詞素結構.ppt

Chapter3MorphologicalstructureofEnglishwords Objectives Discussmorphemes theirclassificationandidentification Explaintherelationshipbetweenmorphemesandword formationTeachingfocus DefinitionofmorphemesDefinitionofallomorphsTypesofTypesofmorphemesfreemorphemeboundmorphemeDefinitionsofroot stemandbase 1 Morpheme Whatisamorpheme Itistheminimalmeaningfulunitoflanguage Oritisthesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords 語素是最小的有意義的單位 它是語言中最小的構詞單位 2 Morphandallomorph Thedefinitionofmorphs Thephoneticororthographicstringsorsegmentswhichrealizemorphemesaretermed morphs 語素的語音或拼寫法的體現(xiàn)叫形素 Morphsareactualspoken minimalcarriersofmeaning 形素是口語中最小的意義載體 Whatisanallomorph Anallomorphisoneofthevariantsofthesamemorpheme 語素 形位變體是同一個語素的不同形式 Forexample Whenthepluralmarker s isaddedtocat dog andhorse itispronounceddifferentlyas s z iz andthushasthreephonologicalforms thethreeformsarejustthevariantsofthesamemorpheme s i e theallomorphsofmorpheme s 3 Classificationsofmorphemes Freevs boundmorphemesintermsoftheircapacityofoccurringaloneDerivationalvs inflectionalmorphemesapplyingtoaffixesonlyContent lexicalvs grammaticalmorphemeonasemanticandsyntacticbasis Freevs boundmorphemes自由語素與粘著語素 Morphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemesarefree Freemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences 自由語素是能獨立運用的語素 它有完整的意義 在句中充當一個自由的語法單位 E g man wind open tour Morphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewordsarebound Theyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwordsortoperformaparticulargrammaticalfunction 粘著語素不能獨立成詞 只能依附于其他語素上以構成詞或擔當一定的語法功能 Freemorphemesareallroots freeroots whicharecapableofbeingusedaswordsorasword buildingelementstoformnewwords 自由語素都是詞根 也叫自由詞根 能用作詞或作為構成新詞的構詞要素 Boundmorphemesconsistofeitherroots boundroots oraffixes 粘著語素包括詞根 粘著詞根 和詞綴 E g boundroot dict ced affix ion ist ic Amultitudeofwordsmadeupofmerelyboundmorphemes eg ante ced ent ced 是詞根 接近 ante 是前綴 在 前 ent是后綴 人 物 Derivationalvs inflectionalmorphemes派生語素與屈折語素 Whatarederivationalandinflectionalmorphemes Derivationalmorphemesareusedtoderivenewwordswhentheyareaddedtoanothermorpheme InEnglishderivativesandcompoundsareallformedbysuchmorphemes 派生語素附著于其它語素可派生出新詞 英語中派生詞和合成詞都是由這樣的語素構成的 Inflectionalmorphemesindicatethesyntacticrelationshipsbetweenwordsandfunctionasgrammaticalmarkers Inflectionalmorphemesareconfinedtosuffixes 屈折語素作為語法標記表示詞的語法意義 屈折語素只限于詞綴 What sthedifferencebetweenthem InflectionalDoesn tchangemeaningorpartofspeechofthestem work works Indicatessyntacticrelationsbetweendifferentwordsinasentence grammaticalmeaning Occurswithallmembersofsomelargeclassofmorphemes Occursatmarginsofwords radio radios DerivationalChangesmeaningorpartofspeechofthestem like dislike sleep asleep Indicatessemanticrelationswithintheword specificlexicalmeaning e g un OccurswithonlysomemembersofaclassofmorphemesOccursbeforeanyinflectionalsuffixesadded Content lexicalvs grammaticalmorphemes Lexical詞匯 content實義morphemesaremorphemesusedfortheconstructionofnewwordsasincompoundwords blackbirdiscoinedonthebasisof2lexicalmorphemes blackandbird andderivationalmorphemessuchas ship ize Grammaticalmorphemesfunctionprimarilyasgrammaticalmarkers Theyencompassbothinflectionalaffixes books andfreemorphemes in and do have they functionalwords 3 4IdentifyingMorphemes Howtoidentifymorphemes Theyshouldbeidentifiablebytheirforms meaninganddistribution e g mono morphemic skydouble morphemic chill y boy ishtriple morphemic un dress ed care less nessfour morphemic un fruit ful nessover four morphemic un gentle man li ness Inwhatsituationdomorphemesmismatchbetweenformandmeaning 1 Inconsistentinformandmeaning singer onewho erclearer thecomparativedegree eraser oneobject 2 Meaninglessinisolationbutmeaningfulinsomewordscran huckle berryboysen 3 Difficulttodefinethemeaning ceiveinconceive perceive receive 3 5MorphemeandWord formation Inword formation morphemesarelabeledroot stem baseandaffix 在構詞法中 語素被分為詞根 詞干 詞基和詞綴 Affix Affixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction Allaffixesareboundmorphemes 詞綴都是粘著語素 依附在詞根上構成新詞或表示詞的語法意義 Twotypesofaffixes InflectionalaffixesandDerivationalaffixes屈折詞綴和派生詞綴 Inflectionalaffixes orinflectionalmorphemes servetoindicatethesyntacticrelationshipsbetweenwordsandfunctionasgrammaticalmarkers 表示詞的語法意義的是屈折詞綴 Theyexpressthefollowingmeanings Plurality名詞復數(shù)Thegenitivecase名詞所有格Thecomparativeandsuperlativedegrees形容詞 副詞比較級 最高級Theverbalendings動詞詞尾變化 e g sinchairs pens esinboxes tomatoes eninoxene g sinboy s children se g erinwordslikesmaller estinwordslikesmallest a e sinwordslikeeats teachesshowsthethirdpersonsingularpresenttense b inginwordslikeeating showsthepresentparticipleorgerund c e dinwordslikeworkedshowsthepasttenseorpastparticiple DerivationalaffixesorderivationalmorphemesTheycanbefurtherdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes 1 Prefixesareaffixesbeforetheroot e g unjust rewrite Asarule mostprefixesmodifythemeaningofroots butnottheirpartsofspeech 2 SuffixesareaffixesaftertherootBytheadditionofthesuffix thewordisusuallychangedfromonepartofspeechintoanother e g liberation modernize Root stem base詞根 詞干 詞基 Arootisthatpartofawordformthatremainswhenallinflectionalandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremoved 詞根是所有屈折詞綴和派生詞綴被去掉后所剩余的那部分 Astemisthatpartoftheword formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved 詞干是所有屈折詞綴被去掉后所剩余的那部分 Abasereferstoaformtowhichaffixesofanykind bothderivationalandinflectional canbeadded Itcanbearootorastem 詞基是任何一種詞綴都可加在上面的形式 詞根 詞干 詞基 詞根是所有屈折詞綴和派生詞綴被去掉后所剩余的那部分 詞干是所有屈折詞綴被去掉后所剩余的那部分 詞基是任何一種詞綴都可加在上面的形式 它與詞根有區(qū)別 因為它是可以從派生角度進行分析的形式 在上面可以加上派生詞綴 但是詞根則