新托福(TOEFL)插入題講義.doc

在新托福TOEFL閱讀的考查中，每篇文章必會出現(xiàn)一類題，叫做Insert Text Questions，即插入句子題(簡稱插入題)?？荚囍?，考生會遇到一句話，問該句插入文中哪里最合適。如下面例題： The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are general the dominant type of natural vegetation. The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage。 This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing。 Where would the sentence best fit? (選自Official Guide P73) 按照ETS官方指南上的解析，這類題型重點考查英文句子間的邏輯語義關系，即英文中句子與句子是如何銜接在一起的。所以，只要掌握了英語句子間的銜接手法(cohesive devices)，這種問題便可迎刃而解。 首位銜接法認真閱讀要插入的句子，找出題干句子中的關鍵詞。關鍵詞一般是名詞或代詞，在句子中做主語或者是賓語，一般指代插入句子的前面主語或是賓語，或后面那個句子中的某個名詞或同義詞，即同義詞復現(xiàn)原則最后一定要再讀一遍，看放入文章中是否符合邏輯要求例1：Contingencies are events that might affect what you plan to do, but rarely are out of your control. Even the best plans are rarely carried out without some problems. Good managers learn to deal with problems as they come up. They make decisions as they are needed and adjust plans when necessary. Flexible plans allow for several contingencies. For example, rain is a contingency that might affect the success of an outdoor event. Trying to move indoors at the last minute could be a disaster. Therefore, your plan should include a “rain plan.” 那么，英文句關鍵詞是contingency 而且，這個句子是對這個詞匯的一個解釋或定義，在仔細閱讀帶黑框的文章段落，會注意到在第二個黑框前面的句子中首次提到了contingencies一詞，在看第二個黑框后面則是舉例說明，如果把句子插在第二個方框的位置，就可以看出，這樣即符合了我們所說的同義詞復現(xiàn)原則，也符合了“第一次出現(xiàn)定義舉例說明”的邏輯原則。子有哪些銜接手法呢？ 例2：This irritation is caused by viruses or bacteria, exposure to tobacco smoke, or air pollution. Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes in the lungs.A It often appears after a cold or an upper respiratory infection that does not heal completely. BIt also may accompany childhood infections such as measles, whooping cough, and typhoid fever. CThe inflamed bronchial tubes secrete a sticky mucus called sputum. It is difficult for the tiny hairs on the bronchi to clear out this sputum. DThe cough that comes with bronchitis is the bodys attempt to eliminate it. Other symptoms include discomfort or tightness in the chest, low fever, sore throat, and sometimes wheezing. Severe cases of bronchitis may lead to pneumonia. 題干中的關鍵詞irritation，雖然沒有在文章中找到同樣的詞匯，但在文章中第一句中很容易找到一個同義詞inflammation，這也同樣符合我們所說的同義詞復現(xiàn)原則，所以第一個方框就是插入句子的位置p36.1 p36.2 p57.2 p66.9 p83.4 p101.23 p111.37 p130.25 p155.20 p165.33 p186.22 .邏輯關系法；利用過渡詞和代詞，確定上下文語義邏輯關系一1.指代關系；具體包括人稱代詞、指示代詞和關系代詞等(personal, demonstrative, relative, etc)。在上下句的關聯(lián)中，代詞是最為緊密的一類詞。當作者再次談及上句相關話題時，為了避免重復，遵循語言學的最簡單化原理，作者會用代詞指代該話題詞，常見指示代詞this, that, these, those, 人稱代詞 they, she, he, 或it ，還有their, such, another等 。 例一Most of them like to talk, especially in front of a group.Kindergarteners are quite skillful with language. AProviding a “sharing time” gives children a natural opportunity for talking. B However, many will need help in becoming good listeners. CSome sort of rotation scheme is usually necessary to divide talking opportunities between the talkative and silent extremes. D Teachers can provide activities or experiences for less confident children to talk about, such as a field trip, a book, or a film. 例如，從題干中我們不難看出代詞them明顯是指代 文章中的kindergarteners, 題干句中的關鍵詞in front of a group, 可以和第一個黑框后面的句子中 “sharing time”是指同樣的意思，所以，第一個黑框就是句子插入的位置。Speaking a foreign language is an enormous asset in the modern world. This is why so many junior high schools are now offering language classes。 Todays teachers are faced with a stark choice. They must decide whether to teach in a way that helps student pass standardized exams or teach in a way that actually helps students learn。 Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans。 Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossils whale。 Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage。 This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages。 Where would the sentence best fit? p16.24 p21.38 p59,2 p73.9 p81.11 p121.13 p140.382.定冠詞the + 名詞(specific articles+nouns) 名詞所指對象第一次出現(xiàn)時，用不定冠詞a連接，當后句再次提及該名詞對象時，為了表示它和前一句名詞是同一關系，會用定冠詞the引出。例如， A woman is walking into our classroom. The woman is our teacher。 The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are general the dominant type of natural vegetation. The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage。 This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing。 Where would the sentence best fit? 我們先讀給出的這句話-This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing. 這個句子使用的銜接手法(cohesive device)屬于代詞指代前文話題詞。this后面的名詞economic reliance on livestock一定在上一句里出現(xiàn)。于是，搜索段落，答案鎖定在第二個方框前的那一句The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are general the dominant type of natural vegetation。這句話與被插入的句子話題一致，都是在講經(jīng)濟上依賴牲口這件事，所以應插入第二個方框。 Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production。 Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage。 This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers。 Where would the sentence best fit? p92.9 p176.7二 時間關系 then, next, later, finally, etc。 p62.2三 因果關系 therefore, so, as a result, consequently ，accordingly, otherwise, thus p54.2 Thus, the males have a defensive rather than an offensive role. A As can be seen from this description of the process, it is the female lions rather than the male or males in the pride that take part in the kill. B The younger and stronger females are the ones who go on the attack. C While the females are on the attack, the males stay behind to protect the rest of the pride from attack by predators such as hyenas. D先閱讀題干，從過渡詞 Thus一詞可以看出，題干句子是個總結句。而句子中的關鍵詞 “defensive , offensive”可以幫助我們很快在文中找到對應的定位信息詞“on the attack , protect”，自然而然的這種因果關系就顯現(xiàn)出來了，多以句子應該插放在最后一個方框的位置四 轉折關系 過渡詞有although, conversely, however, in contrast, instead, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, unlike, whereas, while，however, but, yet, nevertheless, on the other hand, etc。 However, the ground surface is spongy and wet to the touch. Bogs are a distinctive type of wetland. A They appear relatively dry, with only small amounts of shallow water visible. BThe surface material is largely sphagnum moss of other organic matter rather than mineral soil. C Bogs are usually characterized by evergreen trees and shrubs and are underlain by deep peat deposits. D 閱讀題干，我們很容易就能找出關鍵中心詞是 “spongy and wet”，根據(jù)題干中的轉折詞however，我們應該判斷在此句義之前應該有一相對應的反義詞出現(xiàn)，快速閱讀文章很快就會找個 “dry”這個對應的反義詞，所以，第二個方框就是答案所在的位置。p73.6 p149.11五 解釋關系 that is, in other words, etc。 六 舉例關系 for instance, for exam