VERBTENSE動詞時態(tài).ppt

VERB TENSE,動詞的時態(tài),概說,時態(tài)是一種語法范疇，是用以表達(dá)各種時間和動作方面的動詞形式。 時間有四個主要部分，即現(xiàn)在、過去、將來和過去將來。動作方面也有四種，即一般、完成、進(jìn)行和完成進(jìn)行。將這些時間和動作組合在一起，即構(gòu)成英語的16種時態(tài)，簡稱“時”（tense）。見下表格：,動作,時間,四個動作方面各有特點,一般方面，用以敘述一單純事實，時間可以不具體。 完成方面，用以表述一個動作已完成。動作發(fā)生于前一個時間，但是該動作對現(xiàn)在存在影響，說話人的興趣一般在于后一個時間。 進(jìn)行方面，表示動作正在進(jìn)行。 完成進(jìn)行方面，兼有完成與進(jìn)行兩個方面的特點。,一般現(xiàn)在時的構(gòu)成形式如下表,Do I work?,I dont work,Do I not work?,I work.,He / she / it works.,Does he / she / it work?,He does not work.,Does he not work?,We work.,Do we work?,We do not work?,Do we not work?,You work.,Do you work?,You do not work.,Do you not work?,They work.,Do they work?,They do not work.,Do they not work?,一.一般現(xiàn)在時的基本用法,一般現(xiàn)在時常常表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或者經(jīng)常存在的狀態(tài)。，常和always, often, usually, every day, sometimes等表時間的狀語連用，又是這些時間狀語可不表達(dá)出來。 1. I go to school every day. 2. He is always like that. 3. If you speak too fast, I find it difficult to follow you.,一般現(xiàn)在時一般用于以下情況： 1. 表日常行為 They get up at 6 a.m. every day. 2.表習(xí)慣、能力 He never wears a hat in winter. Do you drive? 3.表客觀存在 Fire burns. The earth moves round the sun.,一般現(xiàn)在時表將來,表示最近即將發(fā)生的動作，時常和why dont you 連用。 Why dont you try the bakers shop on Wells Street? 表預(yù)定的行為，即已經(jīng)安排好了的行為。 The train leaves at nine p.m. When do you start? 用于表將來的從句。 I will wait till he comes. Next time I will do as he says. I will give you anything you ask for. Lets see who gets there first.,二.一般過去時的基本用法,一般過去時常表過去某一時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),常和表過去的時間狀語連用,如a minute ago, yesterday, last work, in 1998, during the night, in those days等等.用一般過去時,要表達(dá)“過多少時間之后”, 一般用after而不用in.一般過去時也可與today, this week, this morning等時間狀語連用,但這些時間狀語都需指過去,而不指現(xiàn)在. Tom suddenly fell ill yesterday. They got married last year. She didnt look well when I last saw her. Did you see her today? He went out just now. 一般過去時還可有下列情況:1.用于since從句中.主句的謂語動詞用完成時態(tài),其后接的since引導(dǎo)的從句一般用過去時態(tài).,You havent changed much since I last saw you ten years ago. It has been one year since I moved back from the countryside. 一般過去時還可表死者的狀態(tài). Who is the man in this picture? He was my grandfather. 一般過去時還可表委婉客氣的語氣. I wondered if you could help me out of this. Did you want anything else?,一般將來時用來表示單純的將來事實,一般和tomorrow, next week, in a few days等表將來的時間狀語連用.也可與now, today, tonight等時間詞連用. He will come next week. Can I see tomorrow morning? I will do it now. They will go at 7 oclock tonight. You go ahead, I will catch up. I will ask him as soon as I see him.,四,一般過去將來時,一般過去將來時表示在過去將來的某一時間里發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài).一般用在間接引語中,主句的謂語動詞為過去時態(tài).如 You knew I would come. We never imagined that john would become a doctor. I thought you would take the chance. 一般過去將來時有時可帶時間狀語.如 Late at night on November 28, 1938, Dr.Bethune got word that a battle would soon began. He said he would come back the next morning, which he never made it. He turned out to be killed in a tragic car accident.,五.現(xiàn)在完成時,現(xiàn)在完成時跨在兩個時間之上,一是過去,一是現(xiàn)在.它表達(dá)的動作發(fā)生在過去,但對現(xiàn)在有影響(或產(chǎn)生結(jié)果),后面常不與時間狀語連用. Sir, the car has come. (結(jié)果:車正在門口等.) Someone has broken the window. (結(jié)果:窗戶正破著,透風(fēng)呢.) He has been ill. (結(jié)果:他的臉色不好.) He has traveled over many lands. (結(jié)果:他見多識廣.) Have you seen the sea? (結(jié)果:如果你見過,就告訴我海是什么樣子的吧.) She has had a good education. (結(jié)果:她文化水平很高.) 注意: have gone和have been的意思不同: He have been to the library. (結(jié)果:他已經(jīng)去過了,現(xiàn)在回來了.) He has gone to the library. (結(jié)果:他此時還在圖書館,還沒有回來呢.),已經(jīng)死去的名人,但是他們的言行對現(xiàn)在仍然有影響的話,仍用完成時態(tài),不用過去時.如: Shakespeare has written most of the best plays we know. Newton has explained the movements of the moon from the attractions of the earth. 現(xiàn)在完成時表持續(xù)和重復(fù)的動作或狀態(tài),一般情況下,這種動作或狀態(tài)今后還會延續(xù)下去.如: I have lived here for more than thirty years. I have been here since last October. 現(xiàn)在完成時一般不可和具體表示過去的時間狀語如just now, a minute ago, yesterday, last year等連用,但是可和just, recently, often, before, never, always, already, in the past等籠統(tǒng)表示過去的時間狀語連用.如:,He has just gone. Have you been here before? I have always liked him. I have seen his name in the papers rather often of late.我進(jìn)來常在報紙上看到他的名字. I have already read that book. 現(xiàn)在完成時與疑問副詞how, why, where, when等的連用.如: How have you done it? Why has the child run away? Where have you been? When have I been harsh with the children? 現(xiàn)在完成時可用于時間和原因狀語從句.現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在一般時一樣,可用在when, before, after, until, as soon as等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中,強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的完成或結(jié)果,如:,When he has finished his letters, he always takes them to the post office himself. When they have been frightened, dairy cows may refuse to give milk. 一旦奶牛受到驚嚇,常常會不產(chǎn)奶.(強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果) They often play chess after they have had supper. Almost as soon as we have started, we find ourselves at the bottom of the hill. When I have studied a book, I always write a report on it. 現(xiàn)在完成時亦可表原因.如: We cannot cross the river because the water has risen. She can drive by herself because she has passed her driving test.,過去完成時,過去完成時的基本用法與現(xiàn)在完成時相似,所不同的是,現(xiàn)在完成時的動作需在現(xiàn)在以前完成,過去完成時的動作需在過去某一個時間以前完成,也就是說發(fā)生在“過去的過去”.因此過去完成時是一個相對的時態(tài),它不能離開過去的時間而獨立存在.如: I had finished my homework before supper/ he came to me. By the end of that year, Henry had collected more than a thousand foreign stamps. When we got there the basketball match had already started. No sooner had we left the house than it began to rain. I had not gone much farther before I caught them up. He told me that he had seen the film the day before. 有時候,過去的這個時間段隱含在句中并不表達(dá)出來.如:,The road were full of vehicles, which we had foreseen (before we moved). 過去完成時還可表愿望,通常是一種未實現(xiàn)的愿望或想法.如: I had meant to come, but something happened. I had intended to speak, but time did not permit. 與現(xiàn)在完成時可表“將來”一樣,過去完成時亦可表“過去的將來”.如: He said he would come as soon as he had finished his work. She told me that she had been happier than she would ever before.她告訴我這一段時間她比以往都要愉快.,將來完成時,將來完成時表示在將來某一個時間之前完成的動作,并往往對將來某一時間產(chǎn)生影響,常與表示將來的時間狀語連用.如: I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week. Before long, he will have forgotten all about the matter. Will you soon have finished laying the table? Will they ever have done with their talking?他們的談話還有完沒完? When I have done that, I shall have done all I was supposed to do.作完了這件事,我就作完了我全部應(yīng)做的事. If you come at seven oclock, I shall not yet have finished dinner.假如你七點鐘來,我還沒有吃完晚飯呢.,八.過去將來完成時,過去將來完成時表示在過去將來某一個時間以前發(fā)生的動作,并往往會對過去將來某一個時間產(chǎn)生影響.它常和表示過去將來的時間狀語連用.如: The party would have arrived by 4 oclock. The day was drawing near when we would have completed the reservoir.我們水庫完工的日子不遠(yuǎn)了. He said he would have done with my camera by the end of next month.他說到下個月底就不用我的相機(jī)了.,九.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時,現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表達(dá)的是正在進(jìn)行的動作,可與now, at present, at this moment, these days等時間狀語連用,也可不用時間狀語.如: What are you doing? Where are you going? The telephone is ringing, would you answer it? 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時也可表達(dá)在最近一段時間內(nèi)進(jìn)行的動作.如: George is translating a book now. -what are you doing? - I am not doing anything recently.,Men are dropping with malaria, dysentry and simple starvation.士兵們由于瘧疾,痢疾和饑餓一個接一個地倒下. 有時候現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示的是即將結(jié)束的動作.如: He is dying. The fruit is ripening. The gasoline is running low. We are running out of money. 與從句連用. We are suffering while they are expanding.我們在受苦,而他們卻興旺發(fā)達(dá). You dont know what you are talking about. The man who is standing there is my uncle. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表將來.如: I am leaving.,What are you doing next Sunday? We are buying a new car soon. I am not waiting any longer. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表經(jīng)常.如: Whenever I see him, he is reading. Let a person go away with small acts of dishonesty, and soon he is committing greater ones.放過一個人的小的欺騙行為,他不久就會進(jìn)行大的欺騙勾當(dāng). When children are doing nothing, they are doing mischief.孩子們一旦無事可干,他們就會淘氣.,What are you doing next Sunday? We are buying a new car soon. I am not waiting any longer. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表經(jīng)常.如: Whenever I see him, he is reading. Let a person go away with small acts of dishonesty, and soon he is committing greater ones.放過一個人的小的欺騙行為,他不久就會進(jìn)行大的欺騙勾當(dāng). When children are doing nothing, they are doing mischief.孩子們一旦無事可干,他們就會淘氣.,十.過去進(jìn)行時,過去進(jìn)行時表示過去某一時間正在進(jìn)行的動作,和表示過去的時間狀語連用.如: I was practicing violin at 8 oclock yesterday when she called. When the police arrived, they were having dinner. We reached the lake just as the sun was rising above it. Soon the whole town was talking about this thing. I went to the doctor yesterday. I was having a lot of trouble with my skin recently.,It was snowing hard as the medical team made its way to the front. He was crossing the road when he was suddenly hit by a racing car. 過去進(jìn)行時表將來 He told her he was coming soon. He said he was meeting his sister at the train station the next day. Was it next month they said they were coming?,將來進(jìn)行時,表示在將來某一個時間段正在進(jìn)行的動作.常表已經(jīng)安排好了的事,一般只與表離現(xiàn)在較近的將來,與表將來的時間狀語連用. What will you be doing this time tomorrow? The train will be leaving in a second. Maybe nobody will be smoking in 50 years. You will be hearing from me soon.你很快會收到我的信的. Please come up tomorrow afternoon, I will be having a meeting then. If you dont write, I will be wondering what has happened to you. Stop the child, or he will be falling down.,The rose will be coming out soon. My duties will end by July, and I will be returning to Arizona in the US. My brother will take care of you. I will call him and he will be expecting you then. It is not ok to see him this evening, cause he will be having a lecture at 7 p.m. this today.,十二.過去將來進(jìn)行時,表示的是過去某個時間段正在進(jìn)行的動作.常和表達(dá)過去將來的時間狀語連用.時間狀語有時也可省略.它還有一個特點,就是常常在賓語從句中使用. John told us that Mary would be coming next day. I never realized that I would be living in China someday. She said she would be setting off on the 11 oclock train. The new name he would be using was Jack Jones. The car started. Ellen James would be driving off to the university.,十三.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時,表示動作從過去某一個時間段開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,或離現(xiàn)在不遠(yuǎn)的時間.其動作是否繼續(xù),則由上下文決定.這個時態(tài)常用于下列動詞:live, stay, lie, learn, sit, wait, stand, rest, study等等,并常和all this time, this week, this month, all right, all the morning, recently等狀語及since 和for引導(dǎo)的狀語短語和從句連用.如: What have you been doing all this days? I have been writing letters all this morning. How long have you been living here? You have been saying that for 5 years. I have been puzzling ever since I set my eyes on you when I saw you before.自從我以前在那個地方看見了你之后,我就一直在納悶.,My mother has been teaching English for 20 years. Too much has been happening today. Fiddlesticks! Who has been telling you such stuff? You have been working too hard. We have been cleaning this classroom. My hands are dirty, I have been painting the door. What have you been eating to have gotten so fat like this? Since that unfortunate accident last week, I havent been sl