7月3號托?？荚囌骖}匯總.docx

閱讀P1： 標(biāo)題：Early Farming in the Colorado Plateau 大意：早期的Anasazi人，具備很強(qiáng)的農(nóng)耕實力，早期借力于indigenous plant resources， 同時由于他們的居住地?fù)碛械膭又参锓N類和數(shù)量都非常龐大，他們的飲食結(jié)構(gòu)非常多樣化。形成的因素是：Anasazi人很早就懂得利用高新技術(shù)研發(fā)出了一種農(nóng)作物，叫做 maiz de ocho，這種農(nóng)作物比起其他農(nóng)產(chǎn)品，是有一種基因突變，使得它們抗旱，更好存活。于是，后期Anasazi人的居住家園農(nóng)產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量增大，人口增加，即便是干旱的季節(jié)，他們同樣可以保持耕種，唯一的缺憾是，他們沒有嘗試研發(fā)出新的農(nóng)作物品種。 詞匯題：exploiting, strenuous, implements, justifiablyP2： 標(biāo)題：The Mycenaean Collapse 大意：早期的Mycenaean culture是源于古代希臘，當(dāng)年由于古希臘經(jīng)濟(jì)很好，城市不斷擴(kuò)張，貿(mào)易加劇，呈現(xiàn)出一份祥和繁榮景象，但是后期的Mycenaean culture突然消失，引得大家猜測原因究竟為何?第一種猜測理論是，由于火山噴發(fā)，巖漿噴涌而出，損毀了宮殿和大部分文明古跡，人類活動也就因此中斷，不過，也有人猜測火山噴發(fā)后，巖漿并沒有一次性損毀所有文明遺跡，而是一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)銷毀，后期的人類就搬離家園到附近的國土建造新的居住地。一些學(xué)者反而認(rèn)為，是Dorian民族一開始侵略了古希臘的南部，后面慢慢攻下更多城池，直到一百年后完全取得對土地的所有權(quán)才導(dǎo)致文明失傳。從考古學(xué)的角度來看，并沒有實實在在的物證表明Dorian侵略使得Mycenaean文明失傳，但是社會猜測是在一次次的部落爭端中，Mycenaean 文明不具備優(yōu)勢，因為他們采取對于軍事農(nóng)業(yè)都有中央集權(quán)的管理政策，這樣的制度非常死板不靈活，導(dǎo)致內(nèi)部權(quán)利受損，直到文明陷落。此外可以肯定的是，Dorian的侵略是具有毀滅性的，他們廢除國王，官僚，奪下宮殿，并把財務(wù)和權(quán)利交給了并沒有任何統(tǒng)治經(jīng)驗的人來管理。此后，古希臘人四處流亡，文明就此失傳。 詞匯題：continuous, vulnerable, perished, was repulsedP3： 標(biāo)題：The Insect Senses 大意：昆蟲感知世界的方式有很多種，本文討論了視覺和觸覺兩種方式。首先，昆蟲的視覺，不像鳥類一樣能感知到全景和多層細(xì)節(jié)，不過，昆蟲的視覺在捕捉周圍動態(tài)，各種movements時是非?？焖倜舾械?。其次，昆蟲的視覺，跟人類，鳥類一樣，能分辨出顏色，不過他們會被鮮明的顏色吸引，例如藍(lán)色和黃色。對于很多帶有翅膀的昆蟲而言，它們的眼睛分為兩種：simple eyes和compound eyes，往往simple eyes更加敏感一些。從觸覺角度來看，所有的昆蟲，不論成熟與否，都具備一對觸覺，它們的作用是：touch，taste，smell and perceive information.舉例而言：雄性飛蛾會利用觸覺捕捉雌性飛蛾的荷爾蒙，發(fā)現(xiàn)磁性后就會展翅飛翔，直到找到對方為止;對于蚊子而言，雄性蚊子會利用觸覺定位雌性。 詞匯題：aggregate, transparent, cluster, many-segmented聽力 聽力1：prescribed burns 有time plan, 在animals不是reproduce是時候進(jìn)行，就沒有young的會受威脅。不在reproduction期間的話，就本身沒有young ones，mature ones會remove 很快。 聽力2：forest growth will absorb CO2 quickly, forests grow fast to absorb 聽力3： natural fires確實有，但是沒有那么大的威力。 Sample answer :The reading and listening discuss about prescribed burning. The reading points out three disadvantages of prescribed burning. Whereas, the professor totally refutes the three points presented in the passage.Firstly, the professor rebuts the readings first point that the wildlife will be negatively affected, especially those which are young and probably unable to escape. The professor claims that people will choose to conduct the prescribed burning in some special period. And during these periods animals do not reproduce. Without junior animals, the adult animals will be able to flee easily.Secondly, the professor contradicts readings second reason that theres carbon dioxide in the smoke released during the burring process. And the C02 will aggravate pollution and green house effect. The professor mentions that the process of growing the plants counteracts this release of carbon dioxide. Besides, the place for prescribed burning is small, and the process emits small amount of smog, which will actually be absorbed soon.At last, the passage points out prescribed burning has nothing to do with preventing forest fires in some places, thus theres no need to spend money and energy on prescribed burning. However, the professor explains that its true that this way can not prevent another forest fire happening, but thats because of peoples carelessness. Prescribed burnings are used to eliminate flammable substances, like branches. And even in the areas where the natural fire often happens, the fire can be controlled and put out easily, for theres no combustion improver nearby.口語 原題：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?People who develop many different skills are more successful than people who just focus on one skill only. Sample answer :When it comes to the qualities of successful people, people varying in education background and experience tend to give distinctive answers. Some would argue that those who are successful should be versatile and excel in lots of skills like communication skills, leadership skills and even organizational skills while others believe that one who is exceptional in one area is more likely to be successful. I personally believe that a versatile person with various skill sets can be more successful.Admittedly, as the saying goes Jack of all trades and master of none and there are rare cases where some people who are expert in only one field stand out. However, it is more common for versatile people with multiple skills to be successful because of the following reasons.First of all, people who are talented and versatile are more competitive and competent in their career, and they enjoy better change to be promoted in a professional setting. Actually, a lot of positions require a combination of skill sets, such as paying attention to details, knowledge in a specific field and communication skills, etc. Indeed, more skills will give someone more chance to get promoted. For instance, if a computer programmer just knows how to write program and focuses only on the technical side of the job, chances are that he would never get promoted. On the other hand, if not only does the computer programmer have programming skills but also he is a genius people-wise, he might get a better shot to be promoted as a manager in charge of a team of computer programmers. Thus, he can enjoy more opportunities in his career.Additionally, it is much easier for a versatile person with various skill sets to build rapport with people and make friends. It is self-evident that people with all kinds of skills will be very attractive and charismatic. A person who not only has professional knowledge in one specific field but also has people skills and leadership skills will be very popular and standing out among his or her peers. For instance, my friend Alex, a bright young professional working in the financial industrial. He was awarded the most valuable banker in his company because of his professionalism and dedication to serving the customers and clients. Not only is he successful in his professional life, but also he is an amateur violinist. Actually, he plays for a city choir to represent the community and go against other cities choir. Such skills can be very useful when building up connections with people and thus he can expand his social network easily. Furthermore, he can use these skills to entertain his clients and customers on certain occasions and have their trust on him.In conclusion, a versatile person with various skill sets can be more competitive and outstrip others in the workplace, eventually they enjoy better chance to be promoted. Another advantage of having multiples skills is that it can be much easier and readily for them to network and expand their social connections. 原題：Your friend is coming to your country for studying, but he or she is worried about the cost, what are the advices you can offer? Sample answer :I would convince her to forgo the worries; first, compared with western countries, living cost in most cities of China is negligible, like if he doesnt have a big purchase plan, around 10,000 Yuan is sufficient for living in BJ comfortably for a whole month, so it wouldnt be a huge financial burden; second, if my friend is really suffering from a tight budget, I will offer my help, like provide accommodation and meals for her, if she is interested in staying in China for a longer period of time, I would suggest her to keep eyes open on some part time jobs, like teaching English to Chinese students, in that case, she will definitely make enough bucks to afford this trip.T2： 原題：Some people answer mobile phones and reply text messages when they are meeting friends in person, others think it is not a polite thing to do when they are already having a face to face conversation, what is your opinion on this matter? Sample answer :I think its indeed impolite to make calls or send text messages on a diner table. Last Friday, my friend Daniel asked me out to dinner together, after we sat down, he kept answering phone calls like a hundred times and was busy staring at his phone and sending numerous text messages, I felt awful, sitting there like an idiot! That was how I felt, totally ignored, disrespected and belittled. I thought he just didnt respect my feelings and time! What is the purpose of asking me out, while keeping answering phone calls? I will never ever go outside to dinner with him again!T3： 標(biāo)題：University to Build New Auditorium 改變： The university is planning to build a new auditorium to replace the old one. 閱讀理由： Firstly, the old auditorium is old-fashioned, the decorations have been outdated; having a new, clean, modern auditorium is a better option. In addition, the old one is too small to accommodate all students. 聽力態(tài)度：Disagree 聽力理由：Firstly, old auditorium is the first thing the university ever built, it is part of the history, it represents the history. Secondly, in terms of the space of the old auditorium, barely there are any events that require all students to participate in the auditorium, often there is small group of people come to see a play or concert, so space is no concern. Sample answer :The school has announced that a new auditorium is going to be built to replace the old one. There are two reasons. Firstly, old auditorium is old-fashioned, and the decorations have been outdated. So having a new, clean, modern auditorium is a better option. In addition, the old one is too small to accommodate all students. However, the speaker disagrees with the announcement. He thinks the old auditorium is the first thing the university ever built, which can be regarded as a part of the history. Secondly, in terms of the space of the old auditorium, barely there are any events that require all students to participate in the auditorium. Usually there are only small groups of people come to see a play or a concert, so the space is large enough.T4： 標(biāo)題：Dormancy 定義：In the really harsh natural environment, some animals will use dormancy to protect themselves from the nature. In a word, they will avoid exposure to certain elements in the environment and use slow metabolism to preserve energy. 聽力：Professor used an example of the lungfish to demonstrate the term, lungfish lives in the shallow lakes that faces the possible consequences of drying up. If the lake dries up, then the lungfish is cooked, so they will explore certain method to prevent that from happening. So basically what the lungfish do is to dig a hole through the mud at the bottom of the lake, its body will be curled up and berried in the mud, so the covered mud could be a proactive coat for the lungfish that keeps them away from the heat and also keep the moisture inside the body. The lungfish will keep the body still and breathe really slow, the heart beat is slowing down as well. Usually the lungfish relies on eating crabs and small fish to survive but since it lives in the shelter, it doesnt need to eat anything at all. They can survive in this shelter for months, or even years until the lake returns. Sample answer :In the lecture, the professor introduces dormancy, which means that some animals avoid exposure to certain elements in the environment and use slow metabolism to preserve energy. Professor used an example of the lungfish to demonstrate the term. In order to avoid the drought, the lungfish digs a hole through the mud at the bottom of the lake and buried in the mud, so the covered mud could be a proactive coat for the lungfish that keeps them away from the heat and keeps the moisture inside the body. The lungfish will keep the body still and breathe really slow. In this way, its heart beat is slowing down as well. Then, they can survive in this shelter for months, or even years until the lake returns.T5： 問題：The woman wants to take the guitar lesson but the guitar lesson got canceled because there was not much people signing up for it this semester. 解決方法1：Her professor offered the first solution in which she can seek for a professor at school for private lessons. 優(yōu)點(diǎn)1：They will meet up once a week, she can be committed to several lessons altogether until she can play very well. 缺點(diǎn)1：She is concerned about the expense since private lessons usually are not cheap, not to mention she has to take several courses. 解決方法2：She can buy a book online to teach herself how to play guitar, there also comes with a cd that she can listen to. 優(yōu)點(diǎn)2：There is no need to worry about the cost. 缺點(diǎn)2：If she want to study fast and to learn more, she has to be really committed, disciplined and stick to it. Sample answer : The woman has met a problem that her guitar lesson was canceled because there was not much people signing up for it this semester. Her professor offers two solutions. The first one is that she can seek for a professor at school for private lessons. In that way, she can be committed to several lessons altogether until she can play very well, but the tuition will be very expensive. The second solution is she can buy a book and learn by herself. In this way, she doesnt need to worry about the cost. But if she wants to study fast and to learn more, she has to be really committed, disciplined and stick to it.T6： 話題：In a mass media class, professor talks about certain techniques in advertising to persuade consumers. 小標(biāo)題1：Direct route. 案例1：If a car is really energy efficient that it runs on electricity or small amount of gasoline, in advertisement, they will use facts and statistics to compare themselves with other cars, the consumers can have a pretty good sense on the functions. This is direct approach or direct route. 小標(biāo)題2：Indirect route 案例2：If a car is ordinary in functions, has no other obvious advantages, in advertisement it will be showing a group of people smiling and