語法篇專題特殊句式強(qiáng)調(diào)倒裝省略thereb.ppt

專題十三 特殊句式（強(qiáng)調(diào)、倒裝、省略、there be）,一、強(qiáng)調(diào)句 定義：強(qiáng)調(diào)句是一種修辭方式，是人們?yōu)榱吮磉_(dá)自己的意愿或情感而使用的一種形式。 強(qiáng)調(diào)方式主要有以下幾種結(jié)構(gòu)：,【考點(diǎn)一】考查not . until 結(jié)構(gòu)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句，其結(jié)構(gòu)為： It is/was not until+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that+其他部分。 【即學(xué)即練】 單項(xiàng)填空 It _ we had stayed together for a couple of weeks _ I found we had a lot in common. A. was until; when B. was until; that C. wasnt until; when D. wasnt until; that 答案：D 【考點(diǎn)二】考查復(fù)合句中的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型 【即學(xué)即練】 單項(xiàng)填空 Was it _ he was seriously ill that he didnt come to school yesterday?,although B. that C. because D. since _ he came back home that we knew what had happened. A. When it was B. It was when C. Was it when D. When was it 答案：C B 【考點(diǎn)三】考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊疑問句 其結(jié)構(gòu)是：疑問詞+is/was+it+that+其他部分，但這類句型如出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，其結(jié)構(gòu)為：疑問詞+it+is/was+that+其他部分。 Where was it that you met the Frenchman? 【即學(xué)即練】 單項(xiàng)填空 _ electricity plays an important part in our daily life? A. Why was it that B. Why is it that C. Why is it D. Why it is that 答案：B,【難點(diǎn)一】正確判斷強(qiáng)調(diào)句型 用一個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~完成下列句子，使之完整、正確。 It was the school gate _ I met an old friend of mine after class. Was it in this palace _ the last emperor died? 解析：強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的強(qiáng)調(diào)部分必須是對(duì) that /who 之后句子的某一成分表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，如果把“It is (was).that”去掉，該句意思完整。題如果去掉It was與橫線部分，則成分不完整，the school gate 前應(yīng)該加上at才能作狀語，才能構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，所以題為定語從句應(yīng)填where；題若去掉Was it與橫線部分，句子完整，故應(yīng)填that，為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。 【難點(diǎn)二】強(qiáng)調(diào)句型與It is/was+時(shí)間+when/before從句；It be+時(shí)間+since從句；It be long.before.等句型的區(qū)別。 用一個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~完成下列句子，使之完整、正確 It was at midnight _ I got back home yesterday. It was midnight _ I got back home yesterday.,It is two years _ I began to learn English. It may be many years_ the situation improves. 解析：通過分析題干可知，題是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，被強(qiáng)調(diào)的是時(shí)間狀語，空白處應(yīng)填that；題以名詞的方式來表示時(shí)間，其后從句是when引導(dǎo)的定語從句；題表示“自從以來已有多久”，用since來引導(dǎo)；題用的是“It was+時(shí)間段+before從句”表示“過了多長時(shí)間才”。 二、倒裝句 定義：為了強(qiáng)調(diào)、突出等目的而顛倒原有語序的句式叫做倒裝句，顛倒了的成分可以恢復(fù)原位而句意基本不變，句法成分不變。倒裝句分為三種： 完全倒裝：指將句子中的謂語動(dòng)詞全部置于主語之前。 部分倒裝：指將謂語的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞倒裝至主語之前。如果句中的謂語沒有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，則需添加助動(dòng)詞do, does或did，并將其置于主語之前。 形式倒裝：在語法上又被稱為前置。它的特點(diǎn)是，只把強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容提置句首，主謂并不倒裝。 具體用法見下表：,【考點(diǎn)一】部分倒裝 部分倒裝主要有以下幾種情況： (1)句首狀語為否定詞（組）或半否定詞（組）的句子。這類詞或短語主要有never, neither, nor, little, seldom, rarely, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, not only, in no way, at no time, few, not, no等。 Little does he care about what I said. (2)only+狀語放在句首，要部分倒裝。注意，only修飾主語不倒裝。 Only by this means is it possible to explain it. (3)so/such.that結(jié)構(gòu)中的so或such位于句首。 So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him. (4)“neither/nor助動(dòng)詞系動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞主語”表示“某人或某事亦非如此”； “so助動(dòng)詞系動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞主語”表示“某人或某事亦是如此”。,注意：當(dāng)陳述部分既有肯定又有否定或者謂語動(dòng)詞既有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞又有助動(dòng)詞時(shí)，可用下面兩個(gè)句型：It is the same with.或So it is with.。 Jack is a student and he studies hard. It is the same with Tom. “so主語助動(dòng)詞系動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞”表示“某人或某事確實(shí)如此”。 I reminded you not to forget the appointment. So you did. (5)if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句含有were, had，should時(shí), 可省略if, 再把were, should或had移到從句句首。 Had you come earlier, you would have met him. (6)用于某些表示祝愿的句子里。 May you succeed! 【考點(diǎn)二】完全倒裝 全部倒裝即完全倒裝有以下幾種情況： (1)There be結(jié)構(gòu)。另外，在此結(jié)構(gòu)中可以用來代替be動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞有：exist, seem, happen, appear, live, rise, stand等。 There exist different opinions on this question.,(2)“Here/There/Now/Then+come (或be等)+主語”結(jié)構(gòu)。 本句型中there是副詞,應(yīng)重讀,強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)。而There be句型中there本身沒意義。 Then came the hour we had been looking forward to. There comes the bus. 此句型中的主語必須是名詞。如果主語是人稱代詞，就不用倒裝。 There she comes. (3)表示方向的副詞out, in, up, down等置于句首,要用全部倒裝。但主語是代詞時(shí)用部分倒裝。 In came Mr White. Away went the boy. Out she went. (4)表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語 (如:on the wall, under the tree, in front of the house等)放在句首時(shí)，要全部倒裝。 On the top of the hill stands a pine tree. They arrived at a house, in front of which sat an old man. (5)用于某些表示祝愿的句子里。 Long live the Peoples Republic of China!,(6)其他形式的完全倒裝。 Present at the meeting was Mr. Green, a headmaster. （形容詞短語） East of the city lies a new railway. (副詞短語) First to be completed was the seven-storey teaching building. (不定式短語) Gone are the days when my heart was young and gay. (過去分詞) Lying on the floor was a boy aged 15. (現(xiàn)在分詞短語) 三、省略句 省略句是英語的一種習(xí)慣用法。按照語法的分析，句子應(yīng)該具備的成分，有時(shí)出于修辭上的需要，在句中并不出現(xiàn)，這種句子叫做省略句，這種語法現(xiàn)象稱為“省略”。其特點(diǎn)是：雖然省去句子語法構(gòu)造所需要的組成部分，但仍能表達(dá)其完整的意義。省略形式多樣，從單詞、短語到分句，都可以省略，而且各有一定的銜接關(guān)系，不容臆斷。 省略用法見下表：,【考點(diǎn)一】考查狀語從句的省略 在以when, while, if, as if, though (although), as, whether, once, whenever等連詞引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，若從句的主語是it或與主句的主語相同，且在謂語中含有be動(dòng)詞時(shí)，常省略從句的主語和be，引導(dǎo)詞后直接跟不定式、分詞、形容詞、介詞短語等。 Look out for cars when (you are) crossing the street. While (I was) walking along the street, I heard my name called. He looked everywhere as if (he was) in search of something. Unless (it is) necessary, youd better not refer to the dictionary. 【考點(diǎn)二】不定式符號(hào)to的省略 感官實(shí)義動(dòng)詞see, hear, feel, watch等和使役動(dòng)詞 have, make, let等后接不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí), 省略不定式to；do nothing but, cant (help/choose) but等結(jié)構(gòu)常接省略to的不定式；在口語中，為了避免重復(fù)，不定式可以省去和句子前部重復(fù)的動(dòng)詞原形而只保留 不定式符號(hào) to。,I watched him disappear in the distance. Sandy could do nothing but admit to his teacher that he was wrong. 【考點(diǎn)三】替代詞so/not的省略 用于避免重復(fù)前面說過的內(nèi)容，替代詞so/not代替肯定或否定的內(nèi)容。可與believe, do, expect, fear, guess, hope, say, speak, suppose, think, Im afraid, if等連用。否定時(shí)hope與guess 只用I hope not 和I guess not 形式，而think, believe, suppose等其他詞可有兩種否定形式 ，即：I think not 或I dont think so。 Will you be able to finish your report today? I hope so. The boys are not doing a good job at all, are they? I guess not. 【考點(diǎn)四】日常交際中的省略 在情景會(huì)話中，答語常常省略不會(huì)引起歧義的主語、謂語或賓語部分，而只保留對(duì)方希望了解的內(nèi)容。在復(fù)合句或并列句中，也有省略主、謂、賓的情況。,【即學(xué)即練】 單項(xiàng)填空 Can I speak to Mr. Wang, please? _ A. Who are you? B. Im Wang. C. Speaking. D. Are you John? How about seeing the new movie at the theatre tonight? _, but Ive got to go over my notes for tomorrows exam. A. All right B. Sounds great C. I cant D. No, I am terribly sorry 答案：C B,不定式的省略問題 用恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~完成下列句子，使之完整、正確。 My parents encouraged me to go to college, but I didnt want_ . Are you a sailor? No, but I used_ . 解析：在特定語境中為了避免重復(fù)，當(dāng)不定式再次出現(xiàn)時(shí)，在動(dòng)詞(如：want, wish, hope, try, plan, like, love, hate，have, ought, be going)，某些形容詞(如：glad, happy, pleased, delighted等)后往往只保留to，而省略后面的動(dòng)詞，否定形式的省略則用not to，但當(dāng)不定式后有be, have, have been時(shí)，要保留be, have和have been。因此，第題填to；而題填to be。 四、反義疑問句 反義疑問句即附加疑問句，是對(duì)陳述句所表示的事實(shí)或觀點(diǎn)提出疑問的句子。附加疑問實(shí)際上是一種簡略的一般疑問句。反義疑問句由兩部分組成：前一部分是一個(gè)陳述句，后一部分是一個(gè)簡短的疑問句，兩部分的人稱時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)保持一致。,組成反意疑問句的兩部分：前肯后否，前否后肯。 常見考點(diǎn)見下表：,五、There be 句型 There be 結(jié)構(gòu)主要用以表達(dá)“某處(某時(shí))有某人(某物)”,其基本句型為“There be+某物或某人+某地或某時(shí)”,其中there 是引導(dǎo)詞，沒有詞義；be是謂語動(dòng)詞；“某人或某物”是句子的主語;“某地或某時(shí)”作句子的狀語,多為介詞短語。,基本用法如下表：,【考點(diǎn)一】There be句型的主謂一致 當(dāng)There be 后面的名詞是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上時(shí)，There be 結(jié)構(gòu)中的be動(dòng)詞要遵循“就近一致”原則，即和緊隨其后的名詞在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。There is a pen and two books on the desk. 【考點(diǎn)二】There be句型的反意疑問句 在There be的句型的反意疑問句中，反問部分的結(jié)構(gòu)為be (not) there。 There are some trees in your school, arent there?,there be句型的非謂語形式 用be動(dòng)詞適當(dāng)形式填空 There_ no bus, we had to walk home.,No one would have dreamt of there_ such a fine place. I dont want there_ any misunderstanding. There_ a bus stop so near the house is a great advantage. 解析：There be 句型有不定式、動(dòng)詞-ing形式，在句中作主語、賓語、定語或狀語等。注意它們?cè)诰渥又械某煞旨芭c句子中其他成分的搭配關(guān)系。題中的答案應(yīng)該是being，“There being+名詞”構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中作狀語；題的答案應(yīng)該是being，there being在句子中作介詞of的賓語（there be結(jié)構(gòu)若出現(xiàn)在介詞for的后面則要用動(dòng)詞不定式）；題答案to be，there to be可以作動(dòng)詞want, expect, prefer 的賓語；題答案為being，There being a bus stop用作主語。 六、祈使句 用于表達(dá)命令、請(qǐng)求、勸告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句，祈使句最常用于表達(dá)命令，因此也常稱為命令句。 祈使句因?qū)ο螅粗髡Z）是第二人稱，所以通常都省略。祈使句的動(dòng)詞都為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 祈使句類型如下：,祈使句+and+陳述句=If.,+主句； 祈使句+or+陳述句= If.not.,+主句 注意：上述句型用and表示順承結(jié)果，用or表示轉(zhuǎn)折結(jié)果，且主句通常用一般將來時(shí)。 【即學(xué)即練】 單項(xiàng)填空 Work hard,_ you will pass the exam. A. but B. or C. and D. thus 答案：C,1. It was from only a few supplies that she had bought in the village _ the hostess cooked such a nice dinner. （2010安徽） A. where B. that C. when D. which 解析：選B?？疾閺?qiáng)調(diào)句型。本題難點(diǎn)，在于強(qiáng)調(diào)部分中含有一個(gè)定語從句“that she had bought in the village”。 2. Johns success has nothing to do with good luck. It is years of hard work _ has made him what he is today. (2010湖南) A. why B. when C. which D. that 解析：選D?？疾閺?qiáng)調(diào)句型。句意為：約翰的成功絕非偶然，正是多年的努力使得他成就了今天的成績（成為他現(xiàn)在的樣子）。強(qiáng)調(diào)主語“years of hard work”，其正常語序應(yīng)為：Years of hard work has made him what he is today. 3. If you have a job，_ yourself to it and finally youll succeed. (2010四川) A. do devote B. dont devote C. devoting D. not devoting,解析：選A?？疾橹^語動(dòng)詞的強(qiáng)調(diào)及“祈使句+and+將來時(shí)”的固定搭配。句意為：如果你有了一份工作，付出努力去做它，最后你定能成功。此處應(yīng)是祈使句，強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語動(dòng)詞要借助助動(dòng)詞do，故選A。 4. John opened the door. There _ he had never seen before. (2010陜西) A.a girl did stand B. a girl stood C.did a girl stand D. stood a girl 解析：選D。考查特殊句式。Here, There, Thus, Then等副詞位于句首，且當(dāng)句子的主語是名詞時(shí)，句子用全部倒裝。 5. The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if _ regularly, can improve our health. (2010浙江) A. being carried out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out 解析：選C?？疾閕f條件句中的省略情況。句意為：這項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，適當(dāng)?shù)倪\(yùn)動(dòng)，如果有規(guī)律的進(jìn)行，能夠有助于我們的身體健康。句子的主語是the experiment；謂語動(dòng)詞是shows；that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，if regularly是插入的條件從句，從句的主語是proper amounts of exercise，條件句的主語與主句的主語一致，并且含有is，故省略了主語及is，完整形式是：if it is carried out。,6. Is everyone here? Not yet.Look, there _ the rest of our guests! （2010江蘇） A. come B. comes C. is coming D. are coming 解析：選A?？疾橹髦^一致及倒裝。there放在句首時(shí)，句子謂語用完全倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，由guests可知，the rest指代復(fù)數(shù)內(nèi)容，故選A。 7. Not until he left his home_ to know how important the family was for him. (2010江西) A. did he begin B. had he begun C. he began D. he had begun 解析：選A。考查倒裝。not until放在句首要用部分倒裝， begin to know發(fā)生在leave之后或同時(shí)發(fā)生。 8. We laugh at jokes, but seldom _ about how they work. (2010四川) A. we think B. think we C. we do think D. do we think 解析：選D?？疾榈寡b。句意為:我們因笑話而笑，但很少去思考笑話怎樣讓我們笑。seldom為否定副詞放句首，用部分倒裝，故選D。 9. At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River , _ one of the ten largest cities in China. (2010重慶),A. lies Chongqing B. Chongqing lies C. does lie Chongqing D. does Chongqing lie 解析：選A?？疾榈寡b。表示方位的地點(diǎn)狀語提前且主語是名詞時(shí)，句子用完全倒裝。 10. Though _ to see us，the professor gave us a warm welcome.(2010全國) A. surprising B. was surprised C. surprised D. being surprised 解析：選C?？疾槭÷越Y(jié)構(gòu)和非謂語動(dòng)詞。補(bǔ)充完整為：Though he was surprised，故選C。 11. Does Jenny always keep her promise? Seldom,_ .(2010山東5月高考模擬) A. if any B. whenever possible C. if ever D. when necessary 解析：選C?？疾槭÷詶l件句，if ever 表示曾經(jīng)有過。 12. Seldom _ computer games ever since he entered college.(2010濰坊市高三教學(xué)質(zhì)量抽樣檢測) A. did he play B. has he played C. he played D. he has played 解析：選B?？疾榈寡b結(jié)構(gòu)。由時(shí)間狀語since he entered college可以看出，應(yīng)用完成時(shí)，seldom置于句首，應(yīng)該用部分倒裝。,13. Only in recent years _ realized that ability training is more important than profession training.(2010臨沂市5月高三模擬考試) A. people have B. people had C. were people D. have people 解析：選D?？疾榈寡b。only in recent years 放在句首，句子要用部分倒裝。 14. We must apply what we have learned to our daily work because in no case _ from practice.(2010煙臺(tái)市質(zhì)量調(diào)研) A. should theory separate B. theory should be separated C. theory should separate D. should theory be separated 解析：選D。考查倒裝句和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。根據(jù)后面的in no case可知用部分倒裝，理論與實(shí)踐應(yīng)該是被分開的，應(yīng)該用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 15. I suddenly found my watch didnt work any more and only then _ I was late for school.(2010淄博市高三模擬考試) A. had I realized B. I had realized C. did I realize D. re