外文翻譯--機器人的歷史

1 History of Robots The notion of robots or robot-like automates can be traced back to medieval times. Although people of that era didnt have a term to describe what we would eventually call a robot they were nevertheless imagining mechanisms that could perform human-like tasks. In medieval times, automatons, human-like figures run by hidden mechanisms, were used to impress peasant worshippers in church into believing in a higher power. The automatons, like the clock jack pictured here, created the illusion of self-motion (moving without assistance). The clock jack was a mechanical figure that could strike time on a bell with its axe. This technology was virtually unheard of in the 13th century. So imagine how aweinspiring an automaton was to someone just like you! In the 18th century, miniature automatons became popular as toys for the very rich. They were made to look and move like humans or small animals. The pretty musician in the picture was built around 1890. She can turn her head from side to side while playing the instrument with her hands and keeping time with her foot. In literature, humankinds vivid imagination has often reflected our fascination with the idea of creating artificial life. In 1818, Mary Shelly wrote Frankenstein, a story about the construction of a human-like creature. For Shelly, a robot looked like man but had the ability to function like a machine. It was built of human components, which could be held together by nuts and bolts. Notice there are even clips to hold the top of the head together! Shelly considered that a robot had to be bigger than a regular person and had to have super human strength. In 1921, Karel Capek, a Czech playwright, came up with an intelligent, artificially created person, which he called “robot”. The word “robot” is Czech for worker, and was gradually incorporated into the English language without being translated. As you can see, even a hundred years after Shellys Frankenstein, Capeks idea of a robot is still one in which the creation resembles the human form. You can see in the picture that the robot looks much more rigid and machine-like than the woman standing next to it . While the concept of a robot has been around for a very long time, it wasnt until the 1940s that the modern day robot was born, with the arrival of computers. The term robotics refers to the study and use of robots； it came about in 1941 and was first adopted by Isaac Asimov, a scientist and writer. It was Asimov who also proposed the following “Laws of Robotics” in his short story Runaround: 2 One, a robot may not injure a human being or through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. Two, () a robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. Three, a robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws. Isaac Asimov i The robot really became a popular concept during the late 1950s and early 1960s. With the automotive industry in full expansion at that time,industrial robots were employed to help factory operators. Industrial robots do not have the imaginative, human-like appearance that we have been dreaming of throughout the ages. They are computer-controlled manipulators, like arms and hands, which can weld or spray paint cars as they roll down an assembly line. In fact, industrial robots are so unlike the conception of robots held in the past that you might not even recognise one. Did you know that one of the first operational, industrial robots in North America appeared in the early 1960s in a candy factory in Kitchener, Ontario? A robot can go where humans cannot. In fact, robots were created to help humans, especially in high risk or dangerous situations. A robot can deactivate a bomb, go to the edges of an active volcano, transport dangerous materials, explore the ocean floor and even perform tasks in the most hostile environment known to man: space. So why is space such a hostile environment? First of all, in space there is no oxygen, and temperatures can range from 120 degrees Celsius in the sun and 100 degrees in the dark, when the Earth blocks the sun. Without the proper protection, like a spacecraft or even the EVA suit used by space walkers, survival in space is not possible. When repairs have to be made outside a spacecraft,astronauts are sometimes required to leave the space shuttle or the Space Station. These extravehicular activities are very dangerous, therefore, robots are used to carry out tasks in space in order to limit the number of extravehicular activities Undertaken. What does a space robot look like? As we have discovered, todays robots do not necessarily resemble humans. A human is made up of a number of different visible components, like a head where the brain sends messages to the rest of the body； arms and hands to grasp and manoeuvre objects； a torso to which all of the 3 components are attached and legs to move. Oh! And dont forget the ears, eyes, and mouth to hear see and communicate! Robots need all these different components to Operate. A number of robots make up the Mobile Servicing System. The Mobile Servicing System is Canadas contribution to the International Space Station. Canada created the Mobile Servicing System to help in the construction of the Space Station； it will first build the Space Station and then help maintain the Station throughout its lifetime. Just like humans have a brain that sends messages to the rest of the body；The re is a main computer that communicates with the robotic system. The Space Station Remote Manipulator System (SSRMS), Canadas new robotic arm, will be able to lift and move objects the size and mass of the Space Shuttle. The crew of STS-100 with Canadian Space Agency Astronaut Chris Hadfield will deliver and install the new arm to the International Space Station as it orbits high above the Earth. This second generation Canadarm is Canadas primary contribution to the Station. The Space Vision System (CSVS), another critical piece of Canadian robotics innovation, is comprised of several cameras and targets. These are located in key areas of the Space Station and on the robotic arm； it will serve to pinpoint the exact movement and location of components for the building and maintenance of the Station. So, astronauts from inside the Space Station are able to operate the Mobile Servicing System by using this Space Vision System. Aside from the CSVS, the next Canadian robot to be brought to space is the SSRMS. When it is brought to space to be installed to the Space Station during STS-100, its predecessor, the Canadarm will lift it from the payload (the inside) of Space Shuttle Endeavour and bring it to the International Space Station. This will be the first in a series of handshakes in space performed by these robots. Stay tuned for more exciting facts about robots First,I explain the background robots,robot technology development,It should be said it is a common scientific and technological development of a comprehensive results,for the socio-economic development of a significant impact on a science and technology. It attributed the development of all countries in the Second World War to strengthen the economic input on strengthening the countrys economic development. But they also demand the development of the productive forces the inevitable result of human development itself is the inevitable result then with the development of 4 humanity, people constantly discuss the natural process, in understanding and reconstructing the natural process, people need to be able to liberate a slave. So this is the slave people to be able to replace the complex and engaged in heavy manual labor, People do not realize right up to the worlds understanding and transformation of this technology as well as people in the development process of an objective need. Robots are three stages of development, in other words, we are accustomed to regarding robots are divided into three categories. is a first-generation robots, also known as teach-type robot, it is through a computer, to control over one of a mechanical degrees of freedom Through teaching and information stored procedures, working hours to read out information, and then issued a directive so the robot can repeat according to the people at that time said the results show this kind of movement again, For example, the car spot welding robots, only to put this spot welding process, after teaching, and it is always a repeat of a work It has the external environment is no perception that the force manipulation of the size of the work piece there does not exist, welding 0S It does not know, then this fact from the first generation robot, it will exist this shortcoming, it in the 20th century, the late 1970s, people started to study the second-generation robot, called Robot with the feeling that This feeling with the robot is similar in function of a certain feeling, for instance, force and touch, slipping, visual, hearing and who is analogous to that with ll kinds of feelings, say in a robot grasping objects, In fact, it can be the size of a feeling out, it can through visual, to be able to feel and identify its shape, size, color Grasping an egg, it adopted a acumen, aware of its power and the size of the slide. Third-generation robots, we were a robotics ideal pursued by the most advanced stage, called intelligent robots, So long as tell it what to do, not how to tell it to do, it will be able to complete the campaign, thinking and perception of this man-machine communication function and function Well, this current development or relative is in a smart part of the concept and meaning But the real significance of the integrity of this intelligent robot did not actually exist, but as we continued the development of science and technology, the concept of intelligent increasingly rich, it grows ever wider connotations. Now,I would like to briefly outline some of the industrial robot situation. So far,the industrial robot is the most mature and widely used category of a robot,now the worlds total sales of 1.1 million Taiwan, which is the 1999 statistics,however, 1.1 million in Taiwan have been using the equipment is 75 million, this volume is not small. Overall, the Japanese industrial robots in this one, is the first of the robots 5 to become the Kingdom, the United States have developed rapidly. Newly installed in several areas of Taiwan, which already exceeds Japan, China has only just begun to enter the stage of industrialization, has developed a variety of industrial robot prototype and small batch has been used in production. Spot welding robot is the auto production line, improve production efficiency and raise the quality of welding car, reduce the labor intensity of a robot. It is characterized by two pairs of robots for spot welding of steel plate, bearing a great need for the welding tongs, general in dozens of kilograms or more, then its speed in meters per second a 5-2 meter of such high-speed movement. So it is generally five to six degrees of freedom, load 30 to 120 kilograms, the great space, probably expected that the work of a spherical space, a high velocity, the concept of freedom, that is to say, Movement is relatively independent of the number of components, the equivalent of our body, waist is a rotary degree of freedom. We have to be able to hold his arm, Arm can be bent, then this three degrees of freedom, Meanwhile there is a wrist of freedom. We will be able to space the three locations, three postures, the robot fully achieved,and of course we have less than six degree of freedom.Have more than six degrees of freedom robot, in different occasions the need to configure. The second category of service robots, with the development of industrialization, especially in the past decade, Robot development in the areas of application are continuously expanding, and now a very important characteristic, as we all know, Robot has gradually shifted from manufacturing to non-manufacturing and service industries, we are talking about the car manufacturer belonging to the manufacturing industry, However, the services sector including cleaning, refueling, rescue, rescue, relief, etc. These belong to the non-manufacturing industries and service industries, so here is compared with the industrial robot, it is a very important difference. It is primarily a mobile platform, it can move to sports, there are some arms operate, also installed some as a force sensor and visual sensors, ultrasonic ranging sensors, etc. Its surrounding environment for the conduct of identification, to determine its campaign to complete some work, this is service robots one of the basic characteristics. For example, domestic robot is mainly embodied in the example of some of the carpets and flooring it to the regular cleaning and vacuuming. The robot it is very meaningful, it has sensors, it can furniture and people can identify, It automatically according to a law put to the ground under the road all cleaned up. 6 This is also the home of some robot performance. The medical robots, nearly five years of relatively rapid development of new application areas. If people in the course of an operation, doctors surgery, is a fatigue, and the other manually operated accuracy is limited. Some universities in Germany, which, facing the spine, lumbar disc disease, the identification, can automatically use the robot-aided positioning, operation and surgery Like the United States have been more than 1,000 cases of human eyeball robot surgery, the robot, also including remote-controlled approach, the right of such gastrointestinal surgery, we see on the television inside. a manipulator, about the thickness fingers such a manipulator, inserted through the abdominal viscera, people on the screen operating the machines hand, it also used the method of laser lesion laser treatment, this is the case, people would not have a very big damage tothe human body. In reality, this right as a human liberation is a very good robots, medical robots it is very complex, while it is fully automated to complete all the work, there are difficulties, and generally are people to participate. This is America, the development of such a surgery Lin Bai an example, through the screen, through a remote control operator to control another manipulator, through the realization of the right abdominal surgery A few years ago our country the exhibition, the United States has been successful in achieving the right to the heart valve surgery and bypass surgery. This robot has in the area, caused a great sensation, but also, AESOPs surgical robot, In fact, it through some equipment to some of the lesions inspections, through a manipulator can be achieved on some parts of the operation Also including remotely operated manipulator, and many doctors are able to participate in the robot under surgery Robot doctor to include doctors with pliers, tweezers or a knife to replace the nurses, while lighting automatically to the doctors movements linked, the doctor hands off, lighting went off, This is very good, a doctors assistant. Robot is mankinds right-hand man； friendly coexistence can be a reliable friend. In future, we will see and there will be a robot space inside, as a mutual aide and friend. Robots will create the jobs issue. We believe that there would not be a robot appointment of workers being laid off situation, because people with the development of society, In fact the people from the heavy physical and dangerous environment liberated, so that people have a better position to work, to create a better spiritual wealth and cultural wealth. 7 機器人的歷史 機器人或機器人一樣能自動化的概念可以追溯到中世紀(jì)時代。雖然那個時代的人沒有一個詞來描述我們最終稱它為機器人，他們?nèi)匀?想象可以執(zhí)行類似人類的任務(wù)機制。 在中世紀(jì)時期，通過隱藏運行機制的類似人類的裝置的自動機，被用來打動在教堂做禮拜的農(nóng)民，以為在一個更高的功率。 該自動機，像時鐘插孔如圖示，創(chuàng)造了自運動的錯覺（在沒有援助下移動）。時鐘插孔是一個可以罷工時間的機械裝置，在鐘上用它的軸。這項技術(shù) 在 13世紀(jì)幾乎是聞所未聞。所以，想象一下這是多么令人振奮，自動機就是某個人，就像你！ 在 18世紀(jì)，微型自動機成為上流社會非常受歡迎的玩具。他們所做的外觀和運動就像人或小動物。在圖片中漂亮的音樂家制造在 1890年左右，她可以把她的頭從一邊轉(zhuǎn)到另一邊同時用她的雙手在演奏樂器，而且與她的腳保持時間的同步。 在文學(xué)中，人們的豐富的想像力，往往反映我們所著迷的，創(chuàng)造人造生命的想法。 1818年，瑪麗雪萊寫了科學(xué)怪人，一個關(guān)于制造類似人類的故事。對于謝莉，一個看起來像人的機器人，但是他有像一臺機器功 能的能力。它制造與人體組件，可以可以通過螺母和螺栓固定在一起。請注意，甚至有夾子保持頭頂在一起！雪莉考慮到機器人必須是大于一個普通的人，并且必須有超人類的力量。 1921年，卡雷爾恰佩克，捷克劇作家，想出了一個聰明的，人為地創(chuàng)建人，他稱之為“機器人”。單詞“機器人”是捷克的工人沒有被翻譯逐漸并入英語中的。正如你可以看到，即使一百年之后，雪莉的科學(xué)怪人，恰佩克機器人的想法仍然是一個建立中類似于人形的人。 你可以在圖片中看到，機器人看起來更加僵化，機器般像女人站在它旁邊。 雖然機器人的概念已經(jīng) 存在了很長時間，但直到 1940年，隨著電腦的到來的現(xiàn)代機器才被生產(chǎn)。 該機器人一詞指的是機器人的研究和使用 ；它是約 1941年首次被科學(xué)家和作家艾薩克阿西莫夫所使用。也正是阿西莫夫在他的短篇故事環(huán)舞中提出了下面的“機器人定律”： 一，機器人不得傷害人類，或袖手旁觀坐視一個人是要受到傷害。 . 二，（ .），機器人必須服從人類給它的命令除外如該命令將與第一定律相沖突。 . 三，機器人必保護自己的存在只要這種保護不與第一或第二定律相沖突。 艾薩克阿西莫夫 8 機器人真的成了一個流行的概念是在 1950年代后期 60年代初期。伴隨當(dāng)時的汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)全面擴張，工業(yè)機器人被用來幫助工廠操作員。 工業(yè)機器人不具備古往今來我們一直夢想的想象力，類似人類的外表。他們是計算機控制的機械手，像胳膊和手，他們可以焊接或噴涂汽車，因為他們形成了一條裝配生產(chǎn)線。 事實上，工業(yè)機器人是如此的不同于過去的你可能甚至不承認(rèn)的機器人的概念。 你知道嗎，在北美第一臺可使用的工業(yè)機器人之一出現(xiàn)在 1960年代初在安大略省基奇納一家糖果廠？ 機器人可以去人類不能去的地方。事實上，機器人的創(chuàng)建是為了幫助人類，尤其是在高風(fēng)險或危險的情況。機器人可以停用炸彈，去一個活躍的邊緣火山，運輸危險物品，探索海底并且，即使在人類已知的最惡劣的環(huán)境中執(zhí)行任務(wù)：空間。 那么，為什么空間是如此惡劣的環(huán)境？首先，在空間中沒有氧氣，溫度的范圍可以從陽光下 120度變化到在地球擋住太陽的黑暗中 -100度。如果沒有適當(dāng)?shù)谋Ｗo，像一個飛船，甚至是步行者使用的空間 EVA外衣，生存空間是不可能的。 維修時必須在航天 器外面做，宇航員有時需要離開航天飛機或者空間站。這些出艙活動都非常危險的，因此，機器人在空間在中用來執(zhí)行任務(wù)為了限制的艙外活動開展的數(shù)量。 一個空間機器人是什么樣子？正如我們所看到的，今天的機器人并不像人類。一個人是由一個不同的有形成分，像頭 - 在大腦將消息發(fā)送到身體的其他部分 ；雙臂和雙手抓握和 操縱對象 ；軀干，其中所有的部件都附屬在此，還有腿移動。哦！而且不要忘了耳朵，眼睛和嘴巴去聽看到和溝通！機器人需要所有這些不同的組件操作。 許多機器人組成的移動服務(wù)系統(tǒng)。該移動服務(wù)系統(tǒng)是加拿大的貢 獻(xiàn)國際空間站。加拿大創(chuàng)建移動服務(wù)系統(tǒng)幫助空間站的建設(shè) ；它會先建立空間站，然后幫助維護空間站其整個生命周期。 就像人類有一個大腦發(fā)送消息到身體的其他部位 ；有與所述機器人系統(tǒng)進行通信的主計算機。 空間站遙控器系統(tǒng)（ SSRMS）加拿大的新的機器人手臂，將能夠提升和移動對象，航天飛機的大小和質(zhì)量。 STS-100，加拿大航天局的宇航員克里斯哈德菲爾德將提供并安裝新的機械臂到國際空間站，因為它的高軌道在地球上方。第二代加拿大臂是加拿大通往空間站的主要貢獻(xiàn)。 空間視覺系統(tǒng)（ CSVS），加拿大機器人技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的另一 個關(guān)鍵部分，是由幾個攝像機和目標(biāo)。這些位于空間站和機械臂上的關(guān)鍵部分 ；它將有助于精確定位 9 部件的精確移動和定位該站的建設(shè)和維護。所以，空間站的宇航員能夠通過使用這個空間視覺系統(tǒng)來操作移動服務(wù)系統(tǒng)。 除了空間視覺系統(tǒng)，接下來加拿大機器人被帶到空間是 SSRMS。當(dāng)它被帶到空間來安裝到空間站在 STS-100，其前身加拿大臂將解除奮進號航天飛機的有效載荷（內(nèi)部），并把它帶到國際空間站。這將是在空間中第一次一系列握手行動通過這些機器人執(zhí)行。 請繼續(xù)關(guān)注有關(guān)機器人更令人興奮的事實 . 首先我介紹 一下機器人產(chǎn)生的背景，機器人技術(shù)的發(fā)展，它應(yīng)該說是一個科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展共同的一個綜合性的結(jié)果，同時，為社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了一個重大影響的一門科學(xué)技術(shù)，它的發(fā)展歸功于在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)中各國加強了經(jīng)濟的投入，就加強了本國的經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展。另一方面它也是生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展的需求的必然結(jié)果，也是人類自身發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果，那么隨著人類的發(fā)展，人們在不斷探討自然過程中，在認(rèn)識和改造自然過程中，需要能夠解放人的一種奴隸。那么這種奴隸就是代替人們?nèi)ツ軌驈氖聫?fù)雜和繁重的體力勞動，實現(xiàn)人們對不可達(dá)世界的認(rèn)識和改造，這也是人們在科技發(fā)展過程中的一個 客觀需要。 機器人有三個發(fā)展階段，那么也就是說，我們習(xí)慣于把機器人分成三類，一種是第一代機器人，那么也叫示教再現(xiàn)型機器人，它是通過一個計算機，來控制一個多自由度的一個機械，通過示教存儲程序和信息，工作時把信息讀取出來，然后發(fā)出指令，這樣的話機器人可以重復(fù)的根據(jù)人當(dāng)時示教的結(jié)果，再現(xiàn)出這種動作，比方說汽車的點焊機器人，它只要把這個點焊的過程示教完以后，它總是重復(fù)這樣一種工作，它對于外界的環(huán)境沒有感知，這個力操作力的大小，這個工件存在不存在，焊的好與壞，它并不知道，那么實際上這種從第一代機器人，也就存在 它這種缺陷，因此，在 20世紀(jì) 70年代后期，人們開始研究第二代機器人，叫帶感覺的機器人，這種帶感覺的機器人是類似人在某種功能的感覺，比如說力覺、觸覺、滑覺、視覺、聽覺和人進行