英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況趣味記憶.doc

英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland英國(guó)的歷史分四部分:1.The Origins of a Nation2.The Shaping of the Nation3.Transition to the Mordern Age4.The Rise and Fall of the British Empire1 取關(guān)鍵詞Origins的字頭O2 取關(guān)鍵詞Shaping的字頭S3 取關(guān)鍵詞Mordern的字頭M4 取關(guān)鍵詞Empire的字頭E連起來(lái)就是OSME=O+S+ME=O(哦),S(是)ME(我)!接著每個(gè)部分的標(biāo)題串在一起,用一句話來(lái)記憶.要好好記住每句話里所包括的每個(gè)字母代表的是什么標(biāo)題.可以看幾遍這個(gè)情景對(duì)話,熟悉了之后可以不費(fèi)吹灰之力就能記住整個(gè)英國(guó)歷史的線索.有了這條線,你再把主要的記憶點(diǎn),象珠子一樣地穿起來(lái),這樣回憶就非常容易了.可謂既見樹木,又見森林.一切盡在掌握.History of UK (-O.S.M.E-) 哦（O），是（S）我（ME）O: Early settlers - Roman Britain - Anglo-Saxons - the Viking and Danish Invations - the Norman ConquestO（哦）：eravidan=era(時(shí)代)+vida(維達(dá),女名)+n(諾曼征服)句子：（老公看著一本英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況在那里自言自語(yǔ)）哦，原來(lái)英國(guó)的新時(shí)代是偉大的維達(dá)小姐實(shí)現(xiàn)諾曼征服之后開始的。S: Norman Rule - the Great Charter - the Hundred Years War with France - the Blackdeath and the peasant uprisingS(是)：ng（拼音：ng=嗯）+hb(hubby丈夫，的縮寫)N+G+H+B句子：（老婆在看電視，漫不經(jīng)心地說(shuō)）是的，嗯, 老公。M: the English Reformation - Elizabeth I - the English Renaissance - James I - Charles I - the Civil War - the commonwealth - the Glorius RevolutionM(我): reelrejam cha cw cw revolution = re+el+re+jam+cha+cw+cw+revolutionreel（卷軸）re（又）jam(果醬) cha(茶)cw+cw (與wc廁所相反)revolution(革命，旋轉(zhuǎn))句子：（老公一邊看書一邊倒著果醬，突然果醬灑了）不好了，我（ME的第一個(gè)字母M）的卷軸又灑滿果醬了，趕快拿點(diǎn)茶去WC洗洗，??？怎么兩個(gè)WC都寫反了(CW+CW)，快旋轉(zhuǎn)回來(lái)！E(我): Two parties (Whigs and Tories) - Agricultural changes - the Industrial Revolution - the Chartist Movement - Trade unions and the Labour Party - Colonial Expansion - in the two World WarsE：TAICHA TCW=T+A+I+CHA+T+C+W句子：（老婆趕緊跑過(guò)來(lái)說(shuō)）我（ME的第二個(gè)字母E）的天啊，這什么廁所呀，簡(jiǎn)直太（TAI）差（CHA）了嘛，我踢（T）這個(gè)該死的CW！Chapter 1 Land and People第一部分：Different Names for Britain and its Parts1. 選擇題/ 簡(jiǎn)答題：The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2.選擇題/ 簡(jiǎn)答題： The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列顛群島由兩個(gè)大島大不列顛島（較大的一個(gè)）和愛爾蘭島，及成千上萬(wàn)個(gè)小島組成。There are three political divisions on the island of Great Britain：England, Scotland and Wales3.簡(jiǎn)答題：Why do people tend to use England and English when they mean Britain and British?England is the largest, most populous and generally speaking the richest section. So people tend to use “England” and “English” when they mean “Britain” and “British”.4.名詞解釋：the Commonwealth of Nations 或 the British CommonwealthThe Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers.英聯(lián)邦是一個(gè)由許多獨(dú)立國(guó)家組成的自由組織，這些國(guó)家都是大不列顛國(guó)以前的殖民地，成員國(guó)都是出于經(jīng)濟(jì)原因結(jié)合在一起的并有固定的貿(mào)易往來(lái)。英聯(lián)邦沒有什么特權(quán)。(1931: British Empire was replaced by the British Common-wealth or the Commonwealth of Nations (1931: 二次世界大戰(zhàn)削弱了英國(guó)，帝國(guó)雖大，依舊散矣。1931)第二部分：Geographical Features1.選擇題/ 簡(jiǎn)答題：Britain is an island country. It is surrounded by the sea. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.2. 選擇題/ 簡(jiǎn)答題：Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and North Sea in the east.3.名詞解釋/ 簡(jiǎn)答題：The English Channel between England and France is quite narrow and the narrowest part is called the Straits of Dover, which is only 33 km across.非常狹窄的英吉利海峽位于英國(guó)和法國(guó)之間，最窄的部分只有33公里，叫做多佛海峽。(這么狹窄的海峽，鴿子Dove扇扇 33 km 翅膀就飛過(guò)去了。)4.名詞解釋：ChunnelChunnel stands for channel and tunnel which was cut under the Straits of Dover. With it England and France join together by road. The “Chunnel” was open to traffic in May 1994.(Chunnel: 英吉利海峽隧道(鐵路) May 1994 通車。 （英吉利海峽隧道通車的時(shí)候車上載了無(wú)數(shù)的五月May花，一1路瓢香，久久99不能消逝4。）5. 選擇題/ 簡(jiǎn)答題：The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands. The east and southeast are mostly lowlands.(這種地理特點(diǎn)和我國(guó)基本一樣，好記吧。西部北部高，東部東南低。)6. 選擇題/ 簡(jiǎn)答題：England: 130,000平方公里 （英格蘭經(jīng)常下雨，所以英格蘭人經(jīng)常站在雨傘13下東張西望萬(wàn)，哈哈。這樣就記住了英格蘭的面積了。）The Pennines are the principal mountain chain. 奔寧山脈是主要的山系The highest peak of England is Scafell , in the Lake District in north-west England.英格蘭的最高峰是Scafell, 位于英格蘭西北部的大湖區(qū)。(Pennines(奔寧山脈)是主要的山脈，英格蘭最高峰Scafell(978m)在Lake District.(笨奔寧啊，爬那么高，不怕Scare掉fell進(jìn)湖Lake District里去啊，喝酒9壓驚，心里還是七上八下78。)7.識(shí)記要點(diǎn)：Ben Nevis (1343m), the highest mountain in Britain is located in Scotland.位于蘇格蘭的本尼威斯山是大不列顛的最高山。(書蘇格蘭本Ben好高好大，像座山，拿Ne在手里很費(fèi)事vis，讀的時(shí)候要一想13再想，使4勁想3)8. 選擇題/ 簡(jiǎn)答題：There are three natural zones: the Highlands in the north, the central Lowlands , and the southern Uplands.蘇格蘭從地理上被分為三部分：北部的高地，中部低地和南部高原。9. 選擇題：Snowdonia in the northwest is the highest mountain in Wales. The capital of Wales is Cardiff. 威爾士的最高的山是位于西北部的Snowdonia山脈，威爾士的首府是卡迪夫。(Wales: 以pasture牧場(chǎng)為主，所以叫Wales，喂二食，就是喂草給兩種動(dòng)物吃，牛和羊。哈哈。最高峰是Snowdonia (1085m)首府是Cardiff(威爾士遍地牛羊，牧羊的時(shí)候是開著車car滿地di乎乎ff亂跑，遠(yuǎn)處白茫茫的羊群，乍一看還以為下雪snow了,其實(shí)是逗你donia玩兒呢。看這么多的羊群，要有十10八8般武5藝才行啊。)10. Northern Ireland: Belfast is the capital of Northern Ireland.第三部分：Rivers and Lakes1. Rivers in Britain do not freeze in winter.* East coast rivers: Tweed / Tyne / Tee / Thames (4 T 諧音：退堂提堂)West coast rivers: Clyde / Mersey / Severn (順著西岸的河流直下，7Severn 個(gè)客人來(lái)到Clyde沙漠西部Mersey)2. The longest river is the Severn River which is only 338 km long 不列顛最長(zhǎng)的河流是塞汾河，長(zhǎng)338千米。(7Severn條河流里面最長(zhǎng)的一條。河面上飄著兩把雨傘，33一只叭8兒狗拼命游在雨傘的后面。)3. The second largest and most important river in Britain is the Thames River (336km). 大不列顛的第二大長(zhǎng)河是泰吾士河，長(zhǎng)336公里，也是最重要的河(就因?yàn)楸萐evern少2米，所以排名第二。)4. 識(shí)記要點(diǎn)：Oxford is also on the Thames. River Clyde is the most important river in Scotland.5. 選擇題：The largest lake in Britain is the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland.英國(guó)最大的湖，不過(guò)卻在北愛爾蘭。（Lough Neagh 的縮寫LN,多像愛爾蘭的“LAN”?。?. 選擇題/簡(jiǎn)答題：The Lake District is one of the popular tourist attractions in Britain. It is well known for its wild and beautiful scenery and 15 lakes.the Lake District and the Lake Poets：湖區(qū)是19世紀(jì)三個(gè)Lake詩(shī)人的故鄉(xiāng)，William Wordsworth / Samuel Taylor Coleridge / Robert Southey (想象湖面上蘆葦William隨風(fēng)搖擺，蝦苗Samuel們?cè)谟崎e地啃著白色的大蘿卜Rober。真是如詩(shī)如畫啊。)第四部分：Climate1. 識(shí)記要點(diǎn)：Though it seems that people are always complaining about the weather in Britain because it is rainy and so changeable and unpredictable, the climate in Britain is in fact a favorable one.2. 簡(jiǎn)答題：請(qǐng)簡(jiǎn)要描述英國(guó)的氣候狀況。It has a favourable maritime climate-winters are mild, not too cold and summers are cool, not too hot, and it has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.3. 簡(jiǎn)答題：影響英國(guó)氣候的三個(gè)主要因素：風(fēng)水流（風(fēng)水輪流轉(zhuǎn)）(1) The surrounding waters 大不列顛島周圍的海域(2) The prevailing south-west winds 盛行的西南風(fēng)(3) The North Atlantic Drift 北大西洋暖流4. 簡(jiǎn)答題：英國(guó)氣候有那些特點(diǎn)？為什么會(huì)有這些特點(diǎn)？Since Britains climate is of the maritime type, it is characterised by cool temperatures, frequent cloudy days and rainstorms.5. 識(shí)記要點(diǎn)：Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.6. 識(shí)記要點(diǎn)：The average annual rainfall in Britain: over 1000mm.7. 識(shí)記要點(diǎn)：As a result of the rainfall distribution in Britain there is a water surplus in the north and west, and a water deficit in the south and east.7. 識(shí)記要點(diǎn)：Most cities in Britain have introduced “Clean air zones” , whereby factories and households are only allowed to burn smokeless fuel.英國(guó)的很多城市都有“潔凈空氣區(qū)”，在這些地區(qū)工廠和家庭只能燃燒無(wú)煙燃料。第五部分 The People 1. 識(shí)記要點(diǎn)：90% of the population is urban and only 10% is rural2. 識(shí)記要點(diǎn)：There is a great concentration of population in England.3. 選擇題/簡(jiǎn)答題：The English are Anglo-Saxons, but the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts.4. 選擇題：The Celts came to Britain after 700 BC. Later they were conquered by the Romans.5. 選擇題/簡(jiǎn)答題：The Germanic conquerors give England its name “Angle” land.6. 選擇題/ 簡(jiǎn)答題：It was from the union of Norman conquerors and the defeated Anglo-Saxons that the English people and English language were born.正是由于諾曼征服者與被擊敗的盎格魯撒克遜人的結(jié)合，英國(guó)人和英語(yǔ)誕生了。7. 識(shí)記要點(diǎn)：The English have many differences in regional speech. The chief division is between southern England and northern England. Generally speaking southerners speak the type of English closer to BBC English.8. 名詞解釋：Cockney (倫敦東區(qū)人)A Cockney is a Londoner who is born within the sound of Bow Bells-the bells of the church of St. Mary LeBow in east London.9. 選擇題：Regional speech is usually broader in northern England than that of southern England.10. 選擇題：The ancestors of the Welsh were the ancient Britons.The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people. They are music lovers and proud of their past.11. 選擇題/ 簡(jiǎn)答題：Welsh is an ancient Celtic language. It was given equality with English for all official use in Wales in 1965.12. 名詞解釋: Eisteddfodau 或 The National Eisteddfod（想象和諧音：威爾士人愛吃的食物 Eisteddfod是詩(shī)歌，音樂和唱歌。）The National Eisteddfod is the great event of the year in Welsh, on these occasions competitions are held in Welsh poetry, music, singing and in this way they keep the Welsh language and Welsh culture alive.此節(jié)日是威爾士人一年中重大的節(jié)日，在這些時(shí)候威爾士人會(huì)用威爾士語(yǔ)舉行詩(shī)歌，音樂，唱歌的各種比賽，以這種方式來(lái)保留威爾士語(yǔ)和威爾士文化。13.選擇題：Scots are pround that the English never conqured them.14. 選擇題：Many Scottish names begin with M, Mc or Mac, which means son of in Gealic, the old Celtic language of the Scots.15. 識(shí)記要點(diǎn)/課后第十題答案：Hundreds of years ago Scots and English Protestants (新教徒) were sent to live in Northern Ireland. Since then there has been bitter fighting between the Protestants who are the dominant group, and the Roman Catholics (天主教徒) , who are seeking more social, political and economic opportunities. The British Government and Government of Ireland are now working together to bring peace to Northern Ireland.本章重點(diǎn)課后題：1. What are the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain, England, the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth?-The British Isles, Great Britain and England are geographical names, not the official names of the country, while the official name is the United Kingdom, but the full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The British Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain.3. Whereabouts in Great Britain are mostly highland and lowland?-The north and west of Britain are mainly highland, while the east and south-east are mostly lowlands.4. Dose Britain have a favourable climate? Why?-Yes, it has a favourable climate. Because it has a maritime type of climate-winter is mild, not too cold, and summer is cool, not too hot. It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. It has a small range of temperature, too.7. What are the three natural zones in Scotland?-The three natural zones in Scotland are: the Highlands in the north, the central Lowlands and the southern Uplands.8. What is the difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots, Welsh and Irish?-The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons, while the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts.Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation (5000 BC1066)本章概要：(1) 最早的不列顛居民 (5000BC-55BC) (2) 羅馬人的入侵 (55BC-410AD)(3) 盎格魯撒克遜人的入侵 (446-871)(4) 丹麥人的入侵(5) 1066年的諾曼征服第一部分：Early Settlers (from 5000BC55BC)1. 選擇題：The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians (古代伊比利亞人).伊比利亞人是人們所知道的最早的英國(guó)的定居者。2.識(shí)記要點(diǎn)：At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now known as Holland and the Rhineland. These people took their name from their distinctive bell-shaped drinking vessels with which they were buried in crouching positions in individual graves. (beaker: 大口杯) Key words: pottery making / bronze tools / hill forts / custom of individual burial. (想象：2000個(gè)人拿著大口杯，大口大口喝酒，喝醉了就沖到山上的堡壘fort使勁地用青銅砸爛了許多陶器，滿山都是哐哐巨響。)3. 簡(jiǎn)答題：The Celts came to Britain in three main waves.The first wave were the Gaels （蓋爾人）; the second wave were the Brythons（布立吞人）; third wave were the Belgae（比利其人）, the most industrious and vigorous of the Celtic tribes.想象：你打開（凱爾特）啤酒蓋（蓋爾人），把啤酒潑在一塊巨大的布（布立吞人）上，這塊布被（Bel）一只雞(gae)從中間飛過(guò)去穿了好大一個(gè)窟窿。4. 選擇題：The Celts religion was Druidism. （其實(shí)這個(gè)單詞的諧音是“注意敵人”，凱爾特人就是注意敵人才取得勝利，凱旋而歸。）凱爾特人的宗教為德魯伊教。第二部分：Roman Britain (55BC410AD)1. 選擇題/簡(jiǎn)答題：British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion.英國(guó)有記錄的歷史開始于羅馬人的入侵。2. Attention:在記 Roman Britain 這部分內(nèi)容時(shí)，可以和諾曼征服 (Norman Conquest)相結(jié)合來(lái)理解，這兩個(gè)事件都在英國(guó)歷史上有劃時(shí)代的意義， 英國(guó)有記錄的歷史開始于羅馬人的入侵，而1066年的諾曼征服是英國(guó)歷史上最有影響的事件(The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history.)3. 簡(jiǎn)答題：Julius Caesar, the great Roman general, invaded Britain for the first time in 55BC, partly to gather information about the island and partly to punish the Belgae who had helped their fellow tribesmen in their fight against the conquering Romans in Gaul （高盧）, the land that is now France.偉大的羅馬將軍裘歷斯愷撒，于公元前55年第一次入侵英國(guó)。部分原因是為了獲取當(dāng)時(shí)這個(gè)無(wú)名島的信息，部分原因是為了懲罰比利其人。在高盧，即現(xiàn)在的法國(guó)，比利其人幫助同部落人抵抗入侵的羅馬人。4. 選擇題：The successful invasion did not take place until nearly a century later, in AD43, headed by the Emperor Claudius. (在一個(gè)多云的陰天里，cloudy Claudius爬上了不列顛一個(gè)巨大的石山43，敲著鑼羅馬大聲宣布“我占領(lǐng)不列顛了！)直到一個(gè)世紀(jì)之后的公元43年，克勞狄大帝終于成功地占領(lǐng)了不列顛。 5. 課后第二題：Why was the Roman influence on Britain so limited?- For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation. But it was never a total occupation for two reasons.First, some parts of the country resistedSecondly， Roman troops were often withdrawn from Britain to fight in other parts of the Roman Empire.Thirdly, The Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. Never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. The Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.6. 識(shí)記要點(diǎn)：Picts - a tribe of Scotland，so called because of their “painted faces”. pict=picture-painted face7. 選擇題/簡(jiǎn)答題：The Romans also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.8.Boadicea (or Boudicca): Queen of the Iceni of East Anglia, attempted to drive the Romans from Britain in AD61. She succeeded in destroying the capital of the Romans, Londinium, before being defeated. (諧音+想象：卜阿姨Boadicea愛稀泥Iceni，六一AD61兒童節(jié)那天，用稀泥消滅了幾千頭羅馬人藍(lán)色的牛Londinium=London)9. the Hadrians Wall and Antonine Wall: The Romans built two great walls to keep the Picts. One was Hadrians Wall running from Carlisle to Newcastle, the other was Antonine Wall linking the estuaries of the Forth and the Clyde.第三部分：The Anglo-Saxons (446-871)1. 選擇題/簡(jiǎn)答題：In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes. (5世紀(jì)中期，日爾曼的豬Jutes吹著薩克斯Saxons扮成天使Angles入侵不列顛)5世紀(jì)中葉，朱特人，撒克遜人和盎格魯人不斷入侵不列顛，這是三支日耳曼部落。2. 名詞解釋：The seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy. (Hepta=七。字頭記憶： knee swim, I象一頂皇冠，想象頭戴7頂皇冠用膝蓋游泳)這七個(gè)主要王國(guó): 肯特,埃塞克斯,蘇塞克斯,威塞克斯,東盎格利亞,麥西亞,和諾森伯利亞被和稱為七王國(guó).3. 識(shí)記要點(diǎn)：When the Northumbrians submitted to him and took him for their master in 829, Egbert actually became an overlord of all the English. (想象：幾千個(gè)北方人Nor豎起大拇指thumb, 幾千只叭兒狗829汪汪叫著，突然，一個(gè)巨大的鳥蛋Eg里飛出一只大鳥bird-bert，所有人歡呼，大王。overlord, overlord.霸王)- Father of Great Britain: Egbert4. 識(shí)記要點(diǎn)：The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. The names of Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday derive from Teutonic gods.分別是戰(zhàn)神，天神，風(fēng)暴之神與和平之神。5. 簡(jiǎn)答題：In 597, Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrews Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity.公元597年,教皇格里高利一世把羅馬圣安德魯修道院的副院長(zhǎng)圣奧古斯丁派遣到英格蘭, 其使命是使異教徒的英國(guó)人皈依基督教.In 579 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury.公元579年圣奧古斯丁成為坎特伯雷大主教. （這是書里的錯(cuò)誤吧，我上網(wǎng)查過(guò)應(yīng)該是602年。）6. 課后第五題：What contributions did the early Anglo-Saxons make to the English state?- The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state.They divided the country into shires;They devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system;They also established the manorial system;They created the Witan to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.( Witan=council or meeting of the wisemen.) (縣城里的農(nóng)民全跑到莊園里開會(huì)了。)第四部分：The Viking and Danish Invasions1. 識(shí)記要點(diǎn)：The Danes gained control of the north and the east of England (“the Danelaw”)丹麥人控制了英格蘭北部和西部（叫“丹麥法區(qū)）。2. 名詞解釋：Alfred the Great (Alfred is known as “the father of the British navy”)課后第七題：What do you know about king Alfred? What makes him worthy of the title of Alfred the Great?- Alfred is known as “the father of the British navy” as he founded a strong fleet which first beat the Danes at sea, then protected the coasts and encouraged trade. He also reorganized the fyrd, the Saxon army, making it more efficient. A learned man himself, he encouraged learning in others, established schools and formulated a legal system. This, as well as his admirable work with the army and the navy, makes him worthy of his title “Alfred the Great”. 第五部分：The Norman Conquest1. 識(shí)記要點(diǎn)：King Edward - the Confessor2. 課后第八題：Why did the William the Conqueror invade England after Edwards death?- It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, Duke of Normandy, but when Edward died, the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. On Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.3. 課后第九題：What were the consequences of the Norman Conquest?The Norman Conquest of 1066 is one of the best-known events in English history. It brought about many consequences.William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were exte