1考博英語詞匯講義.doc

第一部分 詞 匯第一章 考博詞匯選擇填空題制勝攻略一、六種?？碱}型詞匯題主要測試考生對考博大綱詞匯和短語的詞義、用法、搭配的辨認與運用能力。其考試的重點是短語動詞搭配、近義詞辨析、近形異義詞辨析、同根詞辨析、單詞辨析和固定搭配辨析。(一)以動詞為中心與其他詞搭配【例1】Eating too much fat can _ heart disease and cause high blood pressureAcontribute to Battribute to Cattend to Ddevote to 答案：A 【例2】I would never have _ a court of law if I hadnt been so desperateAsought to Baccounted for Cturned up Dresorted to 答案：D (二)近義詞辨析【例1】The Persian Gulf is _ in petroleum deposits and thats part of the reasons why it is a trouble placeAabundant Benough Cplentiful Dadequate 答案：A 【例2】On New Years Even, New York City holds an outdoor _ which attracts a crowd of a million or more peopleAaffair Bincident Ccase Devent 答案：D (三)近形異義詞【例1】It is our _ policy that we will achieve unity through peaceful meansAconsistent Bcontinuous Cconsiderate Dcontinual 答案：A 【例2】It is quite necessary for a qualified teacher to have good manners and _ knowledgeAextensive Bexpansive Cintensive Dexpensive 答案：A (四)同根詞辨析【例1】The football game comes to you _ from New YorkAlively Balive Clive Dliving 答案：C 【例2】 _ his sister, Jack is quiet and does not easily make frieds with othersADislike BUnlike CAlike DLiking 答案：B (五)單詞辨析【例1】The teaeher spoke highly of such _ as loyalty, courage and truthfulness shown by his studentsAvirtues Bfeatures Cproperties Dcharacteristics 答案：A 【例2】Professor Taylors talk has indicated that science has a very strong _ on the everyday life of non-scientists as well as scientistsAmotivation Bperspective Cimpression Dimpact 答案：D (六)固定搭配辨析【例1】In the experiment we kept a watchful eye _ the developments and recorded every detailAin Bat Cfor Don 答案：D 【例2】These two areas are similar _ they both have a high rainfall during this seasonAto that Bbesides that Cin that Dexcept that 答案：C 二、詞匯應(yīng)試法寶七大推導(dǎo)法只有將詞匯的含義和用法聯(lián)系起來，才能對詞匯有準確的把握。編者通過對往年真題的研究，總結(jié)出一套詞匯答題的推導(dǎo)法。在記憶詞匯的基礎(chǔ)上，了解做題的技巧，使考生能抓住考題的要點，任何難題都能迎刃而解。(一)詞義推導(dǎo)法利用題干中一部分詞對另一部分詞匯意思的解釋?！纠縏he manager spoke highly of _ such as loyalty, courage and truthfulness shown by his employeesAvirtues Bfeatures Cproperties Dcharacteristics 答案：A (二)因果推導(dǎo)法利用題干中的分句之間存在的因果關(guān)系，進行選擇。【例】The poetry of Ezra Pound is sometimes difficult to understand because it contains so many _ referencesAobscure Bacute Cnotable Dobjective 答案：A (三)轉(zhuǎn)折推導(dǎo)法利用題干中存在的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，通過轉(zhuǎn)折詞來確定選項，或通過句中詞來確定選項中的轉(zhuǎn)折詞?！纠縈ost nurses are women, but in the higher ranks of the medical profession women are in a _Ascarcity Bminority Cminimum Dshortage 答案：B (四)對比推導(dǎo)法利用句中的轉(zhuǎn)折詞、反義詞或?qū)Ρ仍~來確定選項。【例】Mr. Morgan can be very sad _, though in public he is extremely cheerfulAby himself Bin person Cin private Das individual 答案：C (五)語境推導(dǎo)法利用題干的上下文來確定選項，主要是通過句意和四個選項的意義來確定正確選項?！纠?】The new appointment of our president _ from the very beginning of next semesterAtakes effect Btakes part Ctakes place Dtakes turns 答案：A 有時候，某些詞會常常出現(xiàn)在同一個語義場中，這就成了我們答題的依據(jù)?！纠?】A _ to this problem is expected to be found before longAresult Bresponse Csettlement Dsolution 答案：D (六)固定搭配推導(dǎo)法【例1】It is useful to be able to predict _ the extent which a price change will affect supply and demandAfrom Bwith Cto Dfor 答案：C 有時，也可以利用動詞詞組中的介詞或副詞確定正確選項?！纠?】Having decided to rent a flat, we _ contacting all the accommodation agencies in the cityAset about Bset down Cset out Dset up 答案：A 同樣，也可以利用動詞詞組中的動詞確定選項，如下例：【例3】If you _ the bottle and cigarettes, youll be much healthierAtake off Bkeep off Cget off Dset off 答案：B (七)常識推導(dǎo)法有時根據(jù)一個常識性知識，就可以解決詞匯題?！纠緼 persons calorie requirements vary _ his lifeAacross Bthroughout Cover Dwithin 答案：B 三、詞匯題難點剖析(一)詞或詞組辨析題很多對英語學(xué)習(xí)有抵觸情緒的考生發(fā)現(xiàn)英語單詞和語法規(guī)則太多，更為苦惱的是，單詞不止一個意思，加上不同的介詞或副詞等的詞構(gòu)成詞組又產(chǎn)生新一連串意思；語法也有許多例外的情形，記住這條又漏了那條，難免“掛一漏萬”，因此對英語學(xué)習(xí)失去了信心。試想，咿呀學(xué)語的孩子有沒有抱怨單詞太多，語法太繁?他們就順理成章地接受了一門新的語言，并以能效仿和創(chuàng)造為自豪。單詞不是孤立的字母堆砌，由核心詞加前綴、后綴組合，又衍生出成倍的單詞；幾個典型的例題例句猶如制冰塊的方格，可以讓學(xué)習(xí)者一目了然。嚴格說來，英語和漢語分屬不同語系，兩者之間很難找到對等的詞匯?？忌谡J知單詞或詞組時僅僅記住中文意思顯然是遠遠不夠的。需要注意三點：有沒有除大綱意義或第一義之外相去甚遠的其他意義；漢語意思雷同的幾個單詞之間有什么不同用法，搭配關(guān)系如何；詞形發(fā)生變化，如變?yōu)槊~、形容詞或副詞等，詞義是否有相應(yīng)的變化。1It does not alter the fact that he was the man _ for the death of the little girlAaccounting Bguilty Cresponsible Dobliged 四個選項意義不同，用法也不同。選項A意為“會計，結(jié)算”，其另一種形容詞形式accountable表示“負有責(zé)任的”，具有一定的法律含義，可與to(對人)或for(對事)連用；選項B意為“負罪的，有過失的”，一般與to或of連用；選項C意為“對負責(zé)任的”，可與介詞to或for連用；選項D為過去分詞，常和to連用，表示“強迫，迫使”，由題意“這并不能改變一個事實：他就是應(yīng)對小女孩的死負責(zé)的那個人”推知，正確答案為C。1Then the speaker _ the various factors leading to the present economic crisisAwent after Bwent into Cwent for Dwent on 詞組“go+副詞/介詞”的變化形式極多，選項A意為“追求，設(shè)法得到”，選項B意為“談?wù)?，敘述”，選項C意為“爭取，支持”或“抨擊”，選項D意為“進行，繼續(xù)做某事”；題干“接著演講者導(dǎo)致目前經(jīng)濟危機的多種因素”缺少表示“談到，說到”一義的謂語動詞，故選B。1The relationship between employers and employees has been studied _Aoriginally Bextremely Cviolently Dintensively 四個選項均為副詞，修飾動詞study(研究)。選項A意為“起初，原來”或“新穎地，獨創(chuàng)地”；選項B 意為“極其地，過分地”，選項C意為“猛烈地，強烈地”；選項D意為“強化地，集中地”或“深入地，細致地”。題意為“雇主和雇員的關(guān)系被仔細地研究過”。由此判定正確答案為D。(二)連接成分易混題連接成分有多種形式，凡是能起到呼應(yīng)上下文，承前啟后作用的詞或詞組我們在此統(tǒng)稱為連接成分，包括連接代詞、連接副詞、連詞、復(fù)合介詞等等。大到文章、段落，小到意群、句子，都有起承轉(zhuǎn)合的規(guī)則，出錯的考生往往誤解了上下文的意思，或者干脆不知道連接成分的含義。一般說來，英語中使用連詞的幾率比漢語中要大得多；漢語多流水句，一個小句接一個小句，無需連詞而顯渾然一體之美，如馬致遠天凈沙秋思中的“枯藤老樹昏鴉，小橋流水人家，古道西風(fēng)瘦馬。夕陽西下，斷腸人在天涯”。區(qū)區(qū)六個名詞詞組的羅列，一幅秋日苦旅圖躍然紙上，全無堆砌之嫌。英語中則強調(diào)邏輯的嚴整性，多數(shù)情況必須使用連接成分，在此我們列舉幾種常見的連接成分以便記憶。(1)連接代詞(疑問代詞):who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever。【例】They found what shelter they could and lived on wild plants(他們能找到什么地方就在什么地方住，吃的是野菜。)Its not decided who will chair the meeting(還沒決定誰當會議主席。)You should wear whichever dress suits you best(你應(yīng)穿最合身的衣服。)(2)連接副詞(包括關(guān)系副詞)：when, how, why, where, whenever, wherever 【例】Sunday is a holiday, when people do not go to work(星期天是假日，這一天人們不上班。)Why he did it will remain a puzzle for ever(他為什么這樣做將永遠是個謎。)Tell me how to persuade him not to smoke again(告訴我怎樣說服他不再抽煙。)(3)并列連詞(聯(lián)結(jié)平行的詞、詞組或分句):and, but, or, so, therefore, yet, however, nevertheless, for, hence, as well as, both. and, not only. but also, either. or, neither. nor, (and)then, not that. but that?！纠縎he has her weaknesses. That however, doesnt mean she is not qualified for the job.(她有缺點，但這不等于說她不能勝任這項工作。)The car was old, yet (nevertheless) it was in excellent condition(這輛車老了，可運轉(zhuǎn)狀態(tài)挺好。)They worked neither for fame nor for personal gains(他們工作一不為名二不為利。)I have read one of his novels as well as a few of his plays(我讀過他的一本小說和幾個劇本。)(4)從屬連詞(一般引起從句)：after, when, before, as, while, since, until, till, although, though, if, even if, unless, lest (以免),because, than, that whether, so that, as soon as, as long as, in order that, as if, as though, suppose (that), provided(that), in case(that), on condition (that), now that, so.that, such.that, as(so).as, such.as?！纠緼s I was coming home, I met a former schoolmate of mine(我回家時碰到一位老同學(xué)。)It would be months before he was fit for work(要過好幾個月他才能適應(yīng)工作。)Now that your son is well again, you no longer have anything to worry about(你兒子既已痊愈，你就沒什么值得煩心的事了。)She explained again and again lest people should misunderstand her(她一再解釋惟恐人們會誤解。)There is still much room for improvement in our work, as I see it(據(jù)我看我們的工作還大有改進余地。)Provided we draw useful lessons from them, we may turn difficulties to good account(只要我們從中吸取有益的教訓(xùn)，困難也可以變成好事。)(5)一部分副詞：anyhow, anyway, consequently, besides, moreover, also, too, still, then, this。一部分詞組:on the contrary, on the other hand, in that case 等?！纠縎he was a bright and eager student and, consequently, did well in school(她聰明好學(xué)，因此學(xué)習(xí)成績很好。)We hope the new machine will work faster, thus reducing our costs(我們希望新機器工作得更快些，從而降低成本。)“We wont support you,” he says, “on the contrary, well fight against you.”(“我們不會支持你的”，他說道，“恰恰相反，我們要反對你”。)第二章 考博英語詞匯同義替換題制勝方略該題型要求對單句中的一個劃有下劃線的詞進行替換選擇，即：從句后所給四項選擇中，選出一個最佳替換詞來。一、同義詞或近義詞的辨別和選擇學(xué)習(xí)和掌握同義詞、近義詞不應(yīng)只靠弄清詞義或死記硬背這些詞之間詞義的差別，而應(yīng)利用卡片積累這些詞的用法和典型例子，根據(jù)具體上下文語境及運用場合的異同，體會其間意義的差別。有些同義詞，如mankindhumanity；askinterrogate；showdemonstrate；buypurchase，其詞義是接近等值的，只是前者源于英語本族語，后者源于外來語。又如coachbus；liftelevator；petrolgasoline；callbox telephone-box含義等同，只是前者為英國用法，后者為美國用法而已。這類題主要是測試考生對同義詞或近義詞之間細微差別的掌握情況。同義詞或近義詞雖然概念相同或相近，但在含義和用法上仍存在差別。例如：Sample 4Hardly a week goes by without some advance in technology that would have seemed incredible 50years agoAhard to imagine Bhard to believe Chard to invent Dhard to understand Note:這道題屬于近義詞辨析題，答案為選項Bhard to believe(難以置信)。其他選項的意思分別是：Ahard to imagine(難以想象)；Chard to invent(難以發(fā)明，創(chuàng)造)；Dhard to understand(難以理解)。選項A與選項D的含義也多少與之相近，具有較強的干擾性。這類題相對來說比較難，它要求考生不單單掌握每個詞的含義，還要從用法、使用場合和詞與詞的搭配關(guān)系上進行分析，最后做出正確的判斷。二、詞形相近、意義不同的易混詞的辨別和替代所謂易混詞是指所提供的各個選項詞形相近，但意義卻大相徑庭。最常見的、需要或值得辨析的易混形近詞，大致如下：1assume(假設(shè)，設(shè)想)presume(假設(shè)，姑且認為)，consume(消費，消耗)，resume(恢復(fù)，繼續(xù)，重新開始)2insist(堅持)persist(堅持，頂住)，consist(由組成)，resist(阻止，抵抗)3permit(允許，許可)admit(承認)，submit(交出，屈服)，commit(犯錯誤，罪行等；對做出承諾)4proceed(進行)precede(先于；在之前)，succeed(成功，繼承，接著發(fā)生)，exceed(超過)5staff(人員)stuff(填塞)，stiff(硬的，僵直的)，shift(提升，轉(zhuǎn)移)6relieve(解脫，減輕)believe(相信)，achieve(達到)，survive(生存)，release(釋放，發(fā)行)7compose(組成，創(chuàng)作)oppose(反對)，impose(強加于)，expose(揭發(fā)，使曝光)8remind(提醒)remember(記住)，remain(依舊，依然是)，recall(回顧，回想)9attribute(屬性)contribute(奉獻于)，distribute(分配)，tribute(禮物，貢金)10respective(各自的，分別的)respectable(可尊敬的)，respectful(尊敬的)，respecting(鑒于，關(guān)于)11subject(課題)object(目標，對象)，inject(打針)，reject(拋棄，拒絕)12design(設(shè)計)assign(指定，任命)，resign(辭職)，sign(符號)，designate(指定，指派)13reform(改革)inform(通知，使得到信息)，transform(轉(zhuǎn)換，使變成為)，perform(表演；執(zhí)行)14tap(開發(fā))top(最高點)，tip(尖頭，小費)，trap(陷阱)15enquire(咨詢)inquire(打聽，詢問)，acquire(習(xí)得；獲得)，require(要求)16apply(應(yīng)用)supply(供應(yīng))，reply(回復(fù))，imply(暗示)17inspect(檢查)expect(期待)，respect(尊重)，suspect(懷疑)18prefer(更喜歡)infer(推斷)，refer(參考；指稱)，offer(提供，奉獻)19produce(生產(chǎn))reduce(減少)，reproduce(復(fù)制，再生產(chǎn))，introduce(介紹，引進)20preserve(保留，保養(yǎng))conserve(保存，保守)，reserve(保留)，deserve(值得)21include(包括)conclude(做結(jié)論)，exclude(排除)22conceive(想出，設(shè)想)perceive(感知)，receive(收到)，deceive(欺騙)23imaginative(富于想像力的)imaginable(可以想象的)，imaginary(想象的，虛構(gòu)的)，imagination (想像力)24favorite(心愛的，喜歡的)favorable(有利的)，favorably(有利地)，favour(偏愛；贊賞)25clash(沖突)crush(壓碎，榨碎)，crash(粉碎，墜毀)，smash(粉碎；擊潰)26economical(節(jié)約的)economic(經(jīng)濟的)，economy(經(jīng)濟)，economics(經(jīng)濟學(xué))27release(釋放)relieve(減輕)，relate(把與聯(lián)系起來)，retain(保存，保持)28intent(意圖)intention(意圖)，intensity(強度)，intentional(有意的)29slip(滑，溜)slipper(拖鞋)，slippery(光滑的)，slap(猛地關(guān)門；打一巴掌)，snap(突然折斷，拍快照)，slope(斜坡，坡度)30alive(活著的)live(帶電的，活的)，living(活著的，現(xiàn)存的)，lively(活潑的，有生氣的)31alone(單獨的，單獨地)lonely(孤獨的)，single(單個的，單身的)，long(長的，漫長的)，lonliness (孤獨；孤寞)32lay(把放到；lie的過去形式)lie(躺；說謊)，lain(lie的過去分詞)，laid(lay的過去分詞)，lying (lie的現(xiàn)在分詞)33pleasure(興趣，高興)treasure(寶貝)，leisure(閑暇)，measure(量度，措施)34fine(精細的，罰金)refine(精練)，define(下定義)，confine(局限于)35lose(失去)loose(松的)，loosen(使松弛)，loss(損失)，lost(失去，lose的過去分詞)36aboard(在船上)abroad(在國外)，board(船板)，on board(在船上，在機上)，broad(寬廣的)，broaden(使加寬，拓寬)37convict(證明有罪)convey(傳達，傳送)，convert(把轉(zhuǎn)換成)，convince(使信服)38conclude(作結(jié)論)concede(讓步)，exclude(把排除在外)，conduct(引導(dǎo)，傳導(dǎo))，concrete(具體的，混凝土)39deprive(剝奪)despise(瞧不起)，divert(把引開)，deceive(欺騙)40effect(影響)affect(影響)，infect(使感染)，defect(過失，缺點)41heap(堆放)head(頭)，heal(治好)，heave(舉起)42immediate(馬上，立即)intimate(親昵的)，imitate(模范)，initiate(發(fā)起，提倡)43outlet(出口)outcome(結(jié)局)，output(產(chǎn)量，輸出)，outlook(外觀)44wear(穿，穿著)bear(忍受；攜帶；生育)，tear(撕碎，眼淚)，hear(聽見)，gear(齒輪)；pear(梨子)45amuse(逗樂，使開心)abuse(濫用)，accuse(控告)，excuse(諒解)46arrange(安排)appoint(任命，約定)，apply(應(yīng)用)，appeal(呼吁)，orange(橘子)47prescribe(處方，開藥)describe(描寫)，subscribe(定購，訂閱)，ascribe(把歸結(jié)于)48strip(剝奪，一條)trip(短途旅行)，strap(皮帶，吊環(huán))，steep(陡峭的)49shelter(避難，保護)shatter(使粉碎，使破滅)，shepherd(牧羊人)，shift(變換，轉(zhuǎn)換)，sheer(純粹的；完全的)50except(除了，除外)excerpt(摘引，選段)，expect(期待)，exception(除外)，exceptianal(特別的，特殊的)Sample 5This medicine will ensure you a good nights sleepAassure Bsecure Creassure Dinsure Note:這句話的原意是：這種藥將保證使你能得到一個好的睡眠。ensure意指“保證，確?！保Ｖ复_保某事能夠做到或阻止其發(fā)生，后常接從句。選項Bsecure的意思是“保證使某人得到某種所求之物”，其含義與ensure在此基本相同。assure somebody of something/that clause的意思是“說服某人相信某種信息是真實可靠的”。選項Dinsure指“給保險，確?！?，常指為防不測向保險公司付錢投保。三、常用動詞、形容詞與名詞、介詞短語的搭配考博英語考試所考的英語慣用搭配難度是有限的，重在掌握大綱范圍之內(nèi)的各種常用搭配。四、短語動詞主干詞與其后跟的副詞小品詞或介詞短語的用法辨析英語的短語動詞(phrasal verbs)有三種基本類型。即：動詞+副詞(v+adv)型，如look out(注意)；動詞+介詞(v+prep)型，如look after(照料)；動詞+副詞+介詞(v+adv+prep)型，如look forward to(盼望)等。其他一些動詞的固定搭配都作為動詞短語看待。對考生來說，短語動詞是英語中最重要、最難掌握的部分之一，也是考生最感頭疼的難點之一。但這方面的命題難度是有限的，也就是基本不超出大綱詞匯部分所附的動詞詞組表所列詞匯的范圍。英語短語動詞中動詞與其附加部分凝結(jié)為一體，獲得一個新的詞義，相當于單個動詞的含義(當然，也有不少短語動詞很難找到與其含義等同的單一形式動詞，如get with=become busy about；pay attention to開始做；對注意；live up to=fulfil something expected of someone對得起某人等。)，如：1blow up=explode爆炸；毀掉2carry along=convey傳達，傳送3carry out=realize，implement實現(xiàn)4fill up，take up=occupy占據(jù)，占有5give off=emit發(fā)散出6go beyond=exceed超出7give up，give in=submit，surrender屈服，投降8hand in=submit交出9hand out=deliver；administer分發(fā)(會議材料等)；施加(手段等)10rule out=eliminate清除，排除11look into=examine，investigate考察，調(diào)查12respond to=answer回答，回應(yīng)13run over=overflow，exceed溢出，超過14send off=dispatch；dismiss分發(fā)；開除15sell out=dispose；betray處置；背叛16set up=establish，complete建立；完成17shape up=evolve，develop演化；發(fā)展18take in=absorb；deceive；encompass吸收；受騙；包括19pull down=demolish，degrade毀掉，拆毀；降格20use up=consume用完，耗盡在做短語動詞詞義辨析題的時候，一靠平時對所考短語動詞含義的掌握情況，二要靠對句子上下文的整體理解。為了提高短語動詞的運用能力，考生必須多做題，提高語感，并將短語動詞與相應(yīng)單語動詞的含義進行比較，以便加深印象。第三章 詞匯練習(xí)Unit 1 (2003廈門大學(xué))Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and DChoose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line throught the center1A Monitor/TIPP poll last month found that young people and seniors held similar views when asked to _ the importance of US military action to remove Saddam Hussein from power in the next monthsAadvocate Bforesee Csupervise Dgauge 2The newspaper reported on the initiative of the organization to establish a private company to professionally _ prisoners due to be released from prisonAhabilitate Brehabilitate Cpreclude Dprelude 3If all the viruses on the planet were to disappear, a global catastrophe would _, and the natural ecosystems of the earth would collapse in a spectacular crash under burgeoning populations of insectsAvarnish Bdisperse Ccontaminate Densue 4The solution was simple: gas the building with a hallucinogen and put the terrorists to sleep before they could _ the bombs in the building. And it workedAdetonate Bdismantle Cdemolish Ddesert 5Ms. Rice, with customary class, simply expressed hope that this episode wouldnt _ the charity in spite of the previous scandalsAtaint Benhance Csprain Dsponsor 6These examples show that openness and the ability to change brings couples a giant step closer to the marital harmony they _Arequest Bnegotiate Ccrave Ddetest 7First launched in April this year, Net My Singapore also includes efforts that _ training, development, and the exploration of new technologies based onAobliterate Bsequester Cencompass Dterminate 8Anxiety is believed to _ diabetes by raising levels of the stress hormone cortisol which regulates insulin and blood-sugar levelsAimpede Bexacerbate Cinherit Dfacilitate 9Last week, the Us bishops adopted rules to take priests who _ minors out of any ministerial activitiesAadminister Bgenerate Cimplicate Dmolest 10There is little reason to believe that the United States will _ from its stated goal of regime change in IraqAback down Bblow off Cpop up Dstep up 11Cox Radio, one of the nations largest radio chains, plans to _ its ties with independent record promoters to distance itself from a payola-