供應(yīng)鏈管理考試復習資料最終版.doc

1. The supply chain not only includes the manufacturer and supplies, but also transporters, warehouses, retailers, and customers service. Within each organization, such as a manufacturer, the supply chain includes all functions involved in filling a customer request. These function include, but are not limited to, new product development,markering，operations，distribution finace，and customer service.2The main Transportation Modes: _Air_, _Package carriers_,Truck ，Rail，Water。3、Bullwhip effect, in which fluctuations in orders increase as they move up the supply chain from retailers to wholesalers to manufacturers to suppliers.4、Markets in the 21st Century have some crucial characteristics, as follows: Higher customer service, Lower delivery cycle, Larger breed variety, Lower product life cycle.5、overstocking is inventory exceeds demand.6、TL means full trackload7、B2B means Business to Business8、. Understocking is _ Demand exceeds amount available9、.Demand forecasting methods Qualitative ,Time Series ,Causal ,Simulation1.關(guān)于經(jīng)濟批量的各種數(shù)據(jù)：Optimal Lot Size (EOQ)（經(jīng)濟批量）Annual demand（年采購量）Order Cost （訂購費用）Cost per unit/price（單件費用/價格）Holding cost per year as a fraction of product cost（年單件儲存費用）Holding cost per unit per year（年單件儲存費用率)Lot Size(批量）Reorder interval（訂貨間隔）2.What is the main characteristics of forecasts?預測的特征：答：1，預測總是有錯誤的，因此它包括對預測價值和誤差的測量。 2，長期預測通常沒有短期預測準確，也就是說相對于短期預測長期預測的誤差標準范圍更大。 3，綜合預測比獨立預測準確，因為綜合預測相對于獨立預測標準差小。 4，一般而言，公司供應(yīng)鏈越大，它接受的信息會越失真。3：When managers make decidions they must think of their environment the environments as follows？當經(jīng)理們決定他們必須考慮他們的環(huán)境環(huán)境如下答：Supply chain strategy or design（供應(yīng)鏈戰(zhàn)略與設(shè)計） Supply chain planning（供應(yīng)鏈規(guī)劃） Supply chain operation（供應(yīng)鏈運作）4.Systems thinking requires that companies and their employees understand their place in the larger chain therefore，the following must be addressed4。系統(tǒng)思維要求企業(yè)和員工了解自己的位置在較大的鏈，因此，以下的必須解決的問題答：建立核心目標、系統(tǒng)邊界界定、內(nèi)部關(guān)系確定、信息要求確定、進行平衡分析、考慮系統(tǒng)約束5.What is the factors influencing network design decisions is supply chains？在供應(yīng)鏈網(wǎng)絡(luò)的設(shè)計決策的影響因素。答：戰(zhàn)略性因素，技術(shù)因素，宏觀經(jīng)濟因素，政治因素，基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施因素，競爭因素，顧客反應(yīng)時間，物流和設(shè)施成本。Strategic 、Technological、Macroeconomic、Political、Infrastructure Competitive、Logistics and facility costs6.What is the main demand forecasting methods？需求預測的主要方法。答：定性法，時間預測法，隨機法，模仿法。1. Demand, D = 12,000 computers per year ；Unit cost, C = $500Holding cost, h = 0.2；Fixed cost, S = $5,000/order Q = 1095 computers 、 Cycle inventory = Q/2 = 548 Flow time = Q/2D = 2.45weeks、 Annual holding cost=547722. Demand, D = 12,000 computers per year ； Unit cost, C = $500Holding cost, h = 0.2；Fixed cost, S = $4,000/order. Q = 980 computers / Cycle inventory = Q/2 = 490Flow time = Q/2D = 0.49 month / Reorder interval, T = 0.98 month3、 Obtain the aggregate plan（紅番茄）Period No. No. Laid Workforce Overtime Inventory Stockout Subcontract Total Hired off Size Production0 0 0 80 0 1,000 0 0 1 0 15 65 0 1,983 0 0 2,5832 0 0 65 0 1,567 0 0 2,5833 0 0 65 0 950 0 0 2,5834 0 0 65 0 0 267 0 2,5835 0 0 65 0 117 0 0 2,5836 0 0 65 0 500 0 0 2,583Tc=$422,275 Revenue= $640,000 Profit= $217,725供應(yīng)鏈的含義What is a supply chain?A supply chain consists of all parties involved,directly or indireetly,in fulfilling a customer request.The supply chain includes not only the manufacturer and suppliers,but also transporters,warehouses,retailers,and even customers themselves.Within each organization,such as a manufacturer,the supply chain includes all functions involved in receiving and filling a customer request.These functions include,but are not limited to,new product development,marketing,operations,distribution,finance,and customer service.【1.】Decision phases in a supply chain供應(yīng)鏈的決策階段:1.Supply Chain Strategy or Design;2.Supply Chain Planning;3.Supply Chain Operation【2】.Process view of a supply chain供應(yīng)鏈的進程觀點:1.Cycle view;2.Push/Pull view供應(yīng)鏈的具體流程1.CRM(Customer Relationship Management);2.ISCM(Internal supply chain management);3.SRM(Supplier Relationship Management）【3.】戰(zhàn)略合適的意思Strategic fit mean that both the competitive and supply chain strategies have aligned goals. 戰(zhàn)略適應(yīng)意味著競爭和供應(yīng)鏈策略對準目標。A company s success or failure is thus closely linked to the following keys:1.The competitive strategy and all functional strategies must fit together to form a coordinated overall strategy.2.The different functions in a company must appropriately structure their processes and resources to be able to execute these strategies successfully.3.The design of the overall supply chain and the role of each stage must be aligned to support the supply chain strategy.【4】Drivers of supply chain performance影響供應(yīng)鏈效應(yīng)的驅(qū)動者:1.Facilities設(shè)備;2.Inventory庫存3.Transportation運輸4.Information信息5.Sourcing資源；6.Pricing價格【5】Components of inventory decisions庫存的種類:1.Cycle Inventory經(jīng)常庫存；2.Safety Inventory安全庫存；3,Seasonal Inventory季節(jié)庫存【6】performance of a distribution network should be evaluated along two dimensions供應(yīng)商網(wǎng)絡(luò)效應(yīng)評價的兩個指標:1.Customer needs that are met;2.Cost of meeting customer needsinfluenced by the structure of the distribution network【7】影響供應(yīng)鏈分銷網(wǎng)絡(luò)的服務(wù)因素：.1.Response time;反應(yīng)時間2.Product variety產(chǎn)品種類；3.Product availability產(chǎn)品的供應(yīng)能力；4.Customer experience顧客經(jīng)驗；5.Time to market進入市場的時間；6.Order visibility訂單的可跟蹤性；7.Returnability回收的可能性【8】Distribution network:分銷方法1.Manufacturer storage with direct shipping;2.Manufacturer storage with direct shipping and in-transit merge;3.Distributor storage with package carrier delivery;4.Distributor storage with last-mile delivery;5.Manufacturer/distributor storage with custumer pickup;6.Retail storage with customer pickup【9】The role of network desigh in the supply chain:供應(yīng)鏈網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)計所包括的部分1.Facility role設(shè)施角色；2.Facility location設(shè)施的布局；3.Capacity allocation匹配能力；4.Market and supply allocation匹配市場和供應(yīng)【10】Factors influencing network design decisions影響供應(yīng)鏈網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)計的因素：1.Strategic factors;2.Technological factors;3.Macroeconomic factors;4.Political factors;5.Infrastructure factors;6.Competitive factors;7.Customer response time and local presence;8.Logistice and facility costs【11】每一種設(shè)施在戰(zhàn)略中的角色：1.近海設(shè)施-出口生產(chǎn)；2,資源設(shè)施-全球生產(chǎn);3.服務(wù)設(shè)施-區(qū)域生產(chǎn);4.顧客設(shè)施-有發(fā)展能力的區(qū)域生產(chǎn);5.村落設(shè)施-區(qū)域生產(chǎn)設(shè)備建設(shè)去獲得當?shù)氐募寄芰?6.領(lǐng)導設(shè)施-發(fā)展和技術(shù)的進展NPV代表net present value(凈現(xiàn)值），是指通過一定的貼現(xiàn)率將未來的資金折算成現(xiàn)值就是凈現(xiàn)值?！?2】Characteristics of forecasts預測的特點：1.Forecasts are always wrong and should thus include both the expected value of the forecast and a measure of forecast error.2.Long-term forecasts are usually less accurate than short-term forecasts.3.Aggregate forecasts are usually more accurate than disaggregate forecasts,as they tend to have a smaller standard deviation of error relative to the mean.4.In general,the farther up the supply chain a company is,the greater is the distortion of information it receives.【13】Forecasting methods are classified according to the following four types.預測的方法：1.Qualitative;2.Time series;3.Causal;4.SimulationL預測水平（estimate of level) T預測趨勢（estimate of trend) ST預測季節(jié)因子（estimate of seasonal factor) DT實際的需求（actual demand) FT預測需求(forecast of demand)ET預測誤差（forecate error） MSE均方差（mean squared error) AT絕對誤差（absolute deviation) MAD絕對均差（mean absolute deviation) 標準差（standard deviation)MAPE絕對平均差（mean absolute percentage error) Bias