語法7 非謂語.doc

英語語法學(xué)習(xí) 班級：_ 姓名：_第七節(jié)：非謂語動詞廣西崇左市高級中學(xué) 黃林郁一、非謂語動詞的形式變化非謂語形式構(gòu)成時態(tài)語態(tài)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)否定式主動被動不定式一般式to do（主動+未發(fā)生）to be done（被動+未發(fā)生）for sb. to do sth.或of sb. to do sth.在“to”前加not或never完成式to have done（主動+已完成）to have been done（被動+已完成）進(jìn)行式to be doing（主動+正在進(jìn)行）/v-ing一般式Doing（主動+正在進(jìn)行）being done（被動+正在進(jìn)行）sb.或sbs doing作主語要用sbs doing在前加not特別注意復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的否定式： sbs not doingsbs not having done完成式having done（主動+已完成）having been done（被動+已完成）過去分詞 done沒有變形(被動+已完成)在前加not二、非謂語充當(dāng)句子成分一覽表 成分非謂語1. 主語2. 表語3. 賓語4. 賓補(bǔ)5. 定語6. 狀語To do doingdone三、各種非謂語形式充當(dāng)某一相同成分時的區(qū)別：1、非謂語作主語時的區(qū)別意義to do 不定式多指具體的動作（或一次性的動作） To look after the child is what he needs to do today.doing動名詞多指一般的或習(xí)慣的行為 Looking after children is his job.2、非謂語作表語時的區(qū)別 意義to do 不定式多指具體的動作（或一次性的動作） What he needs to do today is to look after the child.doing動名詞多指一般的或習(xí)慣的行為 His job is looking after children.(另外，-ing形容詞修飾物“使人”; -ed 形容詞修飾人 “感到.”)3、非謂語作賓語時的區(qū)別：主要區(qū)別在于不同的動詞后接不同的非謂語情況常用動詞只接to do 做賓語的動詞hope, wish, expect, want, offer（主動）, long(渴望), fail（失?。? ask, decide, pretend（假裝）, manage（成功）, agree, afford（供得起） determine（決心）, promise（承諾）, happen（碰巧）只接doing做賓語的動詞或短語mind, miss(錯過), enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, advise, finish, escape（逃避）, excuse（原諒）, appreciate（喜歡）, admit（承認(rèn)）, dislike, avoid（避免）, risk（冒險）, feel like（想）, succeed in, be fond of, be engaged in（忙于）, insist on（堅持）, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, be worth, be busy, look forward to, devote oneself to, object to（反對）, get down to（開始）, pay attention to, stick to接to do 或doing 均可的動詞意義基本相同begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer(喜歡), continue（繼續(xù)）（接不定式多指具體的動作，接動名詞多指一般或習(xí)慣行為）意義相反stop to do 停止手中所做的事，去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事意義不同remember/forget/regret to do（指動作尚未發(fā)生）remember/forget/regret doing（指動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生）go on to do（接著做另外一件事）go on doing（接著做同一件事）try to do（設(shè)法，努力去做，盡力）try doing（試試去做，看有何結(jié)果）mean to do（打算做，企圖做）mean doing （意思是，意味著）cant help （to） do（不能幫忙做）cant help doing（忍不住要做）considerto do/ be認(rèn)為做/是consider doing考慮做某事 注意： need/ want/ require doing = need /want/require to be done Your hair needs cutting = Your hair needs to be cut (你的頭發(fā)需要剪了。 4、非謂語動詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語的區(qū)別分 類常見動詞與賓語的邏輯關(guān)系及時間概念例 句To do ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encouragehave, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make主謂(主動)關(guān)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作將發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成(使役動詞和感官動詞作謂語時，to do 賓語省to)I expect him to help me.I made him help me several times.(省略to)I saw him go upstairs. (省略to)wish sb. to do ( ) hope sb. to do ( )advise sb to to ( ) suggest sb. to do ( )To be done動賓（被動）關(guān)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作將發(fā)生I expect our work to be finished soon.Doingnotice, see, watch, hear, find, feel, catch, leave, keep, have,主謂（主動）關(guān)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作正在進(jìn)行，尚未完成I found her listening to the radio.I saw him crossing the street.Being done動賓（被動）關(guān)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作正在進(jìn)行I heard the song being sung when I went by.過去分詞動賓（被動）關(guān)系，動作已經(jīng)完成，多強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)We found the village greatly changed.I saw him run over by a car.注意背誦以下句子： 1. He is said to go abroad next month. = People said he will go abroad next month. = It is said that he will go abroad next month. 2. He is said to have been to Europe last year. = People said he went abroad last year. = It is said that he went abroad last year. 3. He is said to be studying abroad now. = People said he is studying abroad now. = It is said that he is studying abroad now.5、 非謂語動詞做定語的區(qū)別分 類區(qū) 別例 句to do 在“have”句型中, to do與被修飾詞之間雖有被動關(guān)系，但不能用to be done; 表示將來。He hasnt got a place to live in. （ 主語he 執(zhí)行l(wèi)ive in 動作）I have a lot of papers to type. （ 主語I 執(zhí)行type 動作）to be done與被修飾詞往往有被動關(guān)系，表將來。The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important.doing(動名詞)通常指被修飾詞的用途，類別，材質(zhì)等，無邏輯上的主動關(guān)系； （現(xiàn)在分詞）與被修飾詞之間是主動關(guān)系，表示動作與謂語動作同時發(fā)生the boiling water the falling leaves/the developing country being done與被修飾詞往往有被動關(guān)系，being done 表正在進(jìn)行。The meeting being held now is very important.過去分詞done與被修飾詞之間是被動關(guān)系，表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前，現(xiàn)已經(jīng)完成或只表示狀態(tài)the boiled water the developed countrythe fallen leavesThe meeting held yesterday is very important.6、非謂語動詞做狀語的區(qū)別分 類區(qū) 別例 句to do 與主句的主語往往有主動關(guān)系。不定式作狀語，大多作目的狀（為了) 或表示意料外結(jié)果。 To get good marks, you should study hard. to be done與主句的主語往往有被動關(guān)系。不定式作狀語，大多作目的狀（為了) 或表示意料外結(jié)果。I hurried to the cinema only to be told there was no ticket left.doing 與主句的主語之間是主動關(guān)系，表示動作與謂語動作同時發(fā)生Seeing from the sky, we can find our city more beautiful. having done與主句的主語之間是主動關(guān)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前Having finished his homework, he watched TV.being done與主句的主語之間是被動關(guān)系，表示動作與謂語動作同時發(fā)生Being scolded, little Tom had his head down.having been done與主句的主語之間是被動關(guān)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前Not having received their reply, he wrote a second letter.done與主句的主語之間是被動關(guān)系。表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前，現(xiàn)已經(jīng)完成或只表示狀態(tài)Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent.注意以下非謂語作狀的特例（獨立成分）：Judging from the appearance, he must be a strong man. To tell you the truth, I dont like it that much.小結(jié)：非謂語的時態(tài)要與謂語的時態(tài)區(qū)分開來。謂語時態(tài)是由時間狀語決定的。而非謂語不同的“時態(tài)”是通過和謂語動作的比較來選用的，如在謂語動作之