中國現(xiàn)代文學(xué)發(fā)展方向淺析.docx

摘要：20世紀(jì)中國現(xiàn)代文學(xué)的發(fā)展繁榮，文藝界整體呈現(xiàn)一片欣欣向榮的景象。在這一過程中，中國現(xiàn)代文學(xué)發(fā)展方向問題一直伴隨著相關(guān)理論與論爭(zhēng)。中國文學(xué)在發(fā)展的過程中怎樣突破困境與世界文化融合一直是文藝界人士在苦苦探索的問題之一。西方化與民族化交替發(fā)展的過程構(gòu)成了中國現(xiàn)代文學(xué)發(fā)展的整體進(jìn)程。本文在探討中國現(xiàn)代文學(xué)發(fā)展傾向的同時(shí)，試圖尋找促進(jìn)中國文學(xué)不斷發(fā)展的新方向。 關(guān)鍵詞：現(xiàn)代文學(xué)；西方化；民族化；新方向 一、中國現(xiàn)代文學(xué)向世界化發(fā)展 中國現(xiàn)代文學(xué)，最早可以追溯到20年代，在新時(shí)期以來走向更加穩(wěn)健成熟的方向。我國現(xiàn)代文學(xué)在文學(xué)研究界公認(rèn)的發(fā)展基本脈絡(luò)為：浪漫主義現(xiàn)實(shí)主義現(xiàn)代主義。可以說每種思想潮流都在中國現(xiàn)代文學(xué)發(fā)展過程中留下了自己的祖籍，而現(xiàn)代文學(xué)汲取了浪漫主義的一些特征，并將現(xiàn)代主義相融合，與其中的一些特征相結(jié)合，在中國傳統(tǒng)文學(xué)體裁的基礎(chǔ)上形成了富有獨(dú)特特征的以現(xiàn)實(shí)主義為支撐的中國現(xiàn)代文學(xué)。胡適發(fā)表的文學(xué)改良芻議拉開了現(xiàn)代文學(xué)發(fā)展的序幕，這一時(shí)期的文學(xué)號(hào)召是以“白話文”為外在特征的。首先，這一時(shí)期的文學(xué)是以啟蒙主義為內(nèi)在精神特征。這一時(shí)期的文藝界倡導(dǎo)全面實(shí)行白話文，否定一切傳統(tǒng)模式。這一時(shí)期的文藝?yán)碚撝?，除了反?duì)傳統(tǒng)士大夫的傳統(tǒng)觀念，更是反對(duì)他們的創(chuàng)作理念以及創(chuàng)作方法。在小說創(chuàng)作過程中，人們已經(jīng)不再熱衷于章回體小說，轉(zhuǎn)而進(jìn)行西方化的短篇小說創(chuàng)作。西方翻譯作品亦是數(shù)不甚數(shù)。這一時(shí)期的文藝界運(yùn)用西方作品及其反映的社會(huì)問題對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)的社會(huì)予以批判。他們以相關(guān)作品為工具對(duì)人們實(shí)行啟蒙教育。 其次，隨著社會(huì)以及文藝?yán)碚摰陌l(fā)展，中國現(xiàn)代文學(xué)的西方化更為深入，由初期的單純模仿轉(zhuǎn)入后期相關(guān)觀念的繼承與發(fā)展。文學(xué)西方化的浪潮再次出現(xiàn)時(shí)，比起前期更甚，這一時(shí)期的文學(xué)創(chuàng)作不在滿足于外在形式的模式，而是在內(nèi)在精神方面對(duì)文學(xué)的現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)行探討。文學(xué)作品創(chuàng)作過程中，創(chuàng)作者通過作品揭示社會(huì)矛盾，反映社會(huì)問題，通過深入探索人物內(nèi)心表現(xiàn)人性的復(fù)雜性。文學(xué)創(chuàng)作過程中不再盲目模仿西方創(chuàng)作手法，同時(shí)也不再盲目拒絕傳統(tǒng)文化。從表面看這一時(shí)期的文學(xué)西方化有所減輕，而從其內(nèi)在審視會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，此時(shí)西方化更為嚴(yán)重。可以說西方化過于深入對(duì)我國現(xiàn)代文學(xué)的發(fā)展有著深刻的影響，這也影響著當(dāng)今社會(huì)對(duì)那時(shí)文化的解讀。 第三，對(duì)話是中國現(xiàn)代文學(xué)發(fā)展的力量之一，中國現(xiàn)代文學(xué)一直保持著中外的對(duì)話方式，當(dāng)我國五四運(yùn)動(dòng)開始的時(shí)候，以泰戈?duì)枮槭椎耐鈬膶W(xué)家借著諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)走向世界的舞臺(tái)。這讓中國現(xiàn)代文學(xué)與外國文學(xué)有著更加深厚的緣分。泰戈?duì)柵c中國現(xiàn)代作家有著類似的社會(huì)與文化背景，并且受到類似文學(xué)思潮的影響，都面臨著傳統(tǒng)話語形式向現(xiàn)代的復(fù)調(diào)語言形式的轉(zhuǎn)變，因此兩者的深度對(duì)話形成了當(dāng)時(shí)的發(fā)展方向。當(dāng)時(shí)我國在五四時(shí)期成立了最早的文學(xué)研究會(huì)，是當(dāng)時(shí)最大的文學(xué)研究性社團(tuán)，主要成員有鄭振鐸、沈雁冰、王統(tǒng)照、謝冰心等人，他們通過討論而提出了“為人生”的文學(xué)主張，也因此形成了中國現(xiàn)代詩學(xué)的“人生派”，并發(fā)表與評(píng)論了當(dāng)時(shí)以泰戈?duì)枮槭椎耐鈬膶W(xué)巨匠。創(chuàng)造社也是五四時(shí)期的影響力較大的文學(xué)社團(tuán)，它的發(fā)起人是郭沫若，他的以“為藝術(shù)”的文學(xué)主張?jiān)诋?dāng)時(shí)中國文學(xué)界也樹立了獨(dú)特的文學(xué)方向。他遵從泰戈?duì)柕模骸靶撵`是從自然中聚集起來,而文學(xué)是從心靈中聚集起來的。為了把心靈的感受揭示出來,特別需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造力量?！睆?qiáng)調(diào)了文學(xué)的主體性與創(chuàng)造性。 二、中國現(xiàn)代文學(xué)發(fā)展中的民族化 在中國現(xiàn)代文學(xué)發(fā)展的過程中，西方化是文學(xué)發(fā)展的主流，而民族化亦是其中不可忽視的重要力量。現(xiàn)代文學(xué)界在探索西方化的過程中，漸漸發(fā)現(xiàn)只有從本土出發(fā)才可以更深入的發(fā)展西方化。創(chuàng)作者們?cè)谕茝V西方化的同時(shí)也進(jìn)行了相關(guān)民族化探索。首先形式民族化，重點(diǎn)反映在詩歌創(chuàng)作過程中?，F(xiàn)代白話詩歌的創(chuàng)作過程中，不論是題材還是形式，大多都是來自于民間生活以及相關(guān)歌謠。詩人在創(chuàng)作過程中積極突出與傳統(tǒng)詩歌所不同的地方，重在表現(xiàn)地方性趣味。不僅如此，詩人還通過刻畫民間生活群體進(jìn)行祖國出路的深刻思索。在創(chuàng)作過程中，不管是形式還是內(nèi)容都極具民族化。其次是作品創(chuàng)作精神民族化。創(chuàng)作者在創(chuàng)作過程中深入民間，進(jìn)行民間精神探索。魯迅在刻畫鄉(xiāng)村氣息生活的同時(shí)，深刻拷問國民性。另一部分的創(chuàng)作者則試圖深入民間文化吸取創(chuàng)作的養(yǎng)分。這些創(chuàng)作者強(qiáng)調(diào)作品中應(yīng)該保存中國的民族特質(zhì)，以有利于中國文化的長遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展。不難看出，這樣的作品中的民族化只是在內(nèi)容上進(jìn)行了本土化，其精神實(shí)質(zhì)仍然是啟蒙思想所引導(dǎo)的西方化。我們不可忽視的是中國現(xiàn)代文學(xué)的民族化是不斷發(fā)展深入的。西方化的過程中，相關(guān)創(chuàng)作者指出應(yīng)該向西方學(xué)習(xí)。而深入發(fā)展的民族化則強(qiáng)調(diào)中國現(xiàn)代文學(xué)發(fā)展的源頭在中國傳統(tǒng)中，在中國民間文學(xué)中。需要指出的是，中國現(xiàn)代文學(xué)民族化的過程并不是要建立封閉區(qū)，將中國文學(xué)與世界文學(xué)隔離開來。而是強(qiáng)調(diào)在創(chuàng)作過程中突出中國傳統(tǒng)特色，用傳統(tǒng)以及民間的精神養(yǎng)料幫助中國文學(xué)朝著更為長遠(yuǎn)的道路發(fā)展。 三、促進(jìn)中國文學(xué)世界化的發(fā)展 在促進(jìn)中國文學(xué)發(fā)展進(jìn)程中，不論是西方化觀點(diǎn)還是民族化觀點(diǎn)都存在一定的片面性。我們應(yīng)該從這種二元式的思維模式中跳出來，建立整體發(fā)展的世界化文學(xué)模式。 首先必須明確的是文學(xué)不存在階級(jí)性，它是重在反映人類審美觀念以及審美趣味。文學(xué)的發(fā)展不是為了保護(hù)某一部分人的利益而去反對(duì)另一部分人。同時(shí)，文學(xué)也不是為了體現(xiàn)某一部分人的價(jià)值觀而去否定另一部分人的精神實(shí)質(zhì)。由于世界性的存在，相關(guān)文學(xué)必定存在一定的沖突，這種沖突的是各種文學(xué)自身個(gè)性的體現(xiàn)。需要做到的不是無視這些沖突或是加劇相關(guān)沖突，而是應(yīng)該正視它肯定它的存在。 其次，建立世界性文化的基礎(chǔ)是各種文化間的對(duì)話。在促進(jìn)文化長遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展的過程中不應(yīng)該片面的肯定或可定某一種文化意識(shí)，應(yīng)該在文化對(duì)話中揚(yáng)長避短，促進(jìn)文化的共同發(fā)展。問渠那得清如許，為有源頭活水來。中國文化的發(fā)展動(dòng)力既不是簡單的西方化，也不是死板的傳統(tǒng)化，而是加入創(chuàng)新的因素建立獨(dú)特的藝術(shù)形式與精神內(nèi)涵。只有這樣才可以運(yùn)用整體化的眼光，促進(jìn)中國文化世界化的發(fā)展。 四、總結(jié) 中國的現(xiàn)代文學(xué)的發(fā)展方向應(yīng)該是清晰而明確的，應(yīng)該在世界文化中做出自己應(yīng)有的貢獻(xiàn)。中國現(xiàn)代文化促進(jìn)自身現(xiàn)代化的過程也是自身價(jià)值和意義不斷升華的過程。中國文學(xué)和其他國家的文學(xué)共同發(fā)展，一起構(gòu)成了世界文學(xué)的發(fā)展進(jìn)程。中國文學(xué)是世界文學(xué)的一份子，因此在發(fā)展過程中既不能盲目排外，也不能盲目照搬照抄。而是敞開胸懷擁抱世界，促進(jìn)中國文學(xué)世界化的進(jìn)程，發(fā)展真正的世界文學(xué)。 Abstract: the development and prosperity of modem Chinese literature in the 20th century, literary and arts present a thriving scene as a whole. In this process, the development of Chinese modern literature direction problem has been accompanied by the relevant theory and disputes. How to break through the dilemma in the process of development of Chinese literature and world cultural integration has been the literary people struggling to explore one of the problems. Process of westernization and nationalization alternate development constitutes the whole process of the development of Chinese modern literature. This article was to explore the development of Chinese modern literature tendency at the same time, trying to find a new direction to promote the development of Chinese literature.Key words: modern literature; Westernization; Nationalization; A new directionFirst, the development of Chinese modern literature to the worldwideModern Chinese literature, the earliest can be traced back in the 20 s, since in the new era towards the direction of the more mature steady. Recognized the development of Chinese modern literature in literature research basic context is: the romanticism, realism, modernism. Can say every thought trend in the development of Chinese modern literature left his ancestral home, in the process of the modern literature derive the some characteristics of the romanticism, and the integration of modernism, combined with some of the features, on the basis of Chinese traditional literature formed supported by realism of rich and distinctive characteristics of modern Chinese literature. Hu shi published in the literature improved series.the pulled open the prelude to the development of modern literature, the literature of this period called vernacular as the external characteristics. First, the literature of this period is the enlightenment for the inner spiritual features. This period advocated to implement the vernacular of the literary, no all the traditional model. This periods literary theory, in addition to oppose the traditional idea of traditional Confucian is against their creative ideas and creative method. In the novel creation process, people are no longer keen to defects in the novel, instead of westernization of short novels. Western translation is also the number is less. This period of literary and arts the use of western works and its reflection of the social problems of the criticism of the society at that time. They related works as tools for people to practice the enlightenment education.Second, with the development of society and literary theory, westernization of modem Chinese literature more deeply, by the simple imitation in the early to late the succession and development of the related concepts. Literature westernized wave again, much less than previous, literary creation in this period is not satisfied with the external form of patterns, but, in the spirit aspect discusses the modernization of literature. In the process of literature creation, the creator through works reveal social contradictions, reflecting the social problems, through in-depth to explore the complexity of human nature. No longer blindly copy western literary creation process technique, also no longer blindly refused to traditional culture. On the surface of this period literature westernized mitigated, and from its internal review will find that the western is more serious. Can say western too deep have a profound impact on the development of Chinese modern literature, it also affects the society today to the understanding of the culture at that time.Third, the dialogue is one of the power of the development of Chinese modern literature, modern Chinese literature has maintained the Chinese and foreign dialogue way, when our country at the start of the May 4th movement, headed by tagore foreign astronomers with the Nobel Prize for literature towards the world stage. The modern Chinese literature and foreign literature have a more profound love. Tagore and China modern writers have similar social and cultural background, and is affected by the similar literature ideological trend, are faced with the traditional forms of discourse to modern polyphony in the form of language transformation, so the two formed the development direction of the depth of the dialogue. Was founded in May 4th period is the earliest literature research in our country, is the largest literary research society, the main members are zheng zhenduo, Shen Yanbing, his, such as xie bingxin, they through discussion and put forward the for the literary views of life, thus formed the life of modern Chinese poetics, and comment and then headed by tagore foreign literary celebrity. Creation society is also a large literature community in the influence of the may fourth period, its sponsor is guo moruo, his literary proposition with for art in Chinese literary world at that time also set up the unique literary direction. He follows tagore: the mind is gathered and the natural and literature are gathered from the mind. In order to reveals the feeling of the heart, especially need to create power. Emphasize the literary subjectivity and creativity.Second, the nationalization in the development of modern Chinese literatureIn the process of the development of Chinese modern literature, westernization is the mainstream of the literary development and nationalization is also the important force to be reckoned with. The modern literary world in the process of exploring western, gradually found that only starting from the local can further develop westernization. Creators in promotion of westernization and nationalization exploration. First form nationalization, mainly reflected in the process of poetry writing. Modern vernacular poetry creation in the process, both subject and form, mostly from folk life and the songs. Poet in the process of creation positive highlight is different from traditional poetry, focusing on local tastes. Not only that, the poet by folk life groups in the motherland way of deep thinking. In the process of creation, both form and content are highly nationalization. The second is spirit works creation nationalization. Deep folk creators in the process of creation, to explore folk spirit. Lu xun in depicting rustic life at the same time, deep torture national character. The other part of the creator is trying to created deep folk culture absorb nutrients. These creators emphasize works should be kept in the Chinese national characteristics, in order to be helpful for the long-term development of the Chinese culture. It is not hard to see, the nationalization of such work only has carried on the localization in content, its spiritual essence is still guided by the western enlightenment thought.We can not be ignored is the nationalization of modem Chinese literature is developing further. In the process of westernization, related creator should learn from the west are pointed out. And in-depth development of nationalization, it focuses on the source of the development of Chinese modern literature in Chinese traditional folk literature in China. It should be pointed out that, the process of nationalization of modern Chinese literature is not to establish a closed area, isolates of Chinese literature and world literature. But in the process of writing mainly focus on Chinese traditional characteristics, with the spirit of the traditional and folk nutrients help towards the road more long-term development of Chinese literature.Third, promote the development of Chinese literature worldwideIn promoting the development of Chinese literature in the process, whether its westernization and nationalization view has certain one-sidedness. We should jump out from the thinking mode of the binary type, establish development mode of worldwide literature as a whole.Must first clear is literature there is no class nature, it is reflecting the human aesthetic idea and aesthetic interest. The development of literature is not in order to protect the interests of a part of people and against others. At the same time, literature is not in order to reflect a part of peoples values and to deny another part of the human spirit. Due to the existence of the world, the relevant literature will be there is a conflict, the conflict is a reflection of all kinds of literatures own personality. Need to do is not to ignore these conflicts or relevant conflicts intensified, but should face up to it sure its there.Second, to establish the world culture is the basis of all kinds of intercultural dialogue. In the process of promoting the development of cultu