色的制造技術(shù)是不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的趨勢。1先進制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢先進制造技術(shù)是美國在20世紀80年代末，根據(jù)制造業(yè)面臨日本的挑戰(zhàn)，為增強制造業(yè)的競爭能力和振興美國經(jīng)濟提出的，它是以信息技術(shù)為支撐，研究并改造作用于產(chǎn)品整個生命周期的所有技術(shù)的總稱，它綜合了機械、電子、信息生物、光學、材料、能源、環(huán)保、管理等領(lǐng)域的最新成果，目的是獲得優(yōu)質(zhì)、高效、低耗、清潔的產(chǎn)品。2l世紀先進制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢體現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面：a)精密化：20世紀60年代，一般加工精度為100m，精密加工精度為lm，超精密加工精度為0.1m；到20世紀末，一般加工精度1m，精密加工精度為001m，超精密加工精度為000lm。在現(xiàn)代超精密機械中，對精度要求極高，如人造衛(wèi)星的儀表軸承，其圓度、圓柱度、表面粗糙度等均達納米級。譬如，電子制造中所要求的控制精度趨于納米級、加工精度趨于亞納米級。精密和超精密加工技術(shù)包括精密和超精密切削加工、磨削加工、研磨加工以及特種加工和復合加工(如機械化學研磨、超聲磨削和電解拋光等)三大領(lǐng)域。超精密加工技術(shù)已向納米技術(shù)發(fā)展，近年來納米技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)，促使超精密加工向其極限加工精度一原子級加工進行挑戰(zhàn)。納米技術(shù)促進了機械科學、材料科學、光學科學、測量科學和電子科學的發(fā)展。b)自動化：自動化技術(shù)自20世紀初出現(xiàn)以后，經(jīng)歷了由適合于單一品種大批量生產(chǎn)的剛性自動化、到多品種小批量的柔性自動化、多品種變批量的綜合自動化的發(fā)展過程，自動化技術(shù)的成功應用，極大地提高了產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)率，有效地向用戶提供優(yōu)質(zhì)產(chǎn)品，同時還可以完成高危工作環(huán)境的任務。對于像汽車、發(fā)動機這樣生產(chǎn)批量較大的行業(yè)的自動化，可通過機床自動化改造、使用自動機床、組合機床、自動生產(chǎn)線來完成。小批量生產(chǎn)自動化可通過NC，IMS，MC，CAM，F(xiàn)MS，CIM，IMS等來完成。未來的自動化將更多的考慮“人一機一環(huán)境”等的協(xié)調(diào)關(guān)系。c)網(wǎng)絡化：制造過程中的市場開發(fā)、原料采購、產(chǎn)品設計、零件加工、機器裝配、成品銷售等環(huán)節(jié)，已不局限于一個企業(yè)、一個集團或者是一個國家，借助網(wǎng)絡技術(shù)，特別是Internet，跨越不同的企業(yè)之間存在的空間差距，組織、管理和利用分散在各地的制造資源，建立靈活有效、互惠互利的異地、跨國界動態(tài)企業(yè)聯(lián)盟，通過企業(yè)之間的信息集成、業(yè)務過程集成、資源共享，對企業(yè)開展異地協(xié)同的設計制造，網(wǎng)絡營銷、供應鏈管理等提供技術(shù)支撐環(huán)境和手段，實現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品商務的協(xié)同、產(chǎn)品設計的協(xié)同、產(chǎn)品制造的和供應鏈的協(xié)同，極大地縮短了產(chǎn)品的研制周期，降低了研制費用，提高整個產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈和制造群體的競爭力。d)集成化：隨著時間的推移，在傳統(tǒng)制造工藝技術(shù)不斷發(fā)展的基礎上，將計算機技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)、新材料技術(shù)和管理技術(shù)等有機融合于產(chǎn)品生命周期中去，形成多專業(yè)學科的交叉滲透的技術(shù)綜合體，先進制造技術(shù)其內(nèi)涵跨越了傳統(tǒng)制造技術(shù)和企業(yè)及加工車間的邊界，它是一個包含從市場需求、創(chuàng)新設計、工藝技術(shù)到生產(chǎn)過程組織與監(jiān)控、市場信息反饋、企業(yè)文化在內(nèi)的工程系統(tǒng)；是以先進制造工藝、計算機應用技術(shù)為核心的信息、設計方法、工藝技術(shù)、能源工程及相應的工程管理技術(shù)集成的現(xiàn)代制造工程。e)智能化：信息時代借助機器實現(xiàn)人的腦力勞動部分機械化和自動化，使人擺脫繁瑣的計算和分析，有更多的精力從事創(chuàng)造性勞動。智能化是制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢之一，智能化促進了制造系統(tǒng)的柔性化，使它具有更為完善的判斷與適應能力，保證制造系統(tǒng)以最佳的狀態(tài)在運行過程。f)綠色化：綠色制造是人類社會可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略在現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)中的體現(xiàn)，綠色制造主要涉及到資源的優(yōu)化利用、清潔生產(chǎn)和廢棄物的最少化和利用，對產(chǎn)品而言，綠色制造覆蓋產(chǎn)品的設計、生產(chǎn)、包裝、運輸、流通、消費及報廢等整個產(chǎn)品生命周期。在綠色設計方面，選擇綠色無毒、無污染、易回收、可再用或易降解的材料；提高產(chǎn)品的可拆卸性能，產(chǎn)品只有通過拆卸和分類才能較徹底地進行材料的回收和零部件的再循環(huán)利用；設計時充分考慮產(chǎn)品的各種材料組分的回收利用的可能性、回收處理方法及工藝、回收費用等與產(chǎn)品有關(guān)的一系列問題，從而達到簡化回收處理過程、減少資源浪費、對環(huán)境無污染或少污染的目的。海灣戰(zhàn)爭期間，美國陸軍支援大隊在短短3個月時間內(nèi)，利用再制造技術(shù)恢復了戰(zhàn)區(qū)70的損壞裝備，日本富士施樂公司對可再利用的零部件進行修復和處理后循環(huán)再使用，利用率達到50以上，擁有舊零部件的復印機產(chǎn)量達到總產(chǎn)量的25。美國對鋼鐵材料報廢產(chǎn)品的再制造已經(jīng)取得顯著效果；節(jié)省能源4774，減少大氣污染86，減少水污染76，減少固體廢料97，節(jié)省水量40。為減少切削加工過程中切削液對環(huán)境的污染，出