土木工程給水排水英文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯-英語論文.doc

土木工程給水排水英文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯-英語論文土木工程給水排水英文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯Building drainage of water-saving techniquesWith peoples quality of life，the quality and quantity of water are constantly expanding. Implement sustainable water use and protection of water resources from destruction. And access to healthy water, recycling of water, has become the government and the broad masses of the people the focus of attention. All this gave to the construction of drainage works on the design of the many new requirements, water supply advanced technology of the urgent need to accelerate the pace. This paper will explore more of the building for drainage of water-saving technology; we hope to arouse the awareness of water conservation to build water-saving city efforts.Construction of a water-saving project, in addition to the water saving should formulate laws and regulations to strengthen the management and day-to-day publicity and education use price leverage to promote water conservation work, but also take effective measures, to ensure that the construction of water-saving work carried out in-depth and comprehensive. We are aware that the water supply networks coverage, the extension of transmission mains and the construction of the building because arising from the difference in height, will be used to increase the water pressure before the end of ways to protect the most disadvantaged water points will be adequate water supply, This will be a large number of regional supply of high pressure water supply is. Therefore accessories before the water hydrostatic head greater than outflow, the flow was greater than the rated flow capacity. Beyond the rated flow capacity of that part of the normal flow did not have the use efficiency is a waste of water. As a result of this water is being wasted is not easy to detect and understand, it could be called a stealth wasting water. It has been in a different type of floor, the building 67 water distribution points so the overpressure from the measured flow analysis, Statistical results are 55% of the iron spiral movements - taps (hereinafter referred to as ordinary water) and 61% of the ceramic valve - leading the flow of water-saving more than their rated flow, the super-flow pressure from the state. Two endings the largest flow out of the rated flow capacity of about three times 1. This shows that in our existing buildings, water supply system overpressure out-flow phenomenon is widespread and it is a fairly serious. In distribution point pressureAs overpressure flow out of the invisible water is not wasted paid enough attention to, So in our existing building water supply and drainage design and construction water supply and drainage design GBJ15-20 00 draft (hereinafter referred to as draft ), although the water accessories and home support the greatest pressure certain restrictive provisions in 2, but this is only to prevent water from the high pressure parts will lead to damage to the point of consideration, not prevent excess pressure from the out-flow point of view, the pressure is too lenient restrictions on the flow overpressure no fundamental role. Therefore, in accordance with the water supply system overpressure flow from the actual situation, the pressure on the water supply system to make reasonable limit. 1.2 measures taken decompression Water supply system in a reasonable allocation of decompression device is to control pressure within the limits required to reduce excess pressure from the flow of technical support.1.2.1 Jangled nerves Relief valve is a good decompression device, can be divided into proportional (lower left) of direct action and the type (Photo) The former is based on the ratio of the area to determine the proportion of decompression, which can be set under pressure prior decompression, When the water-stop water, you can also be controlling the vacuum tube pressure is not increased, Decompression can achieve dynamic can achieve static decompression.1.2.2 Decompression orifice and conserving Cypriots1106土木工程給水排水英文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯Orifice decompression compared with jangled nerves example, the system is relatively simple, less investment, easy management. The practice of some units, water-saving effects are fairly obvious, If Shanghai Jiao tong University in the school bathroom water pipe installation aperture of 5 mm orifice, water-saving about 43%. But decompression orifice only by the dynamic pressure, static pressure can be reduced and the pressure downstream with the upstream pressure and the flow is changed, is not stable enough. In addition, the vacuum orifice plug easy. In better water quality and water pressure more stable, by using 3. Cutting expenditure and the role of Cypriot advantages and decompression orifice basically are the same. Suitable for the small diameter and accessories installed to use 3. 1.3 adopt water-saving leading A trial showed that the leading Practical water-saving taps and the general state of the full, flow out of the former than the latter out of the flow. That is the same pressure, the leading water conservation has good water saving, water-saving volume in 20% 30% between. And the higher the pressure ordinary tap water from the larger, water-saving is leading the greater the volume of water-saving. Therefore, should the building (especially in the standard water pressure in water distribution points) leading installation of water-saving, reduce water wastage. In 1999 the Ministry of Construction, State Economic and Trade Commission, State Bureau of Building materials apparatuses jointly issued a document on the elimination of residential buildings behind the products notified require large and medium-sized cities in new residential prohibit the use of helical-style cast iron nozzle movements, actively adopt ceramic cartridge faucets and common faucet technical conditions of the ceramic cartridge faucets 4. Since the main building of our school building earlier in the toilet faucet is still an ordinary spiral movement - iron taps. We have often seen leading loosening and tightening the leading difficulty caused by the leakage phenomenon. In fact, there is such a faucet overpressure caused by the invisible huge waste of water. Schools should arouse the concern of the relevant departments, from the long-term interests for the use of water-saving new leader, reduce unnecessary losses. 2 vigorously develop the construction of water facilities, watercourse. As the name suggests is not delivered on the waterways clean water is not sullied by sewage contamination. Residents put a wash, bathing, washing clothes and other water washing and flushing water together, after CO., filtration and disinfection, Sterilization, which imported waterway network, for toilet flushing, washing cars, and pouring green, onto the road and other non-drinking purposes. China therefore waterway is also known as miscellaneous water Road. With a watercourse which cubic meters of water, equivalent to the use of one cubic meters of clean water, emit less nearly a cubic meter of sewage and kill two birds with one stone. Water-saving achieved nearly 50% 3. Therefore, the channel has many of the worlds water shortage in cities used extensively.2.1 full use washing wastewater and other quality miscellaneous drainage The existing water facilities built in most hotels, colleges, and the basic source for the bathroom bathing wastewater. For some small units, smaller than bathing wastewater, and discharge time is too concentrated, Water facilities are not stable and adequate source of water. And washing with water wastewater, the use of time more evenly, water treatment and the advantages of relatively good, as a water source, to be fully exploited.2.2 Develop and implement as soon as possible the return to the new water quality standards The current construction of water reused implementation of the existing “l(fā)ife miscellaneous water quality standards.” The total coli form standards and the requirements of sanitary standard for drinking water, the same, compared to the developed countries and the Chinese water standards apply to the swim-minus III also strict standards. This has led to two problems: First, many of the existing water works is less than the standard; 2 are fulfilled with a certain degree of difficulty, improve the water project investment and processing cost. So should develop appropriate indicators of the value of water works to promote the spread 土木工程給水排水英文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯and popularize. Water Saving water is not limiting, or even prevents the water. But reasonable people to water, efficient use of water and not waste. As long as we pay attention to fit the familys bad habits, we will be able to water-saving around 70% 3. Water and waste a lot of the habits, such as: flush toilets single wash cigarette butts and broken fine waste; to access a cup of cold water. Many people will not venting water; spend the potatoes, carrots after peeling, washing or after the optional vegetables; when the water stopped (open access customers, answer the phone, change TV channels), not turning off the tap; During the suspension, forget turning off the tap; toilets, wash, brush, let the water has been flowing; Before sleep, go out, do not check the faucet; equipment leaks, not promptly repaired. From the following table, we can see in many parts of life as long as we interested to note that the conservation of water is very impressive. 3 to promote the use of water-saving devices In addition to the family of water-saving attention to cultivate good habits of water, using water-saving devices is very important and also the most effective. Some people prefer laissez-faire, but also refused to replace water-saving devices, in fact, so much water is a long time down the uneconomical. Thus vigorously promote the use of water-saving devices is the construction of water-saving important ways and means. 3.1Water-saving taps3.1.1 Water Saving leading Ceramics Currently most of the water-saving taps used Ceramics taps. Such taps compared with ordinary taps, water was typically up to 20% 30%; and other types of water-saving compared to the leading and cheap 3. Therefore, in the residential buildings of architectural vigorously promote the use of such water-saving lead. We taught the fifth floor of the dormitory building and are used by such leading. 3.1.2 Closed since delay taps Since the delay in the water taps closed after a certain time, shut down automatically to avoid Changliushui phenomenon. Water timing to be in a certain range adjustment, both for the convenience of Health has complied with the water-saving requirements suitable for washing in public places with.3.1.3 Photoelectric controlled taps Closed since the delay of water-saving taps but water while fixed time and meet the different requirements of the use of the object. Photoelectric controlled taps will be able to overcome the above drawbacks, such as the latest one of the type of infrared device control wash, The first installation will be self-inspection of the device in front of or below the fixed reflectors (for example, vanity) and based on the reflectors adjust their distance from work to avoid the past because of automatic water obstacles closer to the front of regular water, Such intelligent device can wash your hands although below action without washing their hands without water. a long time will wash water and do not have long-term can also regularly flush Water Seal failure to avoid a supply shortage ahead of the police 3. 3.2The total water-saving flush 3.2.1 Use of small volume cisterns commode China is promoting the use of water tanks 6 L fecal water-saving devices, and have flushing water to 4.5 L or even less, stood on the stool available. However, we should also pay attention to the drainage system to ensure the normal work of the use of small volume cisterns commode, otherwise they will be brought to plug the pipeline, not a net wash, and other issues. Two respectively flushing cisterns in urine, flushing water for 4 L (or less); Washing stool, Chong stood at 9 L (or less) 3. (Map is a two-valve I-Yuan annually to the water tanks, to open the stool below the drain urine when opened above the drain Pictured left is the two-block cisterns switch several forms) Israels construction regulations require all new buildings to install two respectively wash cisterns. China should also vigorously promoted two respectively cisterns, because one day, the number is far higher than the urine stool frequency. To three homes as an example, per person per day for a meeting of feces, urine four times and the use of existing water tanks L 9, day to 135 L of water; 6 L of water use, 90 L of water a day;土木工程給水排水英文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯and the use of cisterns two respectively, 75 L of water a day, can be seen using two respectively cisterns 9 L 6 L than using more water-saving cisterns 3. 6 L Yuan annually to the use of water-saving cisterns better results. The use of tanks in two trances another advantage is not right and the replacement of the total drainage system to carry out reform therefore particularly applicable to existing buildings the total replacement of water tanks. 3.2.2-washing Urinal The United States launched the Urinal-washing, which is not water, the stench from the toilets without using utensils, In fact, only in one end Urinal add special trap devices, but because the economic, health, water effectively, So popular station.3.2.3Photoelectric control Urinal Urinal photoelectric controls in a number of public buildings installations. 3.2.4 Delayed flushing valve closed It is the use of guide-work principle, water officials directly connected with the water pressure high enough circumstances, can protect the instantaneous flushing commode needs to replace tanks and accessories, installation is simple and easy to use, health, low prices, Water-saving effect of the obvious characteristics 3. We carpentry center is used for such cleaning.3.3 in hot water systems installed in various forms of water-saving devicesIf installed in public bathrooms limited flow orifice, in the cold, hot water imported pressure balance between the installation of equipment; Installation of low-flow plumbing. Inflatable hot water thermostat and cooling, hot water mixed hydrants. 3.4 to further develop various forms of water-saving devices 3.4.1 Development of different water taps out Some countries, in different places with different water out of taps, Singapore provides water for washing vegetables pots 6 L / min, shower water 9 L / min; Chinas Taiwan Province launched the spray-wash special taps, the flow was 1 L / min. In China, various taps most of the rated flow capacity of 0.2 L / s, that is 12 L / min, excessive 4. Therefore be reasonable to develop taps the rated flow, and gradually installed in different places different from water taps.3.4.2 Vacuum water-saving techniques To ensure that sanitary ware and sewer cleaning effect of vacuum technology can be applied to drainage works Most of the air instead of using water, relying on the vacuum of high-speed gas-water mixture, and rapid disposal of the sewage, dirt-gully clean and save water and drain away the effects of dirty air. A complete vacuum drainage system, including: vacuum valve and with a magnitude of suction devices occupants, the closed aqueduct, vacuum collection containers. Vacuum pumps, control equipment and channels and so on. Together with the vacuum generated 40 5min the negative pressure of sewage pumped to the collection containers, then will collect sewage pump effluent into the municipal sewer. Different types of construction in the use of vacuum technology, the average water-saving exceed 40%. The use of the office building water-saving will rate-70% 2. 3.4.3 Development zone leading to the wash water In Japan, many families use with the leading water wash, wash all the wastewater into water tanks for back flushing. If the water tank, they can directly turn on the water faucet open. Irrigation water use, it can not only save water but also reduce the costs. At present, the water in China has sales.土木工程給水排水英文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 隨著人民生活質(zhì)量的提高，對(duì)供水量和質(zhì)的要求正不斷擴(kuò)展.同時(shí)實(shí)施水的可持續(xù)利用和保護(hù)，使水資源不受破壞，并能進(jìn)入良性的水質(zhì)、水量再生循環(huán)，也已成為政府和廣大人民群眾關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。這一切都給建筑給排水工程的設(shè)計(jì)提出了許多新的要求，供水技術(shù)先進(jìn)化的步伐急待加快。本文便較為系統(tǒng)的探討了建筑給排水中的節(jié)水技術(shù)，希望能喚起大家的節(jié)水意識(shí)，為建設(shè)節(jié)水型城市而努力。 建筑節(jié)水是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)工程，除應(yīng)制訂有關(guān)節(jié)水的法律法規(guī)、加強(qiáng)日常管理和宣傳教育、利用價(jià)格杠桿促進(jìn)節(jié)水工作外，還應(yīng)采取有效的技術(shù)措施，以保證建筑節(jié)水工作全面深入的開展。 我們知道由于給水管網(wǎng)范圍的擴(kuò)大，輸送水管的延長(zhǎng)以及因?yàn)闃欠康呐d建而產(chǎn)生的高度差異，都會(huì)采用提高給水始端壓力的方法，保障最不利供水點(diǎn)能夠得到充足的給水，這樣就會(huì)有大量的供水區(qū)域是高壓給水的。因此給水配件前的靜水壓大于流出水頭，其流量就大于額定流量。超出額定流量的那部分流量未產(chǎn)生正常的使用效益，是浪費(fèi)的水量。由于這種水量浪費(fèi)不易被人們察覺和認(rèn)識(shí)，因此可稱之為隱形水量浪費(fèi)。 有人曾在一幢樓不同類型建筑的67 個(gè)配水點(diǎn)做了超壓出流實(shí)測(cè)分析，結(jié)果統(tǒng)計(jì)有 55%的螺旋升降式鑄鐵水龍頭（以下簡(jiǎn)稱普通水龍頭）和61%的陶瓷閥芯節(jié)水龍頭的流量大于各自的額定流量，處于超壓出流狀態(tài)。兩種龍頭的最大出流量約為額定流量的3倍1。由此可見，在我國(guó)現(xiàn)有建筑中，給水系統(tǒng)的超壓出流現(xiàn)象是普遍存在而且是比較嚴(yán)重的。為改變這一狀況，應(yīng)采取以下措施。 1.1合理限定配水點(diǎn)的水壓 由于超壓出流造成的隱形水量浪費(fèi)并未引起人們的足夠重視，因此在我國(guó)現(xiàn)行的建筑給水排水設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范和建筑給水排水設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范 GBJ15-2000 征求意見稿（以下簡(jiǎn)稱 征求意見稿）中雖對(duì)給水配件和入戶支管的最大壓力做出了一定的限制性規(guī)定2，但這只是從防止給水配件承壓過高會(huì)導(dǎo)致?lián)p壞的角度考慮的，并未從防止超壓出流的角度考慮，因此壓力要求過于寬松，對(duì)限制超壓出流基本沒有作用。所以，應(yīng)根據(jù)建筑給水系統(tǒng)超壓出流的實(shí)際情況，對(duì)給水系統(tǒng)的壓力做出合理限定。 1.2采取減壓措施 在給水系統(tǒng)中合理配置減壓裝置是將水壓控制在限值要求內(nèi)、減少超壓出流的技術(shù)保障。 1.2.1 減壓閥 暖減壓閥便是一種很好的減壓裝置，可分為比例式（左下圖）和直接動(dòng)作型（右下圖），前者是根據(jù)面積的比值來確定減壓的比例，后者可以根據(jù)事先設(shè)定的壓力減壓，當(dāng)用水端停止用水時(shí)，也可以控制住被減壓的管內(nèi)水壓不升高，既能實(shí)現(xiàn)動(dòng)減壓也能實(shí)現(xiàn)靜減壓3。 1.2.2 減壓孔板和節(jié)流塞 減壓孔板相對(duì)于減壓閥來說，系統(tǒng)比較簡(jiǎn)單，投資較少，管理方便。一些單位的實(shí)踐表明，節(jié)水效果相當(dāng)明顯，如上海交通大學(xué)在學(xué)校浴室熱水管道中加裝孔徑為5 mm 的孔板后，節(jié)水約43%。但減壓孔板只能減動(dòng)壓，不能減靜壓，且下游的壓力隨上游壓力和流而變，不夠穩(wěn)定。另外，減壓孔板容易堵塞?？梢栽谒|(zhì)較好和供水壓力較穩(wěn)定的情況下采用3。 節(jié)流塞的作用及優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)與減壓孔板基本相同。適于在小管徑及其配件中安裝使用3。 1.3采用節(jié)水龍頭 有試驗(yàn)表明，陶瓷閥芯節(jié)水龍頭和普通水龍頭在全開狀態(tài)下，前者的出流量小于后者的出流量。即在同一壓力下，節(jié)水龍頭具有較好的節(jié)水效果，節(jié)水量在20%30%之間。且在靜壓越高，普通水龍頭出水量越大的地方，節(jié)水龍頭的節(jié)水量也越大。因此，應(yīng)在建筑中（尤其在