英語語法獨立主格成考.ppt

Grammar,獨立主格結構,【獨立主格結構的概念】,獨立主格結構是一種特殊的結構，可以理解為一個在句中做 的短語，用于修飾整個句子。其位置靈活，可位于句前、句中或句末，常由逗號將其與句子分開。需特別注意的是，獨立主格結構與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。 獨立主格結構主要有兩部分構成：邏輯主語和邏輯謂語。 作為邏輯主語 ；現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、動詞不定式、形容詞、副詞、或介詞短語等作為邏輯謂語。,狀語,名詞或代詞,獨立主格結構具有兩個特點： 1. 獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨 立存在。 2. 獨立主格結構一般用逗號與句子分開。,獨立主格結構有三種類型： 1. 邏輯主語+非謂語動詞（不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞） 2. 邏輯主語+(being)+表語(名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短 語) 3. with/without + 復合賓語 （不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去 分詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語）,(一)非謂語動詞獨立主格結構 邏輯主語+非謂語動詞 (不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞),1. “名詞/代詞+不定式”結構,由不定式構成的獨立主格結構往往表示還未發(fā)生的動作 或狀態(tài)，在句中常作 ，偶爾作 。,e.g. His friends to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.,e.g. No one to wake me up, I might be late for the first class. 如果沒人叫醒我，我會錯過第一節(jié)課的。,原因狀語,條件狀語,2. “名詞/代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞”結構,該結構在句中常作時間狀語、原因狀語、條件狀語、方式或伴隨狀語等。,(1) 作 狀語： Everyone having sat down, the teacher began his class. 每個人都坐好后，老師開始上課。 (相當于時間狀語從句: When everyone had sat down),(2) 作 狀語： The boy leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest. 由那個男孩帶路，我們沒有困難就走出了森林。 (相當于原因狀語從句: Because the boy led the way),時間,原因,2. “名詞/代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞”結構,(3) 作 狀語： My health allowing, I will work far into the night. 我的健康許可的話，我愿工作到深夜。 （相當于條件狀語從句：If my health allows）,(4) 作 狀語： We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我們加倍努力，一個人干兩個人的活。 The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest. 學生們快樂地在學校里走著，每個人胸前都帶著一張卡。,條件,方式或伴隨,3. “名詞/代詞+過去分詞”結構,該結構在句中常作 時間狀語、原因狀語、方式或伴隨狀語、條件狀語等。,(1) 作 狀語： The test finished, well have our summer vocation. 考試結束以后，我們將開始暑假了。,(2) 作 狀語： Thousands of eyes fixed upon him, Nick felt on edge. 上千只眼睛看著他，尼克感到緊張。,時間,原因,(3) 作 狀語： When in trouble, Sam would sit alone, head bent. 薩姆遇到麻煩時，總是獨自坐著，頭低著。,3. “名詞/代詞+過去分詞”結構,(4) 作 狀語： More time given, we can finish the work. 如果給我們更多的時間，我們就能完成這項工作。,方式或伴隨,條件,【綜合比較三種非謂語動詞獨立主格結構】,1. 名詞或代詞+不定式 其中的不定式通常表示尚未發(fā)生或即將要發(fā)生的動作。,2. 名詞或代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 其中的現(xiàn)在分詞通常表示動作正在進行（或當時正在進行）。有時現(xiàn)在分詞不表示進行，而表示一般情況的狀態(tài)或動作。,3. 名詞或代詞+過去分詞 其中的過去分詞通常表示被動意義或完成意義。,Their room was on the third floor, its window overlooking the sports ground. 他們的房間在三層樓上，窗戶俯視著操場。,The manager looks worried，many things to settle. 經理看上去很著急, 有這么多的事情要處理。 （事情還沒有處理，而且是由經理本人來處理，用不定式to settle） The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 許多事情已經處理好了， 經理看上去很輕松。 （事情已經處理好了，用動詞-ed形式settled表示動作已經結束）,【綜合比較三種非謂語動詞獨立主格結構】,The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 正在做飯時，小孩正看電視。 （兩個動作同時進行） The food cooked, the boy went to bed. 飯做好了，小孩去睡了。 （兩個動作有先后，飯已做好，小孩才去睡覺的）,【綜合比較三種非謂語動詞獨立主格結構】,1. Darkness _ in, the young people strolled on the streets. A. set B. setting C. has set D. was set 2. A new technique _, the production increased by 20 percent. A. to have been worked out B. having worked out C. working out D. having been worked out 3. There are various kinds of metals, each _ its own properties (特性). A. has B. had C. to have D. having,【當堂檢測】,4. _, Ill go there with you tomorrow afternoon. A. Time permits B. If time permitting C. Time permitting D. Times permitting 5. _, we all went home happily. A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said 6. She stood there, _ from her cheeks. A. tears rolling down B. tears rolled down C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down,【當堂檢測】,1. 邏輯主語+非謂語動詞 （不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞） 2. 邏輯主語+(being)+表語(名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短 語) 3. with/without + 復合賓語 賓語+賓語補足語 （不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語）,非謂語動詞獨立主格結構,復習,獨立主格結構有三種類型：,無動詞獨立主格結構,（二）無動詞獨立主格結構,英語中常用的還有一類無動詞獨立主格結構。這種結 構往往看作是“名詞/代詞+being+表語”結構中省略了 being,主要有如下幾種情況：,1. 邏輯主語+名詞 Many people come to visit the city, . 很多人來參觀這個城市，其中大多數(shù)是外國人。 I received many Christmas gifts, . 我收到了很多圣誕禮物，其中一些是書籍。,2.邏輯主語+形容詞 He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. 他睡眼惺忪地轉向我。 （his eyes和sleepy之間省去了being） The little girl entered the room, with cold. 小女孩走進了房間，她的臉凍紅了。,most of them foreigners,some of them books,her face red,3. 邏輯主語+副詞 School over, we all went home. 放學了，我們都回家了。 （school和over之間省去了being） , I cant focus my mind on the work. 音樂開著，我不能專心工作。,（二）無動詞獨立主格結構,4. 邏輯主語+介詞短語 He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us. 他站在黑板面前，背對著我們。 , it is going to rain soon. 天空黑云密布，很快就要下雨。,The music on,Dark clouds in the sky,注意: 1. 在表示方式的獨立主格結構中，為了使句子簡潔,往往將“邏輯主語+介詞短語”中的冠詞或代詞都省略。 The guard stood by the door, (a) gun in (his) hand. 警衛(wèi)站在門旁，手里拿著槍。 She came in, (a) smile on (her) face. 她進來了，臉上帶著笑。,（二）無動詞獨立主格結構,2. 獨立主格結構中的being在下列兩種情況下一般不能省略： 一是在“There being + 名詞”結構中； 二是在邏輯主語是代詞的情況下。 There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于沒有公共汽車，我們只好走回家。 It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 因為是星期日，所有辦公室都關門。,（二）無動詞獨立主格結構,當堂檢測,1. _ no bus, we had to walk home. A. There was B. There being C. Because there being D. There were 2. _, we all went swimming in high spirits. A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather 3. _, the hunter went into the forest. A. A gun on shoulder B. A gun was on his shoulder C. Gun on shoulder D. A gun being on shoulder 4. ; we had to put the meeting off. A. Because the manager was ill B. The manager being ill C. The manager was ill D. Being ill,（三）“with/ without”引導的獨立主格結構,“介詞with/without +賓語+賓語補足語”結構可以構成獨立主格結構，在句中常作伴隨狀語、原因狀語，也可作定語。上面討論過的獨立主格結構的幾種情況在此結構中都能體現(xiàn)，即：,with/without,+,名詞/代詞,+,形容詞,副詞,介詞短語,不定式,現(xiàn)在分詞,過去分詞,1. with/ without +名詞/代詞+形容詞 ，the old man felt unhappy. 由于兒子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快樂。,2. with/ without +名詞/代詞+副詞 ，she had to stay at home alone. 因為她姐姐出去了，她只能獨自待在家里。,3. with/ without +名詞/代詞+介詞短語 He stood at the door, . 他站在門旁邊，手里拿著一臺電腦。 The old man, with thick glasses on his nose, is a pianist. 這位帶深度眼鏡的老人是一位鋼琴家。,（三）“with/ without”引導的獨立主格結構,With his son so disappointing,With her sister out,with a computer in his hand,此句中的with復合結構作什么成分？ 。,定語,（三）“with/ without”引導的獨立主格結構,4. with/ without +名詞/代詞+不定式 , the boy looked upset. 沒有任何游戲可玩，小男孩看起來很沮喪。,5. with/ without +名詞/代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 ，I stole into the room. 沒有人注意，我偷偷地溜進了屋子。,6. with/ without +名詞/代詞+過去分詞 With his homework done, Peter went out to play. 作業(yè)做好了，彼得出去玩了。 The boy was crying . 玩具壞了，那男孩在哭。,Wi