掘進(jìn)機(jī)機(jī)械類外文翻譯@中英文翻譯@外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

外文原文： The vertical Boom-type Roadheader design 1 Introduction Mechanical design is in the process of product design and an important part of the main links, it is followed in programme design after the design work. The vertical Boom-type roadheader (the roadheader) to the overall design of the merits of complete machine play a decisive role, and the decision of the assembly, the system, coordination between the various components of the unity and match, to obtain the high-end performance and overall better economic efficiency technology. Roadheader design, including the following: 1)According to design project description choice type and various cellular construction pattern 2) Decides the complete machine the main technical performance parameter, Including size parameter, heavy parameter, the parameter of movement and the technical economy refer parameter, 3) According to system design performance requirement, definite complete machine system composition and between them match as well as each part main technical senate parameter, 4) The necessary whole, and the mapping of transmission, hydraulic, electronic control systems, and other plans. 2 the selected models and various components and structural type, drive, and the overall layout of the reasonable In determining the content, first task should be designed to meet the contents, especially the users of the main demands of the investigation, the two sides exchanged views repeatedly, to satisfy both users (or superior) conditions, can better meet the product development of the overall plan. 2.1 the selected models According to roadheader use, for the coal mine tunnel boring or used for other sectors of the works, roadheader working conditions for cutting coal roadway or semi-Coal Lane, the compressive strength of coal and rock one-way (or the value of platts coefficient f) and the rock abrasion factor. At the same time the control line should be superscript MT138 1995 cantilevered Roadheader types and parameters, according to cutting coal and rock the biggest one-way compressive strength, the type of selected models. 2.2 the structure of the various components, the way the driver identified Roadheader by cutting general agencies, shipping agencies, walking, hydraulic system, electronic control systems and auxiliary devices (such as dust removal devices, security devices, remote monitoring devices) and other components. 1) Cutting agencies. Cutting the drive from AC motor-driven, in the transmission system located in the general profile coupling with no mechanical overload protection device, the two planets reducer driven spindle front of the cutting head. Some sections of the working bodies boring machine has cut chain, disc-milling and cutting-such as cantilever. Cantilever due to the cutting-boring machine body flexible, relatively small, can cut a variety of shapes and sections of the roadway, and to achieve selective cutting, but cutting good effect, a higher rate of boring, so now used mainly cantilever Cutting-and has become boring machine working body of a basic pattern. By cutting head of the layout, is divided into horizontal and vertical axis of the two. The line-cutting head of the advantages are: Transmission convenient, compact and can be cut to any shape of the profile, easy access to the formation of a cross-section and is conducive to expansion in the use of cantilever, or ditch digging, in Waterloo. Cutting head the shape of a cylindrical, cone and the cone and cylindrical, as the latter two cutting head to drilling, and the cutting surface than the formation, use it more. This is the work of the shortcomings: As the longitudinal axis of cutting head in the horizontal swing at the cutting reaction force is not passed machine centres, with cantilevered form of torque to boring machine have a greater vibration, stability is poor. Therefore, the coal roadway excavation, the need to increase the body weight or support the installation of auxiliary equipment. At present, such a boring machine in some sections of the use of more boring machine. 2) Shipment of bodies. It generally from the middle loading and conveyor components. They were driven or focus may be linked, either by AC motor drive, can also be used hydraulic motor drive. Trailing claw-is to use a turn moves the rake claws to continue to rake materials and in a reprint from transport operators. This structure is simple, reliable, small form factor, loading good effect, the application is widespread. However, such institutions loading width restricted (because boring machine running track when agencies generally do not arouse). To expand the loading width, will shovel the entire harrow board, together with the claw agencies in the level of swing, or design dual rake claws, to expand the scope of loading. Institutions than the rake-wheel-claw simple, high intensity, reliable, but with less bulk materials. Loading agency programme is not only the installation of the claw-rake-wheel can also be installed, the two can be used interchangeably. Usually, the choice rake claw-loaded, but considering loading width of the problem, may choose to double rake claws, can also be designed to rake claw-round interchangeable with the loading mechanism. Some sections boring machine use of scraper chain conveyor agencies. Transportation agencies are generally undertaken by the tail to the nose tilted upward direction of the layout. Transportation agencies can be the driver, is about to motor or hydraulic motor and reducer layout in the scraper conveyor and around the side of the fuselage, the body in the driver loading at the same time, indirectly, to transport bodies to take the initiative to the tail shaft driven scraper Transportation agencies. This drive system components in small, relatively simple bodies, but loading and transportation agencies involved in the two campaigns, mutual influence. As the location less space layout more difficult. Transmission organizations to adopt an independent driver, is about to motor or hydraulic motor layout away from the machine side, driven by slow delivery agencies. This mode of transmission drive layout simple, and filling the campaign Hubuyingxiang. However, due to transmission and more dynamic components, the point of failure has increased. At present, the two transportation agencies are used, as appropriate, the design should be identified. General loading and institutions often use the same drive. Loading agencies can use motor-driven, can also be used hydraulic motor drive. However, in consideration of the working environment and wet with mud, optional hydraulic motor drive for good. 3) Run institutions. Walking agencies tracked the general pattern, crawler-run institutions apply to the floor is uneven or soft conditions, no road track laying. Traction with large capacity, good mobility, reliability, flexibility and mobility on the floor adaptability of the advantages of good. But its complex structure, components and wear more serious. At present cross-section of the boring machine is usually used crawler-run institutions. Walking agencies tracked the general pattern, the two tracked separately by the respective power to drive, to achieve in situ. Caterpillar is the driving force of two motors and hydraulic motors, motor driver is generally set up a walking speed, hydraulic motor-driven large low-speed torque motor can be driven directly tracked sprocket, or used in the hydraulic motor speed Reducer led the drive sprocket track, it can achieve Promise governor. Tracked structure of a sliding and rolling two, when the speed machine to mobilize 10 m / min in the light Roadheader, should adopt the structure of sliding when the mobilization of speed machines 10 m / min of heavy, severe Roadheader should be used Rolling structural type. 4) The hydraulic system. Hydraulic systems use of open-way valve system more centralized control (direct or remote control manipulation) way. Domestic and foreign use of the past, gear pumps, hydraulic system in recent years Roadheader used piston pump have increased the trend. 5) Electronic control system. Electronic control systems, including some power, control and inspection of the part. Electronic control system must be in accordance with the requirements of coal mine explosion-proof design, manufacture, testing, GB3836-2000 must meet the standards of the relevant provisions and requirements. In order to improve operations at the Roadheader in the security, operational flexibility and mechanical transmission part of the fault diagnosis and monitoring functions, from the practical point of view, the installation of the necessary machines from a remote control device, monitoring pressure, temperature, level and key parts the fault diagnosis device. 2.3 Layout General layout of the contents include the following: 1) Identify the components in complete machine said the location, shape and size of the request； 2) To identify the parts, components and the connections between complete machine； 3) estimates complete machine weight and the weight of all components requested； 4) layout of the manipulation of institutions, the drivers seat； 5) examination of moving parts of the movement space, rule out the possibility of interference in the campaign. 2.4 specific requirements Boring machine in the general layout, the need to pay attention to the following questions: 1) institutions into the reducer reducer, as far as possible to coax axis； 2) cantilever and spade-suited to the size of relations, not only conducive to loading, to avoid cutting the first shovel cutting board； 3) the level of cantilever and vertical position can swing the center coincidence, can not overlap. From the increased stability of the machine, these are highly swing should be reduced. In the cantilever is not guaranteed to interfere with other agencies under the conditions of swing centres are located should try to rely on, but must ensure that the machines in the centre plane of vertical symmetry； 4) When all the major components designed after. Checking should be carried out, does not meet requirements to be adjusted just so that the focus in track and less than the former center Shaopian L / 6 (L grounding for the track length). In addition, the center of gravity position in the demand for cutting bodies turret after the centerline, and Yuediyuehao high center of gravity to enhance stability when operating machinery. 5) the overall layout should consider the weight of symmetrical left and right and take care of work habits and to facilitate the operation. General driver in the left side of the fuselage and the fuselage in the rear, driver seat height should ensure that the peoples attention, what good control of their machines, cutting out the rules of the roadway； 6) Caozong Tai position should be appropriate, should ensure that drivers easy manipulation, and effort. Instruments showed that the location devices for drivers to observe, not scattered normal operation of the drivers attention. 2.5 types and power transmission components choice transmission patterns and components should follow the principle of choice 1) the advanced nature of technology: machines to improve performance, increase productivity； 2) economic rationality: drive system as simple as possible, fewer components and easy processing, low price, easy maintenance, long life； 3) reliability of the work: the transmission system reliability performance for the life of components, as well as component quality requirements； 4) adaptation: the drive system components should be adapted to load, working conditions and environmental conditions of the request. Agencies to the transmission system requirements and the choice of transmission patterns . Boring machine cutting, loading, transport, walking and other institutions generally are respectively transmission, all parts of the state and subject to different working conditions, thus driving patterns have different requirements. 1) institutions require a greater short-term Guozainengli, motor oil is very sensitive to the impact load, the loading capacity of low-impact cutting head for normal functioning. Therefore, the boring machine working body should adopt the motor-driven mechanical transmission type. Should make use of small size, power, a strong capacity for electric motors, and equipped with reliable electrical protection device. According to the compact body of work features, usually work in the reducer cantilever, an integral part of a cantilever. Cutting the first governor general way with a round peg for the method of transmission organizations to simple. 2) rake with institutions transmission device is characterized by: reducer be installed in the limited size of the lower part of the shovel plate, thus design a smaller space, poor working conditions. Reducer often soaked in muddy coal and rock in the cards when the material easy to overload. Trailing equipment, transportation agencies the use of mechanical transmission, for the larger motor, not the end of the conveyor installation, the shovel is generally installed on both sides of the board two motor, with a rake, a common power transmission organizations, such bound to make the Slowdown me the size of the increase in the spade under the board layout more tense. In addition, consider the claw and rake boards linked linked overload situation, to protect the motor did not burn, the general needs of internal security in reducer friction-clutch. Trailing equipment, transportation agencies the use of motor oil transmission gear, as small size, light weight, will enable the two separate drive, thus simplifying transmission device, for the spade under the board layout, designed for good results sealed mechanical seal or reducer And shovel plate separation, while achieving automatic overload protection. 3) walk the track-driven approach and a motor-driven motor oil in two ways. Respectively, through mechanical devices or directly from the slowdown in motor oil led the initiative sprocket running track. Mechanical transmission of the walking track, with General Motors will be tracked in two reducer rear, the brake hydraulic braking by mechanical means way. This transmission mode drive high reliability and low prices of motor, easy maintenance, but not speed, slow me larger, Lin Shui major roadway, the motor easily exposed to moisture and burned. Tracked walk to adopt hydraulic transmission patterns, simple system, better performance and advanced technology. Hydraulic transmission of the walking mechanism, in the form choice and hydraulic motor speed control mode design, there are different options. The use of low-speed torque motor-driven, characterized by the system simple, small size, light weight, to achieve stepless speed regulation and automatic overload protection. However, hydraulic motor drive complex, the high cost of manufacturing, maintenance more difficult. Gear used motor oil, the volume of high efficiency, performance and impact-resistant, easy maintenance, low cost, a 10 KW around the motor gear oil prices only with the power of the radial-Sema Da 1 / 10； small size, light weight. A 10 KW gear around the weight of motor oil, with the only major power low-speed torque motor of 1 / 18, the weight of the motor 1 / 13. Gear used motor oil, although lower-speed reducer size large torque motor, but a small electric (MRH-S50-13-type plane reducer transmission ratio i = 328). So can easily be motors, reducers, hydraulic Zhidong Fa, tight chain devices installed in the middle-tracked. In this way than on the technical performance of mechanical transmission, the economic indicators better than the low-speed torque motor drive. So has a unique advantage. The walking speed in two ways: one is a variable pump. The other is the use or diversion of the flow and speed control programmes, such as the MRH-S50-13 type aircraft, that is, in the rapid mobilization of machinery, to stop carrying motor oil, only to run motor oil so that the boring machine has two Walking speed. 3 determination complete machine main technology senate parameter Mechanical Roadheader complete machine main technical parameter including size senate parameter (length width highly)； we ight parameter, parameter of movement and dynamic parameter. 3.1 size parameters Complete machine length, width of the size directly related to its turning radius, Recommended light-length 7.5 m, medium-length 8.5 m, heavy machine l0m, the corresponding width were 1.6 m, 2.5 m, 3 m. The complete machine relates its tendency, the static stability highly directly, the adaptation scope and passes quality, therefore lower better. The current development trend of Chinese and foreign models is the dwarf models, medium and heavy-high 1.6 2 m, special light, light machine the height of 1.4 1.6 m. Roadheader to dig the biggest section of roadway, the minimum height and width should be designed to meet the requirements of the mission. Undercover depth of 250 400 mm, ground clearance C = B/13 +84 (mm), B for the two track distance). Middle-long conveyor entrance to the expected high degree of the best 400 mm, length of track ground with the center distance L B ratio for L / B 1.6. 3.2 weight parameters The complete machine dead weight is the mechanical roadheader - an important parameter, the engine weight too is light, the work stability drops, when swinging cutting can occur fishtails the phenomenon, the cutting efficiency drops, truncation tooth rate of wear increase； Heavy-weight, poor mobility, flexibility to decline. The self-respect as it may be w = (t) estimates, in the N-type body for cutting power, kW； V for the cutting head on average cutting speed, m / s； can also be Roadheader with reference to the existing analog method to determine , machine-(t) and cutting power (kW) ratio of 0.25 to 0.4. For general coal, rock bottom, the allowable value 0.14 MPa； muddy for the water to soften the shale bottom, 0.05 MPa. 3.3 movement parameters Cutting the movement parameters: cutting head of the average cutting speed V: on the one-way coal and rock compressive strength of c 40 MPa, V = 3 3.5m / s； c 60MPa, V = 2 2.5m / s, c 60MPa. V = l 2m / s. But eventually cutting speed by cutting technology to determine. 3.4 dynamic parameters Roadheader-driven power sources are used Motors. Cutting power body size. In fact the general use of analogy, combined with roadheader some personality and experience factors to determine. Roadheader in the operating process, the vertical axis and the horizontal axis-of the need for adequate cutting edge and push forward swing (horizontal and vertical) force. According to Russia (the former Soviet Union) in the laboratory test results that the cutting of coal and rock platts hardness f = 4 6 (equivalent to 0 C = 40 60MPa), grinding coefficient F = 5 7mg/mm2. Cutting the shaking force (traction) Pv = (1 1.34) P, P = M / Rcp, in the P-cutting head for the average cutting edge； Rcp cutting head for the average radius； M for cutting the head of the rated torque. Cut the feeding of (axial thrust) R； (1.8 2.5) Pv, this force should be no larger than the floor slippery track at the limits of traction. 3.5 technical and economic indicators Q = (m3/min), in the sx-cutting head for the verticalcross sectional area, m2: Vn for the cutting head of cutting swing speed, m / min. Roadheader designed life, in the international advanced products up to 3 to 5 years, during which the need of major repair or wells, the general domestic product for 1 to 2 years. 4 in accordance with design requirements. Determine the parameters of the main components and their relationship between the connector 4.1 cutting agencies and technical parameters of the established link between 1) Cutting-agency technical parameters of cutting the head with the general pick for the double-headed or three spiral layout. Cutting head speed n = 20 65r/min, a sharp pick cutting the average speed V = 1.5 2.5m / s, cutting swing speed Vn = 0.8 l0m / s. Cut-off line from t = 20 50mm, (when cutting coal from the value of all-time for small value). Average single-pole/double-throw force should reach: f4 grade coal and rock F 2500 N, f6 grade coal and rock F 5000 N, f8 grade coal and rock F 12000 N, pick the best angle for the installation of 45 48 . 2) Cutting the link .Cutting agencies cantilever Chaxing-installed in front of the fixed-Chaxing rotary table, the turret to the rack. According to cutting agencies in the course of operating the force and torque, the application of MT475-1996 cantilevered Roadheader rotary bearing type, the basic parameters and technical requirements selected rotary bearing the structural type, determined by calculating slewing ring size specifications. If the user does not require a cantilever stretching structure, is generally not recommended. 4.2 shipping agencies determine the parameters 1) Loading mechanism Loading bodies and Middle conveyor used linkage or single-action mode, loading the bodies rake claws speed is generally 25 48 r / min. Star Ferrys speed can be slightly higher than some. Using direct-drive hydraulic motors, the maximum output torque rated torque for calculating the value of 1.5 times. Shovel coal-general of the tilt angle to 21 25 , it should be the width of track, spacious than the 0.6 1.2 m, declining position should not be less than the minimum depth of undercover maximum height should be increased to 350 400 mm. 2) Intermediate conveyor Middle conveyor chain may be single or double-stranded chain structure of the ring chain, chain-speed should not exceed 0.92 m / s, using the U.S. chain of universal sleeve roller chain single chain, the chain speed should not exceed 2.5 m / s, generally from 1.6 2 m in order to meet the changing demands a high degree of unloading, the tail should be set up multi-stage hydraulic cylinders to achieve take-off and landing movements, raising the minimum height for the hopper and a high degree of around 300 mm. If the tail need to swing around, the United States must adopt a universal sleeve roller chain, to set the location of the side-effect hydraulic cylinder to achieve the tail swing around 45 , to expan d the width of unloading. 4.3 running track and identify the technical parameters of connectivity between a)walking track drivers and transmission patterns have the following two ways, the overall design and layout determined at the time one of them. 1) Drive a motor-driven than reducer (i 250) led initiative sprocket. Can only establish a walking speed of 5 7.5 m / min. 2) The speed of a hydraulic motor torque direct drive or take the initiative sprocket of a slowdown in high-speed motor driven me a sprocket can take the initiative to achieve rapid mobilization and the need to slow operations, walking speed of 0 10 m / min of no - Speed. b) tracked the transmission link between Structure has two sliding and rolling, sliding simple structure, the resistance of larger, the special light, light and medium-sized roadheader recommend sliding structured. Rolling resistance smaller operation, crawler-crawler at the bottom and wear small chain of contacts. Heavy and severe roadheader recommend using this structure type. Track-installed at the bottom of the supporting wheels, each bearing capacity should be not less than 50 percent of weight, distance is generally tracked the plate pitch 1.5 times. 4.4 the hydraulic system of technical parameters established Hydraulic system of technical parameters should be determined in the hydraulic design calculations. The pressure should not be rated higher than the 20 25 MPa. A hydraulic motor in the system should be set up power transmission cooler, the system in the optional round series at the pump, rated pressure announced that the following 20 MPa. Selection of pumps and motors of the Anyu should be around 1.5. Each loop system in the pressure relief valve is set for the rated pressure of 1.8 to 2.2 times suitable. 4.5 electronic control system identified the main technical parameters Electronic control system of power supply voltage should be roadheader models to determine the size of pressure levels, special light, light machine should be elected 660 V, medium and heavy aircraft should be elected 660 V/1140V. Some momentum in the electrical circuit components, the power supply should meet the range of 70% to 115% of the requests. 4.6 other supporting systems 1) Spray system, cutting nozzles installed in the front organizations cantilever pressure for 1.5 MPa. Spray nozzle within the system installed in cutting the first pick in the back seat of the spray system pressure of not less than 4 MPa. Cutting rock on the case should be to increase water pressure and water. 2) Inside and outside the water spray system shall not exceed the actual health roadheader capacity of 6 to 8 percent, or stagnant water in the face of slime. 5 the overall calculation of the necessary plans and systems Such as in roadheader design and overall layout is complete with two of the main components of each system and the main structure, the basic technical parameters have been determined, theComplete machine should carry out the necessary calculations and the overall system, and other plans. 1) Cutting agencies roadheader static and dynamic stability of the calculation. 2) Transmission and hydraulic components of the electronic control system of power calculation. 3) Hydraulic system heat balance calculations. 4) Drawing transmission, hydraulic, electronic control system plans. 5) Drawing cutting sections of roadway. 6 Conclusion Roadheader design is roadheader design projects in the technical design of the components. It is the key to the design of the overall performance parameters of reasonable choices, the assembly of each system and optimize the design standards, in particular, cutting the cutting technology is particularly important. Roadheader described in this paper, the overall design is still based on traditional design, dynamics, kinematics, the calculation of the force should be wider use of modern design methods, such as conceptual design, 3D design kinematics, dynamics simulation technology, limited Yuan design and optimize the design. At the same time, the international community should be extensively studied this aspect of the new design for my use, to enhance our design standards, we have accumulated experience in the design, to produce a safe, reliable, high-performance high-end products. 譯文： 懸臂縱軸式掘進(jìn)機(jī)的總體設(shè)計(jì) 總體設(shè)計(jì)是機(jī)械產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)過程中的重要內(nèi)容和主要環(huán)節(jié)， 它是在方案設(shè)計(jì)之 后緊接著進(jìn)行的設(shè)計(jì)工作。 懸臂縱軸式掘進(jìn)機(jī) (以下簡(jiǎn)稱掘進(jìn)機(jī) )的總體設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)整 機(jī)性能的優(yōu)劣起著決定性的作用， 并決定了各總成、 系統(tǒng)、 各部件之間的協(xié)調(diào)性， 統(tǒng)一性和匹配關(guān)系，從而獲得總體的高端 性能和較好的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。 掘進(jìn)機(jī)的總體設(shè)計(jì)，主要包括以下內(nèi)容： 1）據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書選擇機(jī)型及各部件結(jié)構(gòu)型式 2）定整機(jī)的主要技術(shù)性能參數(shù)，包括尺寸參數(shù)、重量參數(shù)、運(yùn)動(dòng)參數(shù)和技 術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì) 指標(biāo) 3）按照總體設(shè)計(jì)的性能要求，確定整機(jī)系統(tǒng)的組成 及它們之間的匹配性以 及各個(gè)部件的主要技術(shù)參數(shù) 4）進(jìn)行必要的總體計(jì)算，并繪制傳動(dòng)、液壓、電控系統(tǒng)圖等。 1選定該機(jī)型和各個(gè)部件及其結(jié)構(gòu)型式、驅(qū)動(dòng)方式、并進(jìn)行總 體的合理布置 該項(xiàng)內(nèi)容在確定前，首先應(yīng)滿足設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書的內(nèi)容，特別是用戶提出的主要 要求經(jīng)過調(diào)研，雙方反復(fù)交換意見，達(dá)到既能滿足用戶 (或上級(jí) )條件，又能較好 的符合本企業(yè)產(chǎn)品發(fā)展的總體規(guī)劃。 1）機(jī)型的選定 根據(jù)掘進(jìn)機(jī)的用途， 是用于煤礦井下巷道的掘進(jìn)還是用于其他 行業(yè)的工程作 業(yè)，掘進(jìn)機(jī)的工作條件是用于截割煤巷還是半煤巖巷，煤巖的單向抗壓強(qiáng)度(或 普氏系數(shù) f 值 )及巖石的磨蝕系數(shù)。同時(shí)應(yīng)對(duì)照行標(biāo) MT1381995懸臂式掘進(jìn)機(jī) 的型式與參數(shù) ，按其截割煤巖的最大單向抗壓強(qiáng)度，選定機(jī)型的類別。 2）各部件結(jié)構(gòu)型式、驅(qū)動(dòng)方式的確定 掘進(jìn)機(jī)一般由截割機(jī)構(gòu)、裝運(yùn)機(jī)構(gòu)、行走機(jī)構(gòu)、液壓系統(tǒng)、電控系統(tǒng)及輔助 裝置 (如除塵裝置、安全裝置、遙控 監(jiān)測(cè)裝置 )等組成。 a截割機(jī)構(gòu)。截割機(jī)構(gòu)的驅(qū)動(dòng)方式由交流電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)，在傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中一般 設(shè)齒形聯(lián)軸節(jié)，不設(shè)機(jī)械式過載 保護(hù)裝置，經(jīng)兩級(jí)行星減速器帶動(dòng)主軸前端的截 割頭。 部分?jǐn)嗝婢蜻M(jìn)機(jī)的工作機(jī)構(gòu)有截鏈?zhǔn)?、圓盤銑削式和懸臂截割式等。因懸臂 截割式掘進(jìn)機(jī)機(jī)體靈活、體積較小，可截出各種形狀和斷面的巷道，并能實(shí)現(xiàn)選 擇性截割，而且截割效果好，掘進(jìn)速度較高；所以，現(xiàn)在主要采用懸臂截割式， 并已成為當(dāng)前掘進(jìn)機(jī)工作機(jī)構(gòu)的一種基本型式。 按截割頭的布置方式，分為縱軸和橫軸式兩種。 縱軸式截割頭的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是：傳動(dòng)方便、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，能截出任意形狀的斷面，易 于獲得較為平整的斷面，有 利于采用內(nèi)伸縮懸臂，可挖柱窩或水溝。截割頭的形 狀有圓柱形、 圓錐形和圓錐加圓柱形，由于后兩種截割頭利于鉆進(jìn)，并使截割表 面較平整，故使用較多。這種工作機(jī)構(gòu)的缺點(diǎn)是：由于縱軸式截割頭在橫向擺動(dòng) 截割時(shí)的反作用力不通過機(jī)器中心，與懸臂形成的力矩使掘進(jìn)機(jī)產(chǎn)生較大的振 動(dòng)， 故穩(wěn)定性較差。 因此， 在煤巷掘進(jìn)時(shí)， 需加大機(jī)身重量或裝設(shè)輔助支撐裝置。 目前，這種掘進(jìn)機(jī)在部分?jǐn)嗝婢蜻M(jìn)機(jī)中使用較多。 b裝運(yùn)機(jī)構(gòu)。它一般由裝載機(jī)構(gòu)和中間輸送機(jī)組成。它們可采用分別驅(qū)動(dòng) 或集中聯(lián)動(dòng)方式，既可用交流電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)，也可用液壓馬達(dá)驅(qū)動(dòng)。 耙爪式是利用一對(duì)交替動(dòng)作的耙爪來不斷地耙取物料并裝入轉(zhuǎn) 載運(yùn)輸機(jī)構(gòu)。 這種方式結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、工作可靠、外形尺寸小、裝載效果好，目前應(yīng)用很普遍。但 這種裝載機(jī)構(gòu)寬度受限制（因?yàn)榫蜻M(jìn)機(jī)工作時(shí)履帶行走機(jī)構(gòu)一般不調(diào)動(dòng)） 。為擴(kuò) 大裝載寬度，可使鏟板連同整個(gè)耙爪機(jī)構(gòu)一起水平擺動(dòng)，或設(shè)計(jì)成雙耙爪機(jī)構(gòu)， 以擴(kuò)大裝載范圍。 星輪式機(jī)構(gòu)比耙爪式簡(jiǎn)單、強(qiáng)度高、工作可靠，但裝大塊物料的能力較差。 裝載機(jī)構(gòu)方案是既能裝設(shè)耙爪式也可裝設(shè)星輪式， 兩者可以互換使用。 通常， 應(yīng)選擇耙爪式裝載機(jī)構(gòu)，但考慮裝載寬度問題，可選擇雙耙爪機(jī)構(gòu)，也可設(shè)計(jì)成 耙爪與星輪可互換的裝載機(jī)構(gòu)。部分?jǐn)嗝婢蜻M(jìn)機(jī)多采用 刮板鏈?zhǔn)捷斔蜋C(jī)構(gòu)。輸送 機(jī)構(gòu)一般是由機(jī)尾向機(jī)頭方向傾斜向上布置的。輸送機(jī)構(gòu)可采用聯(lián)合驅(qū)動(dòng)方式， 即將電動(dòng)機(jī)或液壓馬達(dá)和減速器布置在刮板輸送機(jī)靠近機(jī)身一側(cè)， 在驅(qū)動(dòng)裝載機(jī) 構(gòu)同時(shí)，間接地以輸送機(jī)構(gòu)機(jī)尾為主動(dòng)軸帶動(dòng)刮板輸送機(jī)構(gòu)工作。這樣傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng) 中元件少、機(jī)構(gòu)比較簡(jiǎn)單，但裝載與輸送機(jī)構(gòu)二者運(yùn)動(dòng)相牽連，相互影響大。由 于該位置空間較小布置較困難。 輸送機(jī)構(gòu)采用獨(dú)立的驅(qū)動(dòng)方式， 即將電動(dòng)機(jī)或液壓馬達(dá)布置在遠(yuǎn)離機(jī)器的一 端，通過減速裝置驅(qū)動(dòng)輸送機(jī)構(gòu)。這種驅(qū)動(dòng)方式的傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)布置簡(jiǎn)單，和裝載機(jī) 構(gòu)的運(yùn)動(dòng)互不影響。但由于傳 動(dòng)裝置和動(dòng)力元件較多，故障點(diǎn)有所增加。 目前，這兩種輸送機(jī)構(gòu)均有采用，設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)應(yīng)酌情確定。一般常采用與裝載機(jī) 構(gòu)相同的驅(qū)動(dòng)方式。 裝載機(jī)構(gòu)可以采用電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)， 也可用液壓馬達(dá)驅(qū)動(dòng)。 但考慮工作環(huán)境潮濕、 有泥水，選用液壓馬達(dá)驅(qū)動(dòng)為好。 c行走機(jī)構(gòu)。行走機(jī)構(gòu)一般采用履帶型式，履帶式行走機(jī)構(gòu)適用于底板不 平或松軟的條件，不需修路鋪軌。具有牽引能力大，機(jī)動(dòng)性能好、工作可靠、調(diào) 動(dòng)靈活和對(duì)底板適應(yīng)性好等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。但其結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、零部件磨損較嚴(yán)重。目前部分 斷面掘進(jìn)機(jī)通常采用履帶式行走機(jī)構(gòu)。兩條履帶分別由各自的動(dòng)力 來驅(qū)動(dòng)，可實(shí) 現(xiàn)原地轉(zhuǎn)向。履帶的驅(qū)動(dòng)動(dòng)力有電動(dòng)機(jī)和液壓馬達(dá)兩種，電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)一般只設(shè)置 一種行走速度，液壓馬達(dá)驅(qū)動(dòng)可采用低速大扭矩馬達(dá)直接帶動(dòng)履帶鏈輪，或采用 中速液壓馬達(dá)減速器帶動(dòng)履帶鏈輪的傳動(dòng)方式，它可實(shí)現(xiàn)無極調(diào)速。 履帶結(jié)構(gòu)型式有滑動(dòng)和滾動(dòng)兩種，當(dāng)機(jī)器調(diào)動(dòng)速度 10m/min 的中、輕型掘 進(jìn)機(jī)， 宜采用滑動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)型式；當(dāng)機(jī)器的調(diào)動(dòng)速度 10m/min 的重型、特重型掘進(jìn) 機(jī)，應(yīng)采用滾動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)型式。 d液壓系統(tǒng)。液壓系統(tǒng)多采用開式系統(tǒng)多路閥集中控制(直接操縱或遙控操 縱 )方式。以往國內(nèi)外多采用齒輪泵，近年來 掘進(jìn)機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)采用柱塞泵有增多 的趨勢(shì)。 e電控系統(tǒng)。電控系統(tǒng)包括動(dòng)力部分、控制部分和檢測(cè)部分。電控系統(tǒng)必 須按照煤礦井下防爆要求設(shè)計(jì)、制造、檢驗(yàn)，必須符合 GB3836-2000 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的 有關(guān)規(guī)定和要求。為了提高掘進(jìn)機(jī)在作業(yè)時(shí)的安全性，操作的靈活性 以及機(jī)械 傳動(dòng)部分的故障診斷及監(jiān)控功能，從實(shí)用角度考慮，裝設(shè)必要的離機(jī)遙控裝置、 測(cè)控壓力、溫度、液位及關(guān)鍵部位的故障診斷裝置。 3）總體布置 總體布置的內(nèi)容包括以下幾個(gè)方面： （ 1）確定各部件在整機(jī)說的位置，并對(duì)外形尺寸提出要求； （ 2） 確定各部件、部件與整機(jī)之間的連接方式； （ 3）估算整機(jī)重量，并對(duì)各部件的重量提出要求； （ 4）布置各操縱機(jī)構(gòu)、司機(jī)座位等； （ 5）審核個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)部件的運(yùn)動(dòng)空間，排除可能發(fā)生的運(yùn)動(dòng)干涉。 4） 具體要求 在掘進(jìn)機(jī)總體布置時(shí)，需注意以下問題： （ 1）工作機(jī)構(gòu)減速器減速器的進(jìn)、出軸盡量同軸線； （ 2）懸臂和鏟板的尺寸關(guān)系相適應(yīng)，既有利于裝載，又要避免截割頭截割 鏟板； （ 3）懸臂的水平和垂直擺動(dòng)中心的位置可以重合，也可以不重合。從增加 機(jī)器的穩(wěn)定性看，擺動(dòng)這些都高度應(yīng)盡量降低。在保證懸臂不與其他機(jī)構(gòu)干 涉的 條件下， 擺動(dòng)中心的位置應(yīng)盡量靠后， 但必須保證中心在機(jī)器的縱向?qū)ΨQ平面內(nèi)； （ 4）當(dāng)各主要部件設(shè)計(jì)出來之后。應(yīng)進(jìn)行校核，不滿足需求時(shí)需僅需調(diào)整， 使重心位于履帶中心稍偏前且小于 L/6（ L 為履帶接地長(zhǎng)度） 。此外，還需求重心 位置在截割機(jī)構(gòu)回轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)中心線之后，而且重心高度越低越好，以提高機(jī)器作業(yè)時(shí) 的穩(wěn)定性。 （ 5）總體布置應(yīng)考慮左右兩側(cè)重量對(duì)稱并照顧工作習(xí)慣及方便操作。司機(jī) 座一般設(shè)在機(jī)身左側(cè)、且位于機(jī)身后部，座椅高度應(yīng)保證司機(jī)的視線，使其哪個(gè) 很好地操縱機(jī)器，截割出規(guī)則的巷道； （ 6）操 縱臺(tái)位置要適當(dāng)，應(yīng)保證司機(jī)操縱方便、省力。儀表顯示裝置的位 置要便于司機(jī)觀察，又不分散司機(jī)正常操作的注意力。 5）傳動(dòng)型式及動(dòng)力元件的選擇 a傳動(dòng)型式及元件選擇應(yīng)遵循的原則 （ 1）技術(shù)先進(jìn)性：能夠改善機(jī)器性能，提高生產(chǎn)率； （ 2）經(jīng)濟(jì)合理性：傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)盡量簡(jiǎn)單、元件少，易加工，價(jià)格低，維修容 易，使用壽命長(zhǎng)； （ 3）工作可靠性 :傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的可靠性表現(xiàn)為元件使用壽命，因此也是對(duì)元件 質(zhì)量的要求； （ 4）適應(yīng)性：元件應(yīng)適應(yīng)傳動(dòng)系 統(tǒng)的載荷、工況及環(huán)境等條件的要求。 b各機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的要求及傳動(dòng)型 式的選擇 掘進(jìn)機(jī)的截割、裝載、運(yùn)輸、行走等機(jī)構(gòu)一般均為分別傳動(dòng)，各部件受力狀 態(tài)及工作條件不同，因而傳動(dòng)型式有不同的要求。 （ 1）工作機(jī)構(gòu)要求有較大的短時(shí)過載能力，而油馬達(dá)對(duì)沖擊負(fù)荷很敏感， 過載負(fù)荷能力低，影響截割頭正常連續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。所以，掘進(jìn)機(jī)的工作機(jī)構(gòu)宜采用電 動(dòng)機(jī)為動(dòng)力的機(jī)械傳動(dòng)型式。應(yīng)利用體積小、功率大、過負(fù)荷能力強(qiáng)的專用電動(dòng) 機(jī)，并配備可靠的電氣保護(hù)裝置。根據(jù)工作機(jī)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊的特點(diǎn)，通常工作機(jī)構(gòu) 的減速器設(shè)在懸臂內(nèi)，成為懸臂的組成部分。截割頭調(diào)速方式一般采用配換掛輪 的方法，變速機(jī)構(gòu)力求簡(jiǎn)單。 （ 2）耙裝機(jī)構(gòu)傳動(dòng)裝置的特點(diǎn)是：減速器需裝在尺寸有限的鏟板下部，因 而設(shè)計(jì)空間較小， 工作條件惡劣。 減速器經(jīng)常浸泡在煤巖泥水中， 卡料時(shí)易過載。 耙裝、輸送機(jī)構(gòu)若采用機(jī)械傳動(dòng)，用于電動(dòng)機(jī)尺寸較大，不便在輸送機(jī)尾安 裝，一般是在鏟板上部?jī)蓚?cè)安裝兩臺(tái)電動(dòng)機(jī)，作為耙裝、輸送機(jī)構(gòu)的共同動(dòng)力， 這樣勢(shì)必使減速箱的尺寸增大，在鏟板下布置較緊張。此外，考慮耙爪及鏈板卡 鏈過載情況， 為保護(hù)電動(dòng)機(jī)不至燒毀， 一般需要在減速器內(nèi)設(shè)安全摩擦片離合器。 耙裝、輸送機(jī)構(gòu)若采用齒輪油馬達(dá)傳動(dòng)，由于尺寸小、重量輕，可使二者分 別傳動(dòng)，從 而簡(jiǎn)化傳動(dòng)裝置，便于在鏟板下布置，便于設(shè)計(jì)密封效果好的機(jī)械密 封或?qū)p速器與鏟板分離，同時(shí)可實(shí)現(xiàn)過載自動(dòng)保護(hù)。 （ 3）履帶行走機(jī)構(gòu)的驅(qū)動(dòng)方式有電動(dòng)機(jī)和油馬達(dá)驅(qū)動(dòng)兩種方式。分別通過 機(jī)械減速裝置或直接由油馬達(dá)帶動(dòng)履帶的主動(dòng)鏈輪運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。 機(jī)械傳動(dòng)的履帶行走機(jī)構(gòu)，一般是將電動(dòng)機(jī)裝于兩條履帶減速器后部，制動(dòng) 方式采用機(jī)械液壓制動(dòng)方式。這種傳動(dòng)方式傳動(dòng)可靠性高，電動(dòng)機(jī)價(jià)格低，維修 容易，但不能調(diào)速，減速箱體積較大，巷道淋水大時(shí)，電動(dòng)機(jī)易受潮而燒毀。 履帶行走機(jī)構(gòu)采用液壓傳動(dòng)型式，系統(tǒng)簡(jiǎn)單、性能較好、技術(shù)先進(jìn)。液 壓傳 動(dòng)的行走機(jī)構(gòu)中，在液壓馬達(dá)型式選擇及調(diào)速方式設(shè)計(jì)方面，有不同的方案。 采用低速大扭矩馬達(dá)驅(qū)動(dòng)，其特點(diǎn)是系統(tǒng)簡(jiǎn)單，尺寸小、重量輕，能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn) 無級(jí)調(diào)速及過載自動(dòng)保護(hù)。但液壓馬達(dá)傳動(dòng)復(fù)雜、制造費(fèi)用高，維護(hù)較難。 采用齒輪油馬達(dá) ,容積效率高，耐沖擊性能好，維修容易，造價(jià)較低，一臺(tái) 10KW 左右齒輪油馬達(dá)的價(jià)格只有同功率徑向柱塞馬達(dá)的 1/10；尺寸小、重量輕。 一臺(tái) 10KW 左右齒輪油馬達(dá)的重量，僅為同功率低速大扭矩馬達(dá)的 1/18，為電動(dòng) 機(jī)重量的 1/13。采用齒輪油馬達(dá)后，減速器尺寸雖然較低速大