高考英語語法易錯點歸納.doc

高考英語語法易錯點歸納第一講 定語從句一、只能用that引導定語從句的情況：1先行詞是不定代詞everything, nothing, anything, all, much, many, a lot, few, little, none等時。如：He was so hungry that he ate up everything that was put in front of him.He saw much that was bad.There is little that I can do for you.2 先行詞被序數詞或the last修飾時。如：He is the first student that I got to know in this school.This will be the last thing that I will do.3先行詞被最高級修飾或先行詞本身就是最高級時。如：This is the most interesting film that I have seen this year. This book is the most expensive that I have bought so far.4 先行詞被all, every, some, next, any, no, many, much, the only, the very等修飾時。如：He is the very man that I am after.5 一些以who, which開頭的句子，為了避免重復，也要用that作關系代詞。如：Which is the book that you have just paid for? Who is the person that you are looking for?6 先行詞既指人也指物時。如：We talked about the things and persons that we still remembered.7 the way用作先行詞時，引導詞用that或in which，也可省略，但不能用which。 如：This is the only way（that / in which） you can work out this problem.8. 關系代詞在定語從句中作表語時(只限于限定性定語從句)。如：Mr. Smith still talks like the man that he was ten years ago.二、只能用which引導定語從句的情況：1 在引導非限定性定語從句，且which指代前面的整個句子時。這一用法是高考的一個熱點。如：Mary failed in the examination, which worried her mother a lot.2在介詞的后面只能用關系代詞which來指代前面表示物的名詞。如：I bought a lot of books yesterday, most of which are in English.三、as和which引導非限定性定語從句的區(qū)別：1 從句意上講，as引導的非限定性定語從句通常表示“正如，正像的那樣”；而which引導非限定性定語從句時指代前面整個句子的內容。如：Taiwan is part of China, as is known to all.China is making rapid progress, as everybody can see.Mary didnt pass the driving test, which made her very sad. 2 從位置上講，as引導的非限定性定語從句可以放在句子的前面、后面，甚至可放在這個句子的中間。因為，實質上，as引導的非限定性定語從句是一個插入語，用來對一個句子進行附加說明。故它在句中的位置比較靈活；而which引導的非限定性定語從句只能放在先行詞的后面。如：As is mentioned above, our school still calls for many skilled teachers.He is late again, as is often the case.Many people, as you know, are learning foreign languages.He changed his mind, which made me very angry.3 從搭配上講，as引導的非限定性定語從句中的謂語動詞通常是表示感覺或心理活動的動詞。如：see, hear, know, expect, guess, hope, remember等；而which引導的非限定性定語從句中的謂語動詞則沒有這樣的特點。如：The weather turned out fine, as we had expected. She was very fond of speaking French, which indeed she spoke well. 四、“介詞+關系代詞”結構：“介詞+關系代詞”也是歷年來各省市高考的一個熱點。對于這個結構應重點把握如下幾點：1 關于“名詞+of which / whom”結構。這種結構表示一種所屬關系，在名詞的前面通常有定冠詞修飾。這個結構常?？梢赞D化為“whose+名詞”結構。如：The house, the gate of which faces south, belongs to the Smiths. The house, whose gate faces south, belongs to the Smiths.Mr. Smith, the house of whom was robbed, reported it to the police. Mr. Smith, whose house was robbed, reported it to the police.2 關于“數詞+of which / whom”結構（數詞還可以被some, many, most, each等不定代詞替換）。在這個結構中，介詞of表示一種部分與全體的關系。這時，其中的數詞可以后置，放在關系代詞which或whom的后面，構成“of which /whom+數詞”的結構。這時的介詞of不可換成其他任何介詞。如：The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. The buses，of which most were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowdI met some foreigners yesterday, two of whom are from the US. = I met some foreigners yesterday, of whom two are from the US.注意區(qū)別：I met some foreigners yesterday, and two of them are from the US. I met some foreigners yesterday. Two of them are from the US.3 關于“介詞+關系代詞”結構。非限定性定語從句的關系代詞前如果帶有一個介詞時，關系代詞只能用which(指物)或whom(指人)。如：Mr. Green, for whom money is not a problem now, still lives a simple life.They arrived at a small town, from which it is only a short way to Shanghai.且which和whose還可修飾一個名詞，作這個名詞的定語。如：He got to the station at five yesterday afternoon, by which time the trains to Beijing had all left.This is Mr. Brown, by whose car I came to New York.五、當表示時間、地點、原因、方式的名詞作先行詞時，不能一概用關系副詞when, where, why或“介詞+which / whom”引導定語從句。若引導詞在定語從句中作狀語，應用關系副詞或“介詞which / whom”引導定語從句；若引導詞在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語，則應用關系代詞引導定語從句。試比較下面的句子：1) Ill never forget the days (that / which) I spent with my teacher. (that / which在定語從句中作賓語)2) Ill never forget the days when (=on which) I joined the army. (when在定語從句中作時間狀語)1) This is the reason which he gave me for doing it. (which在定語從句中作賓語)2) Do you know the reason why he came late? (why在定語從句中作原因狀語)1) You can see the way in which his mind works when he reads his books. (in which在定語從句中作方式狀語)2) Is there any way that can be found to solve the problem? (that在定語從句中作主語)1) It is the house that was built two years ago. (that在定語從句中作主語)2) It is the house where I was born. (where在定語從句中作狀語)小結如下：1、先行詞是表示時間的名詞時，如果在從句中作狀語，則用關系副詞when / 介詞+which；如果在從句中作動詞或介詞的賓語，則用which或that。如：I will never forget the days when / in which we worked together. （work是不及物動詞）I will never forget the days which / that we spent together.（spent是及物動詞）I will never forget the days when / in which we spent ones together.（spent是及物動詞,但其后已有賓語 ones）解析：在句中，表示時間的名詞the days在從句中充當的是狀語，所以用關系副詞when來代指，引導定語從句修飾先行詞the days；而在句中，表示時間的名詞the days在從句中充當的是動詞spent的賓語，所以用關系代詞that或which來代指。2、同樣，先行詞表示地點的名詞如果在從句中作狀語，則用關系副詞where / 介詞+which或；如果在從句中作動詞的賓語，則用which或that來代替。如：This is the factory where / in which I worked.（作狀語）This is the factory that / which I visited years ago.（作賓語）（visit是及物動詞）This is the factory where / in which I visited it years ago （作狀語）（visit是及物動詞,但其后已有賓語 it）六、定語從句與強調句型的區(qū)別：定語從句中的關系代詞或關系副詞在所引導的從句中作某種成分，而強調句中的that或 who在句中不作任何成分。特別注意：強調句與定語從句、狀語從句等的混合使用。如：It was the park where I met her first time. (where 引導地點狀語從句，it指代地點)It was in the park that I met her first time. (that 引導強調句) It was six oclock when we got home yesterday afternoon. (when 引導時間狀語從句，it指代時間)It was at six oclock that we got home yesterday afternoon. (that 引導強調句) -Where did you met her first time? - It was in the park where we used to do morning exercise that I met her first time.(where引導定語從句，that引導強調句)- When did the couples find their lost son? - It was on the morning when you went to school that they found their son. (when引導定語從句，that引導強調句)七、定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別：引導定語從句的that在從句中作主語、賓語或表語，作賓語或表語時可以省略，而引導同位語從句的that在句中不作任何成分，也不能省略。如： This is the suggestion (that) he put forward.（定語從句） He gave me a suggestion that we should start at 5 oclock. （同位語從句）八、定語從句中謂語動詞的數應與先行詞的數相一致。如：Mr. Jackson is the only foreigner that is present at the party.0He is one of the students who were praised by the teacher.解析：在句中，先行詞foreigner被only修飾，強調只有一個，所以從句中謂語動詞用單數形式，而在句中，who引導的定語從句修飾先行詞the students，為復數，所以從句謂語動詞應為復數。感悟：分析定語從句句子結構和成分是關鍵。九、 幾個特殊先行詞后的定語從句：1. reason為先行詞時, 若引導詞在從句中作狀語，則用why引導，若引導詞在從句中作主語、賓語、表語，則用that或which引導。如：Do you know the reason why he didnt attend the meeting? （why在從句中作狀語）This is the reason that / which he gave. (that / which在從句中作賓語)2. situation, occasion, point 在定語從句中作先行詞，且引導詞在從句中作狀語時，則關系副詞用where 或in which。如:We may be trapped in such a situation where we have no one to turn to. (where在從句中作狀語)十、特殊定語從句。下面的定語從句，是一些特殊例子，還有些是與其他句式的對比，一定要熟記。1. He stood at the window, from where he could see what was happening.2. It may rain, in which case the match will be put off.3. Is this place the one that we visited? Is this the place that we visited?4. He is one of the boys who play the piano very well. He is the only one of the boys who plays the piano very well.5. Mr. White has three sons, all of whom are doctors.Mr. White has three sons, and all of them are doctors.6. This is so touching a story as I have read three times.This is so touching a story that I have read it three times.7. As is known to us, Bell invented the telephone.It is known to us that Bell invented the telephone. 8. Five visitors invited by him came as I expected.More visitors invited by him came than I expected.第二講 名詞性從句一、that引導的定語從句與同位語從句定語從句與前面的的名詞是修飾與被修飾的關系，“的名詞”，而同位語從句是用來說明前面名詞的內容。與that從句同位的名詞必須是一些表示事實或概念的抽象名詞，如fact, news, belief, truth, reply等。That在定語從句中必須作成分，可用which或who/whom代替，而that在同位語從句中不充當任何句子成分，只起連接作用。如： Along with the letter was his promise that he would visit me this coming Christmas. Do you still remember the chicken farm that we visited three months ago.解析：在句中，that引導同位語從句解釋說明promise的內容，that不充當任何句子成分，只起連接作用，而在句中，that在其引導的定語從句中作動詞visited的賓語，對先行詞the chicken farm起修飾作用。感悟：學生之所以在這一點上容易出錯，主要還是因為對定語從句的理解不夠深刻，分辨不出that在從句中是否充當了句子成分，因此，還需在句子分析上下功夫，并且搞清何謂同位語從句。二、名詞性從句中，關于it作形式主語和形式賓語的易錯點1) 名詞性從句作主語或賓語時，為保持句子平衡，常用it作形式主語或形式賓語。如：Its a pity that he dont come to give a speech.（形式主語）We think it possible that you can finish the job today.（形式賓語）2）謂語動詞 appreciate, dislike, hate, like, love, make等接由if或when 引導的賓語從句時往往在從句前加上形式賓語it.例如：I would appreciate it if you could come to my birthday party.3）動詞hare, take, hide, punish, put等,后接由that 引導的病因從句式，往往在從句前加形式賓語it.例如： I take it that you will be leaving Shanghai soon. we punished it that we had finished the project ahead of time.4）短語動詞answer for, count on depend on, insist on, see to等后接有that引導的賓語從句時，必須冠以形式賓語it.例如： Im counting on it that you will come. Shell see to it that he goes ahead.第三講 虛擬語氣一、 虛擬語氣在if 引導的條件句中的易錯點。 if my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going. if you had studied hard at school, you would be a college student now.句子都是虛擬語氣在條件句中的使用，從句中都是假設過去的情況，所以用過去完成時，但在主句中，句依然指代過去的情況，謂語動詞是would have done，而中含有一個表示現(xiàn)在的時間狀語now, 這樣就必須將其理解為假設現(xiàn)在的情況，所以謂語動詞必須為would/should/might+動詞原形，學生在這一點上經常會忽略now的存在，從而按句的形式填寫答案。二、虛擬語氣在名詞性從句中的用法1.在it is important (strange, natural, necessary)+that 句子或者It is decided(ordered, suggested, demanded, advised)+that句子中，主語從句中的謂語動詞常用（should）+動詞原形結構，表示某事“重要”、“必要”、“被決定”等例如： it is important that everyone (should ) obey the rules all day and all night. it is decided that the meeting (should) be held tomorrow afternoon.2. suggest, insist 后面指賓語從句時需注意的地方1）suggest 當“建議”“提出”講時，其后賓語從句的謂語動詞常用“（should）+動詞原形”例如：He suggested that the work (should) be started at once 他建議立即動工。類似的動詞還有insist堅持，demand要求，desire要求、請求，request請求，require要求、需要，order命令，propose建議，command命令，ask要求，advise建議，prefer寧愿等。這些動詞變被動語態(tài)（如：It is suggested +that主語從句）形式后，主語從句謂語動詞仍用“（should）+動詞原形”這些動詞變名詞（如suggestion）后，其后的表語從句和同位語從句中的謂語部分仍用“(should)+動詞原形”suggest 當“提出（某看法），暗示，啟發(fā)”講時，其后賓語從句的動詞不用虛擬語氣。例如：（1）The police suggested that the thief might be one of the family member警察局提出竊賊可能是一名家庭成員。（2）Her yawns suggests that she is sleepy. 她打哈欠表明她困了。（3）Although he didnt suggest that we _ the decision to swim across the river, but his looksuggested that our decision_wrong.雖然他沒提出我們應該終止游過這條河的決定，但他的表情表明我們的決定是錯誤的。A：stop; was B: should stop; be C: stopped ; was D: stopped; should be在這個句子中，前一個suggest當“建議”“提出”講，而后一個作“表明”講，所以答案為“A”2）insist作“堅決要求該；堅持認為定要”講時，其后賓語從句的謂語動詞用“(should)+動詞原形”例如：I insisted that you (should) be there on time.我堅持認為你應該準時到那里去insist 作“堅持（意見，看法）；堅持說，確信”講時，其后從句不用虛擬語氣。例如：He suggested (that) he heard someone in thenext room. 他堅持說他聽到隔壁屋子里有人。三、虛擬語氣的幾種特殊用法1. 連詞if 的省略 if 虛擬條件句中有should, had 或were時，if 可以省略，將should, had 或were放在句首。如：Had I worked hard, I would have surely succeeded. 如果我當時努力學習的話，我當然會成功的。Were she my daughter, I wouldnt allow her to study abroad.如果她是我的女兒，我就不讓她出國學習了。2 混合虛擬語氣 有時條件從句和結果主句所表示的時間不一致，這就要求主從句的時態(tài)根據實際的時間概念來確定。如：If she had followed the doctors advice, she would be quite all right now.如果當時她聽醫(yī)生的話，她現(xiàn)在就會好了。3 含蓄條件句 含蓄條件句是指句中沒有明顯的虛擬條件句，而是利用其他手段來暗示存在虛擬條件。這類隱含式虛擬條件句往往都可以轉化為if引導的條件句。常用來表示含蓄虛擬條件的手段有：（1）介詞（短語），主要有but for, without, in case of等。如：But for your help, I couldnt finish the work on time. 要不是你的幫助，我不可能按時完成工作。Without electricity, there would not be modern industry. 沒有電，就沒有現(xiàn)代工業(yè)。（2）通過上下文，句中往往有 otherwise, or等詞。如：I was very busy yesterday. Otherwise I would have come to see you. 我昨天很忙，要不然我就來看你了。4. 不用if 引導的條件從句 非真實條件句中的條件從句除用if引導外，還可用as if, unless, in case, for fear， on condition等引導。如：Ill keep a seat for you in case you should change your mind.我給你留個座，沒準你會改變主意。 He can use the bicycle on condition that he should return it tomorrow. 如果明天能還回來，他就可以用這輛自行車。5. 只保留從句的虛擬語氣這種從句常表示一種不可能實現(xiàn)的愿望，常用if only 引導。如：If only I hadnt wasted the time in high school. 我要是上中學時沒有荒廢時間就好了。第四講 反意疑問句1.在一般疑問句中，無論肯定的問或是否定的問，如果回答為肯定則用yes，反之則用no.特別注意如果出現(xiàn)省略則看下文所暗示的意義。Are you a new comer?Yes, I came here only yesterday.Isnt Tom a good student?Yes, he is excellent.Dont you think the composition good?No, It cant be any worse.注意：在句中，當回答的意思與問句相一致時，則用No，譯為“是的”，當回答的意思與問句相反時，則用Yes，譯為“不”2.情態(tài)動詞must I must leave now, mustnt I ?（表必須） He must be in the classroom, isnt he? （表推測：側重表事實） He must have finished his homework, hasnt he ?（表推測：側重現(xiàn)在的結果） He must have finished his homework yesterday afternoon, didnt he? （表推測：側重表過去）當句子中有表示猜測的情態(tài)動詞時，其反意疑問句的構成不能再用原句中的情態(tài)動詞，而應根據原句在去掉情態(tài)動詞的情況下的主謂關系來確定其反問形式。第五講 非謂語動詞非謂語與其邏輯主語（即動作的執(zhí)行者或承受者）之間有三種關系，如為主謂關系，則用現(xiàn)在分詞或不定式的主動式；如為被動關系則用過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞的被動（強調動作正在進行）或不定式的被動式（動作將進行）；如既無主動也無被動關系則只能用狀語從句或獨立主格結構（即非謂語加上自己的邏輯主語）。Judging/considering / generally speaking/supposing指說話者的動作，故只用主動式。如：Having been ill in bed for nearly a month , he had a hard time passing the exam.解析：從這個句子可以看出，句詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語he一致，并且是主謂關系，所以用了現(xiàn)在的分詞作狀語，同時，分詞的動作明顯地發(fā)生在句子的謂語動詞動作之前，故采用了現(xiàn)代分詞的完成式。In order to improve English , _.A. Jennys father bought her a lot of tapes. B. Jennys father bought a lot of tapes for herself.C. A lot of tapes were bought by Jenny. D. A lot of tapes were bought by Jenny father.解析：根據不定式短語我們可以推知，句子的邏輯主語應該是人而不是物，所以，應該排除CD，再就是應該是Jenny提高自己的英語，而不是她爸爸，故答案先B.，we decided to go out for a walk.A. It is fine B. It fine C. Being fine D. It being fine解析：主句主語we與動詞短語be fine之間既無主動關系與無被動關系，所以要加上自己的邏輯主語It，由于不存在主、被動關系，故不能選C項，而應該選D項。more attention, the trees could have grown better.A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having giving解析：give與主句的主語之間是被動關系，故選A.如為主動關系則選C.易出錯的問題一般都是學生在學習中對知識理解不深刻或能力欠缺的地方，應及時糾錯和建立“錯題檔案”，還應“借題發(fā)揮”，有意地把一些易錯題予以歸類，找出錯誤根源，總結規(guī)律。第六講 “情態(tài)動詞 + have done”用法盤點一. 表推測must have done表示對過去發(fā)生事情的肯定推測，意為“一定，準是，想必”，只用于肯定句中。can / could have done表示對過去發(fā)生行為的懷疑和不肯定，通常用在否定句和疑問句中，意為“不可能”。may / might have done表示對過去發(fā)生的情況的推測，意為“也許，或許”，一般只用于肯定句或否定句中，不用于疑問句。用might則表示語氣更加不肯定。如：Its too late. I think they may have gone to bed.太晚了，我想他們可能睡覺了。This cake is very sweet. You must have put a lot of sugar in it. 這蛋糕很甜，你一定是放了很多糖。My sister met him yesterday afternoon, so he couldnt have attended your lecture. 我姐姐昨天下午遇見他了，因此他不可能去聽你的課。二. 表責備could have done用在肯定句中，表示本來能做某事，但實際上未做某事。might have done表示本來可能做某事，但實際上未做某事。should / ought to have done表示本應該做某事而實際上沒有做；其否定式表示某種行為不該發(fā)生但卻發(fā)生了。need have done表示過去本來有必要去做某事，但事實上沒有做；其否定式表示本來不必做某事但實際上卻做了。如：You might have given him more help, though you were busy. 盡管你很忙，但你本來可以給他更多的幫助的。You should / ought to have stopped at the red light. 你見了紅燈本應該停車的。You neednt have taken a taxi here, for it was very near to your house. 你沒必要坐出租車，這兒離你家很近。You could have made greater progress, but you didnt devote yourself to your study.你本來能取得更大的成績，但你沒有全身心地投入學習。三. 用于與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣中 主要有would / should / could / might have done。如：If we had had enough rain last year, we could have gained a good harvest. 如果去年雨水充足的話，我們可能會有一個好收成。If you had worked hard, you would have easily passed the final test. 如果你當時努力學習的話，就會輕松通過最后的測試的。第七講 倒 裝倒裝包括全部倒裝和部分倒裝, 部分倒裝是歷年高考的考查重點。一、 部分倒裝部分倒裝是將謂語的一部分，如助動詞或情態(tài)動詞提到主語之前。如果句子的謂語部分沒有助動詞或情態(tài)動詞，則需添加助動詞do, does或did，并將其置于主語之前。?？嫉牟糠值寡b結構有：1句首為否定或半否定的詞語。如：not, never, seldom, little, hardly, rarely, at no time, in no way, not . until ., not only ., hardly / scarcely / . when .等。2用于so, neither, nor 開頭的句子，重復前句中的部分內容, 表示“也(不)這樣”。其結構為：so / neither / nor + be /have / 助動詞 / 情態(tài)動詞 + 主語。so 用于肯定句中，neither或nor用于否定句中。3. “only + 狀語”位于句首時，后面的主句要用部分倒裝。4. 用于as引導的讓步狀語從句中。5在虛擬條件句中，當從句謂語動詞有were, had, should等詞時，可將if 省略，而把 were, had, should 移到主語之前。如：Were it to snow tomorrow, many crops will die.Had you come yesterday, you would have seen him. Should I be free tomorrow, I will come.6在以often, many a time, now and then等表示方式或頻度的副詞（短語）開頭的句子，有時也有倒裝現(xiàn)象。如：Now and then do our teachers donate some money and clothes to the poor students. 二、 完全倒裝完全倒裝是將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前。此結構通常用于一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時。在歷年高考試題中出現(xiàn)較多的是：地點狀語提前。在下列幾種情況下多用完全倒裝：1. 表示地點的介詞短語位于句首時。如：In front of the lecture hall sat the speaker.2. 當now, then, thus, in, out, down, up, over, away, off, back等副詞置于句首，且謂語是come, follow, begin, end, be等時。如：Out rushed a group of children. In came my mother with a cake. 注意：這時句子的主語必須是名詞，如果是代詞，則不用倒裝句。如：Up went the rocket. / Up it went.3. 在there, here 引起的句子中, 謂語動詞用come, go, follow, enter, rush, occur等時。如：There comes Yao Ming, a famous basketball superstar.注意：當主語是人稱代詞時，句子不必倒裝。如：There he comes, a famous basketball superstar.4. 在there, here 引導的句子中，謂語是be, exist, live, lie 等表示狀態(tài)的不及物動詞時。如：There lived a cruel queen long ago. 5. such提前時，整個句子需要倒裝。如：Such is the fact that China is a great country. 6. “動詞-ing形式 + be + 主語”結構。Walking at the head of the line was our teacher. 第八講 反意疑問句一、反意疑問句部分的助動詞： 反意疑問句的助動詞要與陳述句部分的助動詞保持一致。通常情況下，容易作出正確的判斷。但要注意掌握以下較為復雜的情況：1 陳述句的謂語動詞為have to時，反意疑問句部分用助動詞do構成疑問句。如：They had to stay there, didnt they?2 陳述句的謂語動詞含有used to時，反意疑問句可用usednt 或didnt作助動詞。如：She used to come and help you, usednt / didnt she?3 陳述句含有情態(tài)動詞ought to時，反意疑問句部分用ought作助動詞。如：She ought to come, oughtnt she?4 當陳述句部分有實義動詞dare和need時，反意疑問句部分用do作助動詞；如果need和dare是情態(tài)動詞時，則反意疑問句部分仍用這兩個詞作助動詞。如：They dont dare to come, do they? / They dare not come, dare they?5 陳述句有情態(tài)動詞must時：1) must be表示“推測”時，反意疑問句部分用be的適當形式作助動詞。如：She must be a student, isnt she? 2) must表示“必須”時，后面用needntt作助動詞。如：They must hand in their papers today, neednt they? 3) mustnt表示“禁止”，則反意疑問句部分仍用must作助動詞。如：The children mustnt play in the street, must they? 4) 陳述句的謂語部分是“must have+過去分詞”時，如果這個結構帶有一個表示過去的時間狀語，則反意疑問句用did作助動詞；如果沒有表示過去的時間狀語，則反意疑問句部分用have作助動詞。如：They must have finished their work yesterday, didnt they? / They must have finished their work, hav