高考英語(yǔ)省略、插入語(yǔ)和交際用語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)講解.doc

省略、插入語(yǔ)和交際用語(yǔ)高考高情分析近幾年高考對(duì)省略這項(xiàng)語(yǔ)法考查重點(diǎn)是不定式、賓語(yǔ)從句的省略 , 并且都是放在具體的語(yǔ)境會(huì)話中來(lái)考查。對(duì)此 , 我們需要有補(bǔ)全會(huì)話的能力分析判斷哪些成分被省略掉了 .插入語(yǔ)是高中英語(yǔ)的重要的語(yǔ)法內(nèi)容.也是高考的考點(diǎn)之一 。在日常交際用語(yǔ)和書面表達(dá)中頻頻出現(xiàn)。未來(lái)的高考考題中仍會(huì)在這兩大部分重點(diǎn)考查插入語(yǔ) .交際用語(yǔ)近幾年在“淡化語(yǔ)法，加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)境”命題思想的指導(dǎo)下, 逐年在得到加強(qiáng)。重點(diǎn)是考查考生對(duì)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的應(yīng)用能力和交際能力,考查的焦點(diǎn)是看是否達(dá)到了交際的目的, 命題的熱點(diǎn)大多是與我們漢語(yǔ)文化習(xí)俗不同的方面。情景的設(shè)置是多角度、多場(chǎng)景：醫(yī)院看病、商店購(gòu)物、車站問(wèn)路、機(jī)場(chǎng)候機(jī)、同事交往、辦公室等。省 略為了避免重復(fù) , 使語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)練緊湊 , 在不損害結(jié)構(gòu)或引起誤解的原則下 , 往往省去一個(gè)或多個(gè)句子成分或詞語(yǔ)。英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)或?qū)υ捴? 如果上下文已經(jīng)明顯表明了主語(yǔ), 常常可省略主語(yǔ)；如果主語(yǔ)不同而謂語(yǔ)相同時(shí)，可省略后面相同的謂語(yǔ)。在時(shí)間、條件、讓步、地點(diǎn)和比較狀語(yǔ)從句中 , 如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為 be, 主語(yǔ)或主句的主語(yǔ)為 it 時(shí)，也彎常省略主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)部分。like, hope ,want, tell, try，be able to,be going to 等不定式后相同的動(dòng)詞, 也常常被省略一、具體用法：1. 簡(jiǎn)單句中的省略a)所有格之后的名詞如果為住宅、商店、工礦、教堂等可以省略。如：She is going to her uncles house . 她要去她舅舅家 .Today I met her at the tailors(shop . 今天我在裁縫店碰見她了.b) 主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的省略，此種情況一般多用于交際用語(yǔ)中。如：(1)Feeling much better today. (2)Hope to see you again soon.c) 疑問(wèn)句和答句中的省略 (1)“You angry? ” “Not very” (2) “Going on holiday, are you?”d)祈使句的省略 （1）On with the light.開燈！ （2）Out of the room.2. 并列句子的省略(1 并列句中后面的分句只要與前邊的分句有相同的詞語(yǔ) , 不管它在句子中作何種成分 , 都可以省略。如 His father is a doctor, his mother ( is a nurse.They dont go to the Summer Palace, neither do I(go to the Summer Palace . 2 特別是在動(dòng)詞 appear, believe, expect, fear, hope, seem, suppose, trust, think 或詞組 be afraid 后面 , 表示肯定時(shí)用 so, 表示否定時(shí)可用 not 。如：I think youll win the race; indeed we a1l think so.我認(rèn)為你一定會(huì)贏得這場(chǎng)比賽 , 事實(shí)上我們都這樣想。Im not sure she isnt coming, but I suppose not.我不能肯定她不來(lái) , 但我想是這樣。3.不定式的省略（1）使役動(dòng)詞let, make, have及感官動(dòng)詞see, watch , hear, notice, observe, feel. Look at, listen to 等后面作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足的不定式要省去to, 但在被動(dòng)句時(shí)應(yīng)加上to如：a) I saw the boy fall from the tree. b) The boy was seen to fall from the tree.(2)有時(shí)為了避免重復(fù)，表達(dá)相同意思的不定式符號(hào)to后的內(nèi)容常承前省略，而只是保持不定式的符號(hào) to. 常見的有三種情況： 系動(dòng)詞（be）+ adj , 常見的形容詞有：afraid, ready, glad, happy, willing -Could you go shopping with me? - I am glad to. (go shopping with you)mean, try, want, afford, decide, refuse, wish, like, need, would like, would love 等后面接不定式作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，省略作賓語(yǔ)的不定式。只保留不定式符號(hào) to , 但如果該賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞 be 或完成時(shí)態(tài)的不定式時(shí)，則須在 to 后加上be 或 have如： -Are you going there? -Yes, Id like to (go there). -Are you an engineer? -No, but I want to be.tell, warn, order, advise, ask, expect,等動(dòng)詞后接不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)常省略不定式的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：The students want to enter the lab, but the monitor advises them not to.(enter the lab) 兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的動(dòng)詞不定式并列在一起由and / or 連接時(shí), 第一個(gè)不定式帶to, 后面的不定式可省去to. 但如表示對(duì)比（照）等，則不省 to.如Her job is to take care of the children and (to) wash clothes. Its better to laugh than to cry. 主 ( 賓 ) 語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)中的 to be 往往省略。如 He was thought to be the cleverest boy in the group.大家認(rèn)為他在小組中最聰明。.特殊結(jié)構(gòu)中的省略 Would sooner, had better, do nothing but, have nothing to do but, theres nothing to do but, cant help but, rather than 等后不定式符號(hào) to 常省略。如：a) He would sooner die than surrender. b) Id rather look after the baby than wash dishes. 主語(yǔ)部分有一個(gè)表“做”的 do 的各種形式時(shí)，表語(yǔ)不定式常省 “to”如：What I really want to do is (to) go to the cinema.4.從句中的省略(1 賓語(yǔ)從句以 which, when, where, how 和 why 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句在其謂語(yǔ)與主句謂語(yǔ)相同時(shí) , 可省略全部謂語(yǔ) , 甚至主語(yǔ)也省略 , 僅保留一個(gè)wh-詞。如 ：She will go to Beijing, but I dont know when she will go to Beijing. 2) 狀語(yǔ)從句在時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、讓步、方式、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中 , 如果主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)一致 , 或者主語(yǔ)是 it. 那么動(dòng)詞 be 及其主語(yǔ)通常可省略,從而構(gòu)成 v-ing/v-ed/ 形容 詞 / 介詞 / 副詞 結(jié)構(gòu)。常見的有以下幾種 :1. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 :Be careful when (you are)crossing the street.2. 條件狀語(yǔ)從句 :He wont go to the party unless (he is)invited.3. 比較狀語(yǔ)從句 :Country music today remains much the same as(it was)before.4. 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 :Whether (it is)right or wrong, his opinion should be paid attention to.注意 :though, as 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),通常從句要倒裝。從句倒裝時(shí), 如果從句的表語(yǔ)是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù), 將名詞提前時(shí),名詞前面的冠詞a/an 須省略。例 :Child as/though he is, he knows much about the society.=Though he is a child, he knows much about the society.注意 : 有些由 if 構(gòu)成的省略結(jié)構(gòu) , 已屬固定短語(yǔ) , 如 if any, if necessary, if possible, if not, if so 等。例：a) If necessary, ring me at home.b) He may be busy If so, Ill call later. If not, can I see him now?(3)修飾名詞way 的限制性定語(yǔ)從句常省略in which 或 that如： Is this way you talk to your parents?(4)強(qiáng)調(diào)句為 It is/wasthat,當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)疑問(wèn)句時(shí)， that ?？墒÷浴Ｈ纾?Why was it(that)you were ten minutes late?5、虛擬語(yǔ)氣中的省略在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中, 含有 if 的虛擬條件句可省去 if 而把助動(dòng)詞 had, should, were 提到句首構(gòu)成倒裝。例:Had you been more careful, such spelling mistakes might have been avoided.注意 : 若條件句為 .否定句 , 否定詞 not 應(yīng)在主語(yǔ)之后 , 而不能與 were, should, had 等縮略成 werent shouldnt, hadnt 而至于句首。例: _for the free ticket, I would not have gone to the films so often.A. If it is notB. Were it not C. Had it not been D. If there were分析 :A 項(xiàng)不是虛擬語(yǔ)氣結(jié)構(gòu)。 B 項(xiàng)是跟現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件句。 D 項(xiàng)是跟將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件句。從題干的后一句可以看出 I would not have gone to 是跟過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件句 , 故答案為 C 。譯為 : 要不是因?yàn)槠笔敲赓M(fèi)的 , 我也就不會(huì)經(jīng)常去看電影了。6、語(yǔ)境省略語(yǔ)境省略指在一定的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中,為了表達(dá)的簡(jiǎn)潔可省略一些大家都知道的信息。有時(shí)命題者巧妙運(yùn)用省略手段而為考生設(shè)置語(yǔ)境省略陷阱。例：Bob has brains. In fact, I doubt whether anyone in the class has_IQ.A. a highB. a higher C. the higher D. the highest分析 : 本題答案選 B 。本題實(shí)際上是Bob has brains. In fact, I doubt whether anyone in the class has a higher IQ than him的省咯。本句意為:Bob 很聰明 , 實(shí)際上我懷疑班上沒有哪個(gè)人比他智商更高。插 入 語(yǔ)插入語(yǔ)的類型較多 .常見的有:1. 副詞作插入語(yǔ) 能用作插入語(yǔ)的副詞 短語(yǔ)常見的有: indeed, certainly, surely, however, or rather, generally, besides 等。如:Certainly. I wont accept such a foolish plan.我當(dāng)然不會(huì)采納這個(gè)患蠢的計(jì)劃 l). You speak English quite fluently - indeed. 你的英語(yǔ)的確講得很棒。2). 形容詞作插入語(yǔ) 能用作插入語(yǔ)的形容詞短語(yǔ)常見的有:true, strange to say, excellent, wonderful 等.如:a) Wonderful, ,our team has won again. 太好了 , 我們隊(duì)又贏了 .b) True, you have done well. 真的 .你干得不錯(cuò)。c) Strange to say, she didnt go home that day. 說(shuō)也奇怪 , 那天她沒有回家 .3. 介詞作插入語(yǔ)能用作插入語(yǔ)的介詞短語(yǔ)常見的有:in brief, in short, in general, of course, in fact, in other words, in a word 等。如: a) He said he was a teacher, but in fact .he was a spy.b) You cant wait any more, in other words ,you should start at once.4.v-ing 形式作插入語(yǔ) 能用作插入語(yǔ)的 -ing 形式 ( 短語(yǔ) ) 常見的有:generally speaking, strictly speaking, judging from 等。如:a) Generally speaking ,naughty boys like to speak in class.b) Judging from his look, he is very sick.5. 不定式作插入語(yǔ)能用作插入語(yǔ)的不定式短語(yǔ)常見的有: to make the matter worse, to tell the truth, to be frank, to be honest ,to sum up, to sta