名詞所有格 單復(fù)數(shù)講解.doc

名詞所有格 單復(fù)數(shù)講解名詞分為不可數(shù)名詞和可數(shù)名詞兩類。不可數(shù)名詞就是沒有復(fù)數(shù)的名詞；可數(shù)名詞就是有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)之分。一個人或事物為單數(shù)，兩個或兩個以上是復(fù)數(shù)。名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式的規(guī)則如下: 1一般情況是在單數(shù)名詞后加“-s”,如:penpens, sistersisters. 2以s, sh, ch, x等結(jié)尾的單詞，變復(fù)數(shù)形式需加“-es”，如：busbuses, dishdishes, watchwatches, boxboxes. 3以f, fe結(jié)尾的名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)形式需將f, fe變?yōu)関es,如：knifeknives, leafleaves. 4以o結(jié)尾的詞多數(shù)都加-es,如:heroheroes, potatopotatoes, echoechoes, tomatotomatoes. 少數(shù)詞加-s,如:zoozoos, radioradios, photophotos, pianopianos, kilokilos, studiostudios. 5以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)形式需先將y變?yōu)閕，然后再加“-es”，如：storystories, factoryfactories, familyfamilies. 6單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞，如：sheepsheep, deerdeer, ChineseChinese. 7少數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，如：manmen, womanwomen, childchildren, footfeet，oxoxen, mousemice, toothteeth, goosegeese.英語名詞單復(fù)數(shù)及所涉語法 以下這些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形： fish魚，deer鹿，sheep綿羊，works（工廠），means手段，Swiss瑞士人，Chinese中國人 只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞 trousers褲子，pants褲子，shorts短褲，glasses眼鏡，compasses圓規(guī)，scales天平，pliers鉗子，clips剪子 “某國人”的復(fù)數(shù)有三種類型： （1）Chinese, Japanese, Swiss 三國人單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)同形，不需加s； （2）Englishman, Frenchman, Dutchman復(fù)數(shù)要把 man 變?yōu)閙en； （3）其他各國人以an, -ian收尾的均直接加s。如：Americans, Australians, Indians等主謂一致( Subject-Verb Concord ) 1、語法一致 2、意義一致 3、就近原則。 語法一致 主謂一致的原則是指，主語和謂語從語法形式上取得一致：主語是單數(shù)形式，謂語也采取單數(shù)形式；主語是復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語亦采取復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如： A grammar book helps you learn something about the rules of a language. （主語是單數(shù)形式，謂語也采取單數(shù)形式） 語法書幫助你學(xué)習(xí)語言的某些規(guī)則。 Grammar books help you learn something about the rules of a language. （主語是復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語也采取復(fù)數(shù)形式） 語法書幫助你學(xué)習(xí)語言的某些規(guī)則 1、不定式、動名詞、以及從句作主語時應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如： Reading often means learning .讀書常意味是學(xué)習(xí)。 To read English aloud every morning does you a lot of good. 每天早晨朗讀英語有許多好處。 What he said has been recorded .他說的話已被錄音了。2、不定代詞one, every, each, everybody, everyone, one of, no one, nothing, nobody, someone, somebody, either, neither, many a 等作主語或是修飾主語時應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如： Neither of my sisters likes sports .我的妹妹中沒人喜歡運動。 Many a student takes a walk on campus after dinner.許多學(xué)生晚飯后常在校園里散步。 Every boy and girl shows great interest in extra-curriculum activities 每個男孩和女孩對課外活動都表現(xiàn)出很大的興趣。3、表示國家、機構(gòu)、事件、作品等名稱的專有名詞作主語時應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如： One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of mysterious bits of folklore . 一千零一夜給人們講了許多神秘的民間傳說。 The United States is leading the world in science and technology . 美國常在世界科技方面領(lǐng)先。 The United Nations play an important role in the international affairs . 聯(lián)合國在國際事務(wù)中起著重要作用。 4、a portion, a series of, a kind of, the number of等與名詞構(gòu)成名詞短語作主語時應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如： A series of high technology products has been laid out in the exhibition. 一系列高科技產(chǎn)品已在展覽上展出。 The number of printing mistakes in some recent books often surprises people even to death. 近來一些書籍里印刷錯誤的數(shù)量讓人吃驚得要命。 A substantial portion of the reports is missing .這些報告都沒有提及實質(zhì)問題。 A kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant.這座花園里有一種玫瑰香氣怡人。 5、由some, several, both, few, many, a number of 等詞修飾主語、或是由它們自身作主語時應(yīng)看作復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。另外，由and連接兩個主語時，謂語一般用復(fù)數(shù)。例如： On the seashore, some people are playing volleyball and some are lying in the sun. 海邊，有些人在打排球，有些人躺著曬太陽。 Both of us are fond of watching football games .我們倆都喜歡看足球賽。 A number of will-be graduates are voluntarily going to work in the West of China. 許多即將畢業(yè)的學(xué)生打算自愿去中國西部工作。 6、有些短語，如：a lot of, most of, any of, half of , three fifths of, eighty percent of, some of, none of, the rest of , all of等后接不可數(shù)名詞、或是單數(shù)形式的名詞作主語時應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；但如果后接可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式作主語時應(yīng)看作復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如： A lot of money in the shop was stolen yesterday when the electricity was suddenly cut off. 昨天突然斷電時，那家商店丟失了許多錢。 A lot of books about Investment Fund have been published recently. 最近出版了許多關(guān)于投資基金的書籍。 意義一致( Notional Concord ) 這一原則是指，從意義著眼來解決主謂一致問題。有時主語形式上為單數(shù)，但意義上卻是復(fù)數(shù)，那么謂語依意義也用復(fù)數(shù)形式；而有時主語形式上為復(fù)數(shù)，但意義上卻是單數(shù)，那么謂語依意義亦用單數(shù)形式。 1） 當(dāng)主語后面接由as well as, as much as, accompanied by, including, in addition to, more than,no less than, rather than, together with等引導(dǎo)的詞組時，其謂語動詞的形式要依主語的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。在這樣的句子里，這些詞所引導(dǎo)的詞組不影響主語自身的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式，它們在句子里其實是狀語。也就是說，我們完全可以將這些詞組搬到句首或是放到句末去。從表面上我們也可以看出，它們與主語之間有，隔開。例如： Petroleum, along with fuel gas, has recently risen in price. 最近石油和燃料煤氣的價格上漲了。 The teacher, with all his students, is going to have a picnic this weekend. 老師打算這個周末與學(xué)生們一起去野炊。 The students, together with their teacher , are going to have a picnic this weekend.學(xué)生們打算這個周末與他們的老師一起去野炊。 The warehouse, with all its stockings, was burned last night. 昨晚，那個倉庫連同其所有的貨物一起被燒毀了。 我們完全可以將上面句子中的那些詞組都分別搬到句首或是放到句末去，因為它們在句子里是狀語： Petroleum has recently risen in price, along with fuel gas. Along with fuel gas, petroleum has recently risen in price. The students are going to have a picnic this weekend together with their teacher. 2) 表示時間、金錢、距離、體積、重量、面積、數(shù)字等詞語作主語時，其意義若是指總量應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；但如果其意義是指有多少數(shù)量則應(yīng)該看作是復(fù)數(shù)，那么謂語動詞也應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)。例如： Four weeks are often approximately regarded as one month. 人們常大約地將四個星期看成一個月。 Twenty years stands for a long period in ones life. 二十年在人的一生里意味著一個很長的時期。 Eighty dollars are enough for a student to spend on food for one week. 八十塊錢給一個學(xué)生吃一個月的伙食是足夠的了。 3) 形容詞前加定冠詞即the + 形容詞作主語時，其意義若是指個人或是抽象概念應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；但如果其意義是指一類人則應(yīng)該看作是復(fù)數(shù)，那么謂語動詞也應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)。例如： The young, on the one hand, often think of the old conservative. On the other hand, the old always consider the young inexperience. 一方面，青年人常認為老年人保守；另一方面，老年人總是認為青年人沒有經(jīng)驗。 In many stories, the good are well rewarded and the bad are doomed to unfortunate. 在許多故事里，好人總是有好報；壞人注定要倒霉。 4）當(dāng)and連接兩個并列主語在意義上指同一人、同一物、同一事或者同一概念時，應(yīng)看作 單數(shù)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。另外，當(dāng)and 連接兩個形容詞去修飾一個單數(shù)形式的主語時，其實是指兩種不同的事物,主語則應(yīng)該看作是復(fù)數(shù)， 那么謂語動詞也應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)。例如： War and peace is a constant theme in history. 戰(zhàn)爭與和平是一個歷史上的永恒的主題。 Chinese and Japanese silk are of good quality. 中國絲綢和日本絲綢質(zhì)量都很好。 Different people respectively welcome White and black coffee. 加奶的咖啡與清咖啡都分別受到不同人們的喜愛。 5) 集體名詞作主語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)取決于主語的意義：主語表示整體時視為單數(shù)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；主語表示集體中的個體成員時視為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。這類集體名詞常見的有：army, audience, cattle, class, club, committee, crowd, family, government, group, majority, minority, part, people, police, public, staff, team等等，其中cattle，people，police一般看成復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如： The family are all fond of football. 那一家人都喜歡足球。 The family is the tiniest cell of th