V-ing形式做主語和賓語.doc

V-ing 形式做主語和賓語一V-ing的形式動詞的-ing形式在句中可做主語和賓語，起一個名詞的作用，我們通常稱為 “動名詞”。 V-ing形式有一般式和完成式。及物動詞的-ing形式還有主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。我們以及物動詞make和不及物動詞go為例，將其 v-ing各種形式列表如下：動詞時態(tài)v-ing形式及物動詞 make不及物動詞 go主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài) 主語動詞 一般式 makingbeing made going 完成式having madehaving been made having gone注意：v-ing形式表示的動作與主要動詞的動作同時發(fā)生或發(fā)生在主要動詞動作之后，用一般式；v-ing形式表示的動作在主要動詞之前發(fā)生，用完成式。Eg: What worried the child most was not being allowed to visit his mother in the hospital./ Learning English well is very important to all of us./He was praised for having saved a boys life./ 二V-ing形式的基本用法1. v-ing做主語1) v-ing形式做主語: 表示抽象的概念，泛指經(jīng)常性、不具體的動作；通常直接置于句首，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)。Getting up early is a good thing. / Saying without doing is of no use./Wasting a persons time is the same as killing him for his property.財產(chǎn)2）v-ing做主語時，如果其結(jié)構(gòu)較長，可用形式主語it, 而將做主語的v-ing后置。V-ing形式多為某些形容詞和名詞，此類句型有：It+ be + a waste of time doing 做是浪費時間的/It + is/was no good/ use doing 做是沒有用的/Eg: It isnt much good writing to them again./ It is no use crying over spilt milk. 腹水難收/ 注意: 其他常見的能用于該結(jié)構(gòu)的形容詞還有: better, wonderful, enjoyable, interesting, foolish, difficult, useless, senseless, worthwhile等3）v-ing形式用于“There be” 結(jié)構(gòu)中，此類句型有：There is no doing 無法，不予許/ There is no sense doing 做沒道理/There is no use doing 干沒用的/ There is/ was nothing worse than doing 沒用比更糟的了/There is/was no point doing 干無意義/4）v-ing的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)做主語時，v-ing的邏輯主語要用名詞或形容詞性物主代詞的所有格，通常不用名詞的普通格或代詞的賓格。His being late for class made Miss Green very angry. (形容詞性的物主代詞的所有格形式做邏輯主語) ones being + adj. = n.Marys being diligent can not be denied. (名詞的所有格形式做邏輯主語)Your being right doesnt mean my being wrong. (形容詞性的物主代詞的所有格形式做邏輯主語)2. V-ing形式做賓語1）做動詞的賓語：后接-ing形式做賓語的動詞和動詞短語有advise, admit, appreciate, consider, mind, suggest, fancy, avoid, deny, imagine, finish, excuse, enjoy, permit, resist, risk, stop, understand, explain, tolerate, quit, allow, forbid, miss, pardon, cant help, cant stand等。Eg: I have decided to stop smoking./ Kate dont fancy going out this evening./ He tried to avoid answering their questions./a) 有些動詞后接不定式和v-ing形式做賓語時意義不同；接不定式做賓語表示尚未發(fā)生的動作，接v-ing形式做賓語時表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作。(如: try to do sth.企圖干/ try doing sth.試著干/ mean to do sth. 打算干/ mean doing sth.意味著/ stop doing sth.停止干/ stop to do sth.停下來去做/ go on doing sth.繼續(xù)干(無間斷)/ go on to do sth.停止干手頭上的事去做另一件事)b) 當(dāng)want, need, require作“需要”含義，be worth作“值得”含義時，后接v-ing的主動形式作賓語，表示被動意義；want, need, require也可接不定式的被動式作賓語(to be done)。Eg: His car wants repairing/ to be repaired./ This book is worth reading./ c) 在allow, advise, forbid, permit等動詞后直接跟所有格及動詞做賓語時，要用v-ing形式；如果后面有名詞或代詞做賓語時，然后再跟賓補（即構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語），其賓補用帶有to的不定式。Eg: I dont allow his swimming here. = I dont allow him to swim here./We advise their starting early. = We advise them to start early.d) I would like/ love/ prefer 其后只接不定式形式做賓語。Eg: I would like to have a single room with a bath./Jim would love to be taken to the theatre this evening./2) v-ing的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)做賓語時，其邏輯主語可用名詞或物主代詞的所有格形式，也可用名詞的普通格或代詞的賓格。Eg: Would you mind my (me) closing the door?/ 3) V-ing作介詞的賓語，常用在某些短語之后，這類短語有：look forward to, insist on, think of, give up, depend on, succeed on, devote to, instead of, be busy in等。Eg: I am thinking of buying a new dictionary./ Instead of smiling, each of them made a face./ 4) “do + 限定詞（my, some, any, the等）+ v-ing” , 表示“做事”之意。Eg: We often do our cleaning on Friday afternoon./Do you do any shopping every weekend./ V-ing形式做表語、定語和賓補的用法v-ing形式是非謂語動詞的一種形式，具有名詞的特征，在句中可以做表語、定語、賓補和狀語等成分。1. V-ing形式做表語1) 動名詞形式做表語是對作主語內(nèi)容的解釋，這時主語與表語的位置可以互換，動名詞常用于口語中。Eg: His duty is cleaning the playground./ My hobby is collecting stamps./2) 特殊用法：a. v-ing形式和不定式都可表示比較抽象的一般性的行為；而表示具體的某一次動作，尤其是將來的動作時，多用不定式。Eg: To obey/ Obeying the law is everyones duty./b. v-ing 形式和不定式都要有對稱性：當(dāng)主語是不定式時，表語也要用不定式形式；當(dāng)主語是動詞的-ing形式時，表語也要用動詞的-ing.Eg: To see is to believe./ Seeing is believing. 眼見為實c. v-ing形式做表語時相當(dāng)于形容詞或名詞。V-ing形式表主動，意為“令某人的”；過去分詞表示被動，說明人的內(nèi)心感受。Eg: We are all excited at the exciting news./ 2. V-ing形式做定語： 單個的v-ing 形式做定語時，既可放在被修飾詞之前做前置定語，也可放在其后做后置定語。 v-ing形式的短語做定語，通常放在被修飾詞之后做后置定語，其邏輯主語就是所修飾的名詞或代詞，表示邏輯主語發(fā)出的動作，相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。 v-ing形式做定語所表示的動作或行為是由其所修飾的名詞發(fā)出的，在意義上表示主謂關(guān)系；或者表示名詞的用途，相當(dāng)于for短語。 a dancing girl = a girl who is dancing/ drinking water= water for drinkingan attacking player./ A little child learning to walk often falls./ He asked an embarrassing question.難堪的問題/ Do you know the man standing at the gate? (= who is standing at the gate)注意：1）v-ing形式做定語時，表示動作正在進行或與謂語動詞所表示的動作幾乎同時發(fā)生。如果兩個動作有先有后，一般不能用動詞的-ing形式做定語。The girl who wrote a letter there yesterday can speak English very well./2) v-ing形式做定語時，指正在進行的動作，在意義上表示主謂關(guān)系；動詞的-ing形式與被修飾詞是被動關(guān)系，就用它的被動式，即being done, 通常表示正在進行的被動動作，常做后置定語。There are a lot of boys playing football in the field./The large building being built will be a school./ The question being discussed was presented by the headmaster.3）v-ing形式的完成式一般不能做定語，只能做狀語，相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句。Not having completed the programme (= Because they havent completed the programme), they have to stay there for another two weeks.# 同學(xué)們在復(fù)習(xí)v-ing做定語時需要掌握以下三個方面的用法：1) 說明被修飾詞的性質(zhì)、特征或用途；They set up an operating table in a small temple./ He may be in the reading room, for all I know./ 2) 與被修飾詞為主動關(guān)系且表示正在進行的動作；There were about 200 children studying in the art school./ Who is the woman talking to our English teacher? 3) 有些動詞的-ing形式已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)化成形容詞，常做定語用來修飾物，表示“令人” 。此類詞有：exciting, amusing, amazing, astonishing, shocking, puzzling, confusing, disappointing, discouraging, pleasing, striking, boring, tiring, touching, moving, interesting, satisfying, terrifying, frightening等。Eg: a terrifying experience可怕的經(jīng)歷/ an amusing success 驚人的成功/ a touching story 感人的故事3. V-ing形式做賓補的用法：動詞的-ing形式在復(fù)合賓語中做賓補，它強調(diào)賓語的動作是主動的，又是正在進行的；賓語和賓補之間是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系?？梢詭н@種復(fù)合賓語的動詞有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。Eg: I saw Tom coming out of the house./ I am sorry I have kept you waiting so long./注意：動詞的-ing形式與不定式、過去分詞做賓補的區(qū)別：動詞的-ing形式表示動作正在進行或正在發(fā)生；不定式表示動作的全過程；過去分詞則表示被動或完成的動作。Eg: I heard them singing that song./ I heard them sing that song./ I heard that song sung./ V-ing 形式做狀語的用法V-ing形式做時間、原因、條件、讓步狀語時，多位于句首；做結(jié)果、方式、伴隨狀語時，通常位于句末。1）分詞做時間狀語, 相當(dāng)于一個時間狀語從句，Seeing Tom, I couldnt help thinking of his brother./a. 分詞所表示的動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生，謂語動詞表示的動作立即發(fā)生，可以用分詞短語作時間狀語。Hearing the exciting news, the boy jumped for joy./b. 分詞做時間狀語時，分詞所表示的動作在進行的過程中，謂語動詞表示的的動作也發(fā)生了，用v-ing的一般式作狀語，其前面一般可加when或while. 例：While working in the factory, he was an advanced worker./ While playing the drum, she got very excited. (打鼓時)c. 分詞短語的動作完成之后，謂語動詞表示的動作才發(fā)生，用分詞的完成式作狀語。We are ready for the examination, having made full preparations.2) 分詞做原因狀語，相當(dāng)于一個原因狀語從句，同時可以轉(zhuǎn)化為一個原因狀語從句；having done 完成形式也可用來作原因狀語。 Being unemployed, he hasnt got much money.a. 分詞表示的動作和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生，用分詞的一般式。例：Not knowing her address, I might as well telephone her to come over. (我只好打電話讓她過來)b. 分詞所表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發(fā)生，用分詞的完成式。Having smoked too much, he has suffered from lung cancer./Seriously injured, he had to be taken to hospital.3) 分詞做方式或伴隨狀語, 用來說明動作發(fā)生的背景或情況。一般情況下，分詞所表示的動作和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生，可轉(zhuǎn)換為并列句。例：My parents wrote me a letter telling me to change my job./ Followed by his wolf dog, the hunter walked slowly in the forest./Morris lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time. 注視著天空4) 分詞做條件狀語，表示一種假設(shè)的情況，相當(dāng)于一個條件從句。此種情況下，有時在分詞短語前加上if, unless,使條件更加明確。Working hard at your lessons, you are to succeed./ United, we stand; divided, we fall. 團結(jié)則存，分裂則亡/ Seen in the dis