第一講 中考閱讀理解如何猜測(cè)生詞及練習(xí)

第一講 中考閱讀理解如何猜測(cè)生詞及練習(xí) 同學(xué)們，你們好！如何搞好最后的復(fù)習(xí)，哪種方法最適合我們，我想這是每個(gè)同學(xué)都在關(guān)心的問(wèn)題。今天我要談的是做好中考“閱讀理解”的一些方法。 隨著新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的不斷實(shí)施，重綜合運(yùn)用能力、輕語(yǔ)法已成為中考英語(yǔ)的命題趨勢(shì)。閱讀是英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)四種技能之一，閱讀理解能力的高低也是衡量一個(gè)人英語(yǔ)水平的重要標(biāo)志之一。要想做好中考的閱讀理解，首先要知道中考對(duì)閱讀理解的要求。根據(jù)教育部制定的英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，初中畢業(yè)生應(yīng)達(dá)到五級(jí)綜合語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力。 閱讀理解五級(jí)的目標(biāo)部分描 述如下： 1、能根據(jù)上下文和構(gòu)詞法推斷、理解生詞的含義； 2、能理解段落中各句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系； 3、能找出文章中的主題，理解故事的情節(jié)，預(yù)測(cè)故事情節(jié)的發(fā)展和可能的結(jié)局； 4、能讀懂常見(jiàn)體裁的閱讀材料； 5、能根據(jù)不同的閱讀目的運(yùn)用簡(jiǎn)單的閱讀策略獲取信息； 6、除教材外，課外閱讀量應(yīng)累計(jì)達(dá)到 15 萬(wàn)詞以上 (上海的要求更高一些， 30 萬(wàn)詞以上 )所謂閱讀能力是指視讀能力、理解能力和對(duì)所讀材料的評(píng)價(jià)能力。 閱讀理解的能力不是短期內(nèi)能夠培養(yǎng)成的，我們?cè)谧詈髲?fù)習(xí)的階段，主要的是熟悉各種題型的解題方法 。提高解題的正確率，得到理想的分?jǐn)?shù)，下面我根據(jù)具體的實(shí)例來(lái)分析常見(jiàn)的閱讀理解的解題方法，希望對(duì)大家有幫助。 請(qǐng)看下面的閱讀材料 Happiness is for everyone. You don t need to care about those people who have beautiful houses with large gardens and swimming pools or those who have nice cars and a lot of money and so on. Why? Because those who have big houses may often feel lonely and those who have cars may want to walk on the country roads at their free time. In fact, happiness is always around you if you put your heart into it. When you are in trouble at school, your friends will help you； when you study hard at your lessons, your parents are always taking good care of your life and your health； when you get success, your friends will say congratulations to you； when you do something wrong, people around you will help you to correct it. And when you do something good to others, you will feel happy, too. All these are your happiness. If you notice a bit of them, you can see that happiness is always around you. Happiness is not the same as money. It is a feeling of your heart. When you are poor, you can also you are very happy, because you have something else that can t be bought with money. When you meet with difficulties, you can say loudly you are very happy, because you have more chances to challenge yourself. So you cannot always say you are poor and poor and you have bad luck. As the saying goes, life is like a revolving(旋轉(zhuǎn)的 )door. When it does, it also opens. If you take every chance you get, you can be a happy and lucky person. 1. Those who have big houses may often feel _. A. happy B. lonely C. free D. excited 2. When you fall down in a PE class, both your teacher and your classmates will _. A. laugh at you B. play jokes on you C. quarrel with you D. help you up 3. What will your friends say to you when you make great progress? A. Oh, so do I. B. Congratulations. C. Good luck. D. It s just so-so. 4. Which idea is NOT RIGHT according to the passage? A. People who have cars would never like to walk in the open air. B. You can get help from others when you make mistakes. C. You can still be a happy person even if you have little money. D. Happiness is always around you though difficulties come towards you. 5. Which of the following is this passage about? A. Bad luck. B. Good luck. C. Happiness. D. Life. 透析： 1. B。這是一個(gè)考查細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的題目。文章中有明確的敘述： Because those who have big houses may often feel lonely . 所問(wèn)問(wèn)題和原文的敘述完全一樣。 2. D。這也是一個(gè)考查細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的題目。在所給文章中可以找到這樣地?cái)⑹觯篧hen you are in trouble at school, your friends will help you. 根據(jù)這一敘述，我們可以判斷：當(dāng)你在體育課上摔倒時(shí)，你的老師和同學(xué)們肯定會(huì)幫你站起來(lái)的。 3. B。這一道閱讀理解題同樣是考查事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的題目。在閱讀文章里我們也能找到關(guān)于這問(wèn)題的敘述： when you get success, your friends will say congratulations to you. 4. A。這是一道判斷題目。閱讀文章里明確敘述： those who have cars may want to walk on the country roads at their free time.閱讀理解題的 A 項(xiàng)說(shuō)，有車的人永遠(yuǎn)不愿在室外走，與文章所講完全不同，因此是不對(duì)的。 5. C。這是一道考查文章主題的題目。這篇文章共有三段。 第一段的主題句是：Happiness is for everyone. 第二段的主題句是： In fact, happiness is always around you if you put your heart into it. 第三段的主題句是： Happiness is not the same as money. 三段的主題都是圍繞 happiness 展開(kāi)的，所以正確答案是 happiness。 閱讀理解經(jīng)常會(huì)遇到生詞，這些生詞怎么解決呢？下面我 就介紹一些猜詞的技巧： 1.通過(guò)因果關(guān)系猜詞 通過(guò)因果關(guān)系猜詞，首先是找出生詞與上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系，然后才能猜詞。有時(shí)文章借助關(guān)聯(lián)詞 (如 because， as， since， for， so， thus， as a result，of course， therefore 等等 )表示前因后果。例如： You shouldnt have blamed him for that， for it wasnt his fault.通過(guò) for 引出的句子所表示的原因 (那不是他的錯(cuò) )，可猜出 blame 的詞義是 責(zé)備 。 2.通過(guò)同義詞和反義詞的關(guān)系猜詞 通過(guò)同義詞猜詞，一是要看由 and 或 or 連接的同義詞詞組，如 happy and gay，即使我們不認(rèn)識(shí) gay 這個(gè)詞，也可以知道它是愉快的意思；二是看在進(jìn)一步解釋的過(guò)程中使用的同義詞，如 Man has known something about the planets Venus， Mars， and Jupiter with the help of spaceships.此句中的 Venus(金星 )、 Mars(火星 )、 Jupiter(木星 )均為生詞，但只要知道 planets 就 可猜出這幾個(gè)詞都屬于 行星 這一義域。通過(guò)反義詞猜詞，一是看表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞或副詞，如 but， while， however 等；二是看與 not 搭配的或表示否定意義的詞語(yǔ)，如：He is so homely， not at all as handsome as his brother.根據(jù) not at all.handsome 我們不難推測(cè)出 homely 的意思，即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。 3.通過(guò)構(gòu)詞法猜詞 在閱讀文章時(shí)，我們總會(huì)遇上一些新詞匯，有時(shí)很難根據(jù)上下文來(lái)推斷其詞意，而它們對(duì)文章的理解又有著舉 足輕重的作用，此時(shí)，如掌握了一些常用的詞根、前綴、后綴等語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，如前綴 un-表反義詞，如 happy、 unhappy， fair、unfair， important、 unimportant 等； 后綴 - ment 表名詞，如 develop、development， state、 statement， argue、 argument 等；后綴 -er、 -or 或 -ist表同源名詞；如 calculate、 calculator， visit、 visitor， law、 lawyer， wait、waiter， sci- ence、 scientist， art、 artist 等，這些問(wèn)題便不難解決了。 4.通過(guò)定義或釋義關(guān)系來(lái)推測(cè)詞義 例如： But sometimes， no rain falls for a long， long time. Then there is a dry period， or drought. 從 drought 所在句子的上文我們得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的時(shí)期，即 drought，由此可見(jiàn) drought 意思為 久旱 ，旱災(zāi) 。而 a dry period 和 drought 是同義語(yǔ)。這種同義或釋義關(guān)系常由 is，or， that is， in other words， be called 或破折號(hào)等來(lái)表示。 5.通過(guò)句法功能來(lái)推測(cè)詞義 例如： Bananas， oranges， pineapples， coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如 pineapples 和 coconuts 是生詞，我們可以從這兩個(gè)詞在句中所處的位置來(lái)判斷它們大致的意思。從句中不難看出pineapples， coconuts 和 bananas， oranges 是同類關(guān)系，同屬 fruit 類，因此它們是兩樣水果，準(zhǔn)確地說(shuō)，是菠蘿和椰子。 6.通過(guò)描述猜詞 描述即作者為幫助讀者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而對(duì)該人或該物作出的外在相貌或內(nèi)在特征的描寫(xiě)。例如： The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly， it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.從例句的描 述中可以得知 penguin 是一種生活在南極的鳥(niǎo)類。后面更詳盡地描述了該鳥(niǎo)類的生活習(xí)性。 總而言之，閱讀理解靠的是扎實(shí)的語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)，扎實(shí)的語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)來(lái)自平時(shí)嚴(yán)格的基本功訓(xùn)練和長(zhǎng)期的知識(shí)積累。只要平時(shí)刻苦用功，打下扎實(shí)的英語(yǔ)知識(shí)基礎(chǔ)，又掌握了較科學(xué)的解題方法做“閱讀理解”題是不會(huì)太難的。今天我就講到這里。祝大家中考順利。下面為大家準(zhǔn)備幾篇閱讀理解，仔細(xì)做過(guò)再看分析哦。 When you want to go shopping, decide how much money you can spend for new clothes. Think about the kind of clothes you really need. Then look for those clothes on sale(銷售 ). There are labels(標(biāo)簽 )inside all new clothes. The labels tell you how to take care of your clothes. The label for a shirt may tell you to wash it in warm water. A sweater label may tell you to wash by washing in cold water. The label on a coat may say dry clean only. Washing may ruin(損壞 )this coat. If you do as the directions(說(shuō)明 )say on the label, you can keep your clothes looking their best. Many clothes today must be dry cleaned. Dry cleaning is expensive. When buying new clothes, check(核實(shí) )to see if they will need to be dry cleaned. You will save money if you buy clothes that can be washed. You can save money if you buy clothes that are well made. Well-made clothes last longer. They look good even after they have been washed many times. Clothes that cost more money are not always better made. They do not always fit(合身 )better. Sometime less expensive clothes look and fit better than more expensive clothes. 1.If you want to save money you can buy clothes that _. A. dont fit you B. dont last long C. need to be dry cleaned D. can be washed 2.The label inside the clothes tell you_. A. how to keep them looking their best B. how to save money C. whether they fit you or not D. where to get them dry cleaned 3.The first thing for you to do before you buy clothes is _. A. to look for well-made clothes B. to see how much money you can pay C. to know how to wash them D. to read the labels inside them 4.We learn from the reading that cheaper clothes _. A. are always worse made B. must be dry cleaned C. can not be washed D. can sometimes fit you be