單元語法 定語從句復(fù)習(xí).doc

單元語法: 定語從句（attributive clause）一、定語從句定義：在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。被修飾的詞叫先行詞。引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞有關(guān)系代詞who, that , which, whom, whose關(guān)系副詞 when, where, why 等。關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系副詞一般置于先行詞和定語從句之間，起著連接主從句，指代先行詞，并在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分的三重作用。關(guān)系單詞和關(guān)系副詞的選用關(guān)鍵看該關(guān)系副詞或代詞在從句中做什么成分。限制性定語從句：限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系密切，是整個(gè)句子不可缺少的部分，從句與主句之間不用逗號隔開。如去掉，句子意思不完整。I dont like those who always think of themselves.非限制性定語從句：非限制性定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系較疏散，從句只是對先行詞的附加補(bǔ)充說明。去掉從句，句子意思仍然清楚。主從句之間用逗號隔開。Mr. Brown, who just came from Britain yesterday, will teach us biography.分隔定語從句：通常情況下，定語從句的關(guān)系代詞或副詞緊跟在先行詞之后，但有時(shí)為了保持句子平衡，關(guān)系代詞或副詞也可與其修飾的先行詞分離，成為分隔定語從句。The time came at last when we went to see the exhibition.The day is not far off when people can travel under the sea.二、關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系副詞的基本用法關(guān)系代、/副詞的選用1) The army organized teams to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.3) The number of people who were killed or injured reached more than 400,000.4) Do you know the student whose name (the name of whom) is Wang Yu?5) The letter that I received was from my father.6) This is the house where ( in which)we lived last year.7) This is the museum (which/that) we visited last week. 8) I wont forget the time when (during which) we stayed in the countryside.9) I wont forget the time (which/that) we spent in the countryside. 10) The reason why (for which) he was late was that he missed the train.11) The reason (that / which) he gave for his being late was not true at all.That：在從句中作主語、賓語、表語，指人或物(含時(shí)間，地點(diǎn))；Who/whom：在從句中作主語或賓語，指人；Which：在從句中作主語或賓語，指物(含時(shí)間，地點(diǎn))；Whose：在從句中作定語，指“某人的”或“某物的”， whose+名詞=the+名詞+of which/ of whom；When：在從句中作時(shí)間狀語，指“在某個(gè)時(shí)間”，when = 介詞+whichWhere：在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，指“在某地”，where = 介詞+whichWhy：在從句中原因狀語，指原因“為什么”， why = for which三、定語從句的考點(diǎn)1、關(guān)系代詞為that、which時(shí)只用that的情況：1. The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.2. He is the only person that I want to talk to.3. All that we have to do is to practice every day.4.There is little work that you can do.5.They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.6. Who is the woman that you shook hands with just now.7.She is no longer the girl that she was before she went to the country.8. They secretly built a small factory which produces things that cause pollution.總結(jié)：1先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級所修飾時(shí)，只能用that。2先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last等修飾時(shí)，只能用that。3先行詞為不定代詞如all, little, few, much, none, anything, nothing, everything等時(shí)，只能用that。4先行詞被all, little, much, some, any, no, every等修飾時(shí)，只能用that。5 先行詞有人又有物時(shí)，只能用that。6 主句是以who/which開頭的特殊疑問句時(shí), 只能用that。7 先行詞在從句中作表語時(shí), 限制性定語從句通常用 that 引導(dǎo)。(?？墒÷? 8 句中有兩個(gè)定語從句時(shí)，為避免重復(fù)，通常一個(gè)用which，一個(gè)用that。2、關(guān)系代詞為that、which時(shí)只用which的情況：1 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí) I have lost the pen, which I like very much.2 關(guān)系代詞指物放置于介詞后 We depend on the land from which we get our food.注意：如果介詞沒有提前用which或that都可以 We depend on the land which/that we get our food from.3、Whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句-Mr King, whose legs were badly hurt, was quickly sent to hospital.-The boss in whose department Mr King worked had heard about the accident.-The novel whose title is Red and Black is very interesting.= The novel, the title of which is Red and Black is very interesting.He lives in the room whose window faces south.= He lives in the room, the window of which faces south.-It was a meeting whose importance I didnt realize at that time.=It was a meeting, the importance of which I didnt realize at that time.whose引導(dǎo)定語從句：whose在從句中作定語，其后緊跟名詞，構(gòu)成名詞短語，表示“的”。其先行詞可指人或物。指物時(shí)，可用of which代替，但詞序不同。4、關(guān)系副詞考點(diǎn)當(dāng)表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、方式的名詞作先行詞時(shí)，若引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作狀語，則用when,where,介詞+which 引導(dǎo)；若引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作主語、賓語或表語，則用which、that、who等引導(dǎo)。-I will never forget the days _ I spent with my teacher.-I will never forget the days _I joined the army.-This is the reason _he gave me for doing it.-Do you know the reason why he came late?3介詞+which/whom引導(dǎo)定語從句1.Light is the fastest thing all over the world, the speed of which is 300 000 km per second.2.The paper _ bamboo is made is especially fine.A. which B. into which C. of which D. from which3.He is telling a story of Lei Feng, of whom every one of us is proud.He is telling a story of Lei Feng, whom/who every one of us if proud of.4.This is the boy whom she has taken care of.5.We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.6.The book was written in 1946, _ the education system has witnessed great charges. Awhen Bduring which Csince then Dsince when7. It may rain, _ the match will be put off.A when B. which C in which D in which case1. 介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句。關(guān)系代詞一般只能which/whom。介詞的選擇受到上下文意思的限制,或與前面的名詞搭配有關(guān),或與后面的動(dòng)詞搭配有關(guān). 介詞亦可放在句末。2. 部分固定短語，在定語從句中不宜將介詞與動(dòng)詞分開。如listen to, look at, pay attention to, take care of等。3. from where，since when 為“介詞+關(guān)系副詞”，in which case可以引導(dǎo)定語從句，屬特殊情況。 4. 先行詞為way，time 時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞的使用1）Please tell me the way(that/in which) you did the job.2）The way (that/which) youve thought of is very good.先行詞是way , 意為“方式，方法”時(shí)，關(guān)系詞在從句中如做狀語, 用in which/that引導(dǎo)，或省略. 若關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語或賓語時(shí)用that 或which引導(dǎo), 作賓語時(shí)可省略。3）This is the second time that the president has visited the country.4) This was at a time when/during which there were no radios, telephones or TV sets.Time 意為“次數(shù)”時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞用that，that可省略；time 意為“一段時(shí)間”時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞用when 或介詞+which.5. as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句As 引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，可指人或物或整件事，常與the same，such，so等連用，在定語從句中可做主語、賓語、表語等。Such people as you described just now are rare nowadays.Lets discuss only such problems as concern every one of us.-This is so touching a story _I have read three times.A. that B. as to C. as D. which(比較：This is so touching a story that I have read it three times.)-She is such a good teacher _we all love and respect.A. that B. as to C. as D. who(比較：She is such a good teacher that we all love and respect.)1）the same as 與the same thatThis is the same pen as I lost yesterday.= This is the same kind of pen as I lost yesterday.This is the same pen that I lost yesterday.=This is the very pen that I lost yesterday.As 指的是同類事物；that指的是同一事物2）as 與which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句：As we all know，Taiwan belongs to China.This kind of computer，as is well-known，is out of date.Yesterday，Mr Green quarreled with his wife, as seldom happened.He won first prize in the competiton, which made his parents very happy.兩者均可用來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，指代前面提到的內(nèi)容。但as 意為“正如”，常用于as we all known, as is reported in the newspater, as often happens, as can be see, as we can see, as we expected, 等結(jié)構(gòu)中，可放于句首、句中、句末。Which引導(dǎo)的定語從句只能置于主句之后。-_is often the case, Mike was late again and made up an excuse to fool the boss.-_was reported in the newspaper, more than 100 people died in the flood.-_was reported in the newspaper that more than 100 people died in the flood. 6.含有定語從句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型.如:-It was in this school _ studied for five years _ I met her.A. where, which B. that, which C. how, that D. where, thatIt was in the lab which was taken care of by Mr. Wang that they did the experiment.把定語從句去掉，找出強(qiáng)調(diào)句，有助理解。7.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句與其他從句的區(qū)別。（關(guān)鍵：弄清是否是定語從句，有無先行詞）1）_ was known to all, William had broken his promise_ he would give as a rise.A. As, which B. Which, what C. It, that D. As, that2）To get the program started, _ I need is your permission and support.A. only what B. all what C. all that D. only that3）The visitor asked the guide to take a picture for him _ stands the famous tower.A. that B. where C. which D. who4）_ human beings live in great numbers, the waters are very likely to be polluted.A. That B. Where C. Once D. For7.定語從句中加插入語.如:This is the man who I believe is honest.We feed the children who we think are hungry.把插入部分去掉可簡化定語從句，易于理解。使用定語從句中應(yīng)避免的錯(cuò)誤：練習(xí)：改錯(cuò)并總結(jié)錯(cuò)誤所在1）This is the most beautiful place that I have visited it.The school where I worked there is a famous one.2)This is one of the books which was written by Lu Xun.He is the only one of the boys who have learned French.He said he was a Frenchman which were not true.I, who is a Chinese, will do my best for our country.3)The room where he lives in is bigger than mine.This is the time at when we go home every day.4) The tomatoes were on the table were given to you.1錯(cuò)誤所在：定語從句中重復(fù)了被關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞所替代的部分。2關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，從句中謂語動(dòng)詞要和先行詞的數(shù)保持一致。3錯(cuò)誤所在：定語從句中加了多余的介詞或副詞。4錯(cuò)誤所在：定語從句中做主語的關(guān)系代詞被省略。語法練習(xí)1 Women _ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _ dont.A. who; / B. /; who C. who, who D /, /2 - Do you have anything to say for yourselves? - Yes, there is one point _ we must insist on.A. why B. where C. how D./3. Look out! Dont get too close to the house _roof is under repair.A. whose B which C of which D that4. In an hour, we can travel to places _ would have taken our ancestors days to reach.A. where B when C which D what5. Chans restaurant on Baker Street, _ used to be poorly run, is now a successful business.A. that B. which C who D where6. Because of my poor memory, all _ you told me has been forgotten. A which B what C as D /7. The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect.A. what B which C that D it8. The expected results _ he had worked hard seemed hopeless to him.A. after which B for which C with which D at which9. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child.A which B that C where D when10 This is Mr. Smith, _ has something important to tell you.A who I think B I think who C he thinks D I think he1. A football fan(球迷) is _ has a strong interest in football. A. a thing that B. something that C. a person who D. what 2. The house, _ was destroyed in the terrible fire, has been repaired. A. the roof of which B. which roof C. its roof D. the roof 3. Can you lend me the novel _ the other day? A. that you talked B. you talked about it C. which you talked with D. you talked about 4. The matter _ you were arguing about last night has been settled. A. that B. what C. why D. for which 5. They talked for about an hour of things and persons _ they remembered in the school. A. which B. that C. who D. whom 6. Who _ has common sense（常識） will do such a thing? A. which B. who C. whom D. that 7. All the apples _ fell down were eaten by the pigs. A. that B. those C. which D. what 8. They asked him to tell them everything _ he saw at the front. A. what B. that C. which D. where 9. Ill tell you _ he told me last night. A. all which B. all what C. that all D. all 10. A child _ parents are dead is called an orphan. A. who B. whos C. whose D. which 11. Is this the museum _ you visited the other day? A. that B. where C. in which D. the one 12. Is this museum _ some German friends visited last Wednesday? A. that B. where C. in which D. the one 13. -How do you like the book? -Its quite different from _ I read last month. A. that B. which C. the one D. the one what 14. Which sentence is wrong? A. The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put it into my mouth. B. Do you know the boy who jumped onto the platform? C. Science and new technology have made it possible for farmers to produce more food on the same amount of land. D. People in ancient times took it for granted that the sun moved round the earth. 15. The train _ she was traveling was late. A. which B. where C. on which D. in that 16. He has lost the key to the drawer _ the papers are kept. A. where B. on which C. under which D. which 17. Antarctic _ we know very little is covered with thick ice all the year round. A. which B. where C. that D. about which 18. Its the third time _ late this month. A. that you arrived B. when you arrived C. that youve arrived D.when youve arrived 19. He often helps the students _ he thinks are not quick at their studies. A. whom B. who C. when D. because 20. The Second World War _ millions of people were killed ended in 1945. A. when B. during that C. in which D. which 21. He was born in the year _ the Anti-Japanese War broke out. A. which B. when C. on which D. during which 22. Mr. Crossett will never forget the day _ he spent with his various students. A. when B. which C. during which D. on which 23. This is just the place _ I am longing to visit these years. A. that B. where C. in which D. to where 24. We are going to spend the Spring festival in Guangzhou, _ live my grandparents and some relatives. A. which B. that C. who D. where 25. The hotel _ during our holidays stands by the seaside. A. we stayed at B. where we stayed at C. we stayed D. in that we stayed 26. I have bought the same dress _ she is wearing. A. as B. that C. which D. than 27. He is not _ a fool _. A. such/as he is looked B. such/as he looks C. as/as he is looked D. so/as he looks 28. Is that the reason _ you are in favor of the proposal? A. which B. what C. why D. for that 29. Some of the roads were flooded, _ made our journey more difficult. A. which B. it C. what D. that 30. He must be from Africa, _ can be seen from his skin. A. that B. as C. who D. what 31. He has two sons, _ work as chemists. A. two of whom B. both of whom C. both of which D. all of whom 32. The buses, _ were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. A. most of that B. which most C. most of which D. that most 33. My glasses, _ I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke. A. which B. with which C. without which D. that 34. Mr. Wu, _ everybody likes, is going to give us a talk on chemistry. A. whom B. that C. which D. / 35. This is Mr. Smith, _ I think has something interesting to tell us. A. who B. whom C. that D. / 36. _, the compass was first made in China. A. It is know to all B. It is known that C. We all know D. As is known to all 37. I, _ your good friend, will try my best to help you out. A. who is B. who am C. that is D. what is 38. He is a man of great experience, _ much can be learned. A. who B. that C. from wh