英語國家社會與文化入門英國economy.pptVIP

Economy,1. Before 20th Century -rising to the strongest economy -reasons 2. 20th Century -decline: absolute and relative decline -reasons -after WWII 3. Current Economy -slow progress,European Union: 歐洲聯(lián)盟，簡稱歐盟 是當(dāng)今世界一體化程度最高的區(qū)域政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)集團(tuán)組織。其前身是1958年成立的歐洲共同體(European Community, EC)，即歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)共同體(European Economic Community, EEC)、煤鋼共同體(European Coal & Steel Community, ECSC)和原子能共同體(European Atomic Energy Community, EURATOM)的統(tǒng)稱。1993年11月，歐洲聯(lián)盟條約(又稱馬斯特里赫特條約，The Maastricht Treaty)生效，歐共體演化為歐洲聯(lián)盟。,歐盟旗幟,歐盟成員國,法國 France,德國 Germany,意大利 Italy,荷蘭 the Netherlands,比利時 Belgium,盧森堡 Luxemburg,英國 the UK,丹麥 Denmark,愛爾蘭 Ireland,希臘 Greece,西班牙 Spain,葡萄牙 Portugal,奧地利 Austria,芬蘭 Finland,瑞典 Sweden,波蘭 Poland,匈牙利 Hungary,捷克 the Czech Republic,斯洛伐克 Slovakia,愛沙尼亞 Estonia,拉脫維亞 Latvia,立陶宛 Lithuania,斯洛文尼亞 Slovenia,馬耳他 Malta,塞浦路斯 Cyprus,羅馬尼亞 Romania,保加利亞 Bulgaria,創(chuàng)始國(1958),1973年加入,1981年加入,1986年加入,1995年加入,2004年加入,2007年加入,For discussion,Country economic data: GDP國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（Gross Domestic Product）； GDP per capital人均, PPP購買力平價Purchasing Power Parity指兩種貨幣之間的匯率決定于它們單位貨幣購買力之間的比例 , Gini index基尼系數(shù)，關(guān)于貧富差距的指標(biāo)。在全部居民收入中，用于進(jìn)行不平均分配的那部分收入占總收入的百分比。 , currency (exchange rate with RMB), foreign currency reserve高額外匯儲備對我國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了一系列負(fù)面影響, trading volume交易額 Natural resources. Three-tiered economy: primary tier (agriculture, main products?), second tier (industry, main products?), third tier (service, main products?) Economic relations with China? Any economic problems?,作業(yè)discussion p80,1. Define “absolutely decline and relatively decline” in the UK economy. How does the author explain the reasons for the absolute decline and relative decline. 2. What did the Conservative party under Mrs. Margaret Thatcher promise to do to the UK national economy in 1979? The word “reform” in the national economy was also popular when she formed the government decided to change the UK economy. What was her radical reform program” Was the program successful according to the author? 3. the author believes that Britain, like most developed economics, has seen a relatively shrinking of the importance of secondary industry and a spectacular growth in tertiary or service or service industries. Why is it so? Do you see a similar growth in tertiary industries in China in the past 20 years or so? How is this growth related to the reform and opening up to the outside world?,National economy國民經(jīng)濟(jì),primary industry 產(chǎn)業(yè): agriculture, fishing, mining. natural resources Secondary industry: manufacturing 加工制造 industry - low/high-valued added. Tertiary industry services: tourism, banking, retailing, insurance Data: GDP per capital, PPP, Gini index, currency (exchange rate with RMB), foreign currency reserve, trading volume,high income World Bank 2006 middle-high income middle-low income low income,2006 UN Human Development Index: Life Expectancy預(yù)期壽命 Standard of living GDP per capita Literacy讀寫能力 education,Economic sectors,Primary industries: agriculture, fishing, forestry, mining Secondary industries: manufacturing (light industry + heavy industry) Tertiary industries: services (banking, insurance, tourism, retailing, etc), high-valued return. The higher the weight of the tertiary industry, the more developed the economy.,UK economic sectors,Historical evolution,Top 20 importers and exporters in 2006,UK main export partners (2004),UK main import partners (2004),UK economy: from absolute wealth to absolute decline,17th and 18th centuries: age of expansion 1770s 1820s, Industrial Revolution The 1880s, prime time of the Empire, the sun-never-set, of world manufactured goods, cold and iron, cotton, largest shipping. Decline from 1900 onwards: dissolution of the Empire, decolonisation: India (1947) 2 WWs: debts (1941s Lend-Lease Act). Continuous high defence budget. Difficulty in industry upgrading (cf. Jap. Germ) Recovery,British Empire Anachronous時代錯誤的,Words in Chapter4,debt raw material drastic reform impair negative economic situation privatized welfare implement contend internal opponents controversial mechanization bond mild flourish,債務(wù) 原材料 激烈的改革 損害, 削弱 消極經(jīng)濟(jì)局勢 私有化的 貫徹 爭奪，主張 內(nèi)部的 對手 機(jī)械化 債券 溫和的 繁榮,Key Issues,What made UK the strongest economy in the 19th century? What made UK lag behind other capitalist countries in the 20th century? How to understand UKs decline after WWII?,Before 20th Century strongest economy in the world reasons,They combine private ownership with government control called mixed economies, the systems attempt to eliminate消除inefficiencies in capitalism or socialism alone. Governments, with centralized control and the power to make legislation, set standards and taxes and may direct certain industries: telecommunications or transportation, while private businesses control the remaining industries & thrive興旺or fail to the dictates of the market. In some cases, a public-private partnership may operate some industries.,What are the modern economic systems?,1-1) strongest economy in the world,Victorian Age (1837-1903) saw the country rising into the most powerful and economically strongest nation. Workplace of the world: Industrial Revolution ensured UK a leading position as a manufacturer. In 1860, 40-50 % industrial products of the world were made in Britain. In 1848, half of iron in the world was made in UK.,UKs economy in 1860 in the world,1-2) reasons,Industrial Revolution 17世紀(jì)，整個歐洲大陸處于宗教迫害之中，反映自由、民主和科學(xué)的新思想，被當(dāng)作“異端”“邪說”而受壓制，不少有發(fā)明創(chuàng)造的科技人才被處刑罰。與此同時, 戰(zhàn)爭也連綿不斷，法國處于內(nèi)戰(zhàn)和向外擴(kuò)張的連年戰(zhàn)爭中，意大利四分五裂，這樣，就使科學(xué)技術(shù)人才紛紛流向地處歐洲邊緣而較安定的英倫三島。 1740年經(jīng)英國政府批準(zhǔn)的實(shí)用專利只4件，1750年為7件，1760年增加為14件。 據(jù)英國經(jīng)濟(jì)史編據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì), 1660-1750年,英國有60多位科學(xué)家, 約占當(dāng)時世界總數(shù)的36%以上, 他們的科學(xué)成就約占世界總數(shù)的40%。 -英國近代史（p. 229, 王覺非，南京科學(xué)出版社，1997）,Industrial Revolution （2）,Textile industry 1733: John Kay invented flying shuttle, which speeded up hand weaving, creating demand for faster yarn(紗) spinning. 1766: James Hargreaves spinning jenny enabled one hand labourer to spin many threads at a time. 1769: Richard Arkwrights waterframe 1779: Samuel Cromptons mule 1784: Edmund Cartwrights power loom,Industrial Revolution (3),The problem of power: James Watt produced an efficient steam engine in 1765, which could be applied to textile and other machinery.,Industrial Revolution （4）,Iron-making Abraham Darby succeeded in smelting iron with coke instead of charcoal in 1709. This is considered to be the most important element in speeding industrialization. As a result of the industrial revolution, Britain became “workshop of the world”; no other country was yet ready to compete with her in industrial production., colonization,By 1901 the Empires size was 12,000,000 square miles, more than 1/5 of the world, 11 times its own size. Britains population was 41,500,000, and the Empires population was 4,000,000,000, approximately 10 times its own. By 1900 Britain had built up a big empire, “on which the sun never set”. Exploitation upon the colonies pushed forward its economy.,Decline -Absolute Decline and Relativs Decline 2) Reasons (1): starting from mid-19th century UK has slowed its pace in industrial growth.,2. 20th Century,Decline (2) manufacturing output percentage,Decline (3),UKs fall was fast. This decline was a relative one. It was still in absolute progress. (fell from 2st to 6th rank) 2) Reasons for Decline Debts as a result of war Decolonization Military expenditure Old industry Low rate of investment,3) Quick Recovery after WWII,Steady development in the 50s and 60s. By the end of 1947 the British economy had returned to its pre-war levels. In 1950 Britains GDP and its foreign trade ranked second and its per capita income third in the world.,Economic recession in the 70s,two oil crises (1973; 1977) 1973-1979, GDP growth averaged 1.4% per year and the rate of inflation通貨膨脹 15.6%. stagnant economy停滯蕭條的經(jīng)濟(jì); “British disease”,1970s economic downturn: 1973 oil crisis due to OPEC oil embargo石油禁運(yùn) high rates of inflation (20%). 1973, EEC membership. 1979 1990: the Thatcherism: privatisation, reduced state intervention, free markets, and entrepreneurialism. (cf. Reganomics) 1990 1997, Major years 1997 now, New Labour,Margaret Thatcher The leader of Conservative party To office in 1979 The UK first woman Prime Minister Polices to overcome the British economic problems- high inflation and low growth The privatization in the 1980s Privatization and monetary reform Check trade union Peoples capitalism Better the British economic situation,Recovery in 80s,Margaret Thatchers reforms: Privatization and liberalization Welfare: old age pensions reduced; period of unemployment benefits shortened; child benefits cut Curbed抑制 the power of the trade unions The result: The rate of inflation fell sharply from 8.6 % in 1982 to 5 % in 1983. Between 1981 and 1987 the GDP growth rate averaged 2.7 %. Meanwhile Britain has become a sizable oil exporter and the economy has become integrated with the global economy as well as with the EC economy. Unemployment increased: 3,000,000 in 1982,Blairs “Third Way”,Tony Blair came in power in 1997; the Labor Party Emphasize the minimum wage and supplementing增補(bǔ) low incomes Stress individual responsibility Results: limiting government spending, keeping inflation under control and reducing unemployment.,3. Current Economy,Agriculture, fishing , mining = Primary industries Energy production Manufacturing industry Service industry Foreign trade,1990 GDP per capita,1. Bermuda $23,000 2. United States(GNP) $21,082 13. France $14,600 14. United Kingdom $14,300 24. Hong Kong $10,000 176. China Chinas GDP in 2005 has reached 18.2321 trillion yuan, or 2.23 trillion US dollars. This total number will surpass that of France and near Britain by known statistics, Shanghai Securities News reports.,2005 ($),1 盧森堡 69,056 7 美國 42,076 9 英國 36,977 23 香港 24,581 36 臺灣 13,926 112 中華人民共和國 1,352,Unemployment rate(%) 2003,42 United Kingdom 5.20 77 India 8.80 81 Italy 9.10 45 Japan 5.40 82 France 9.10 49 United States 5.80 102 Spain 11.30,1) agriculture efficient 1.4% national wealth 1 % workforce 66% food high rate of production by modern technology Employment Breakdown (labor force) 73%Services 25%Industry 2%Agriculture, Energy, Forestry, Fishing,3/4 land for agriculture 2/3 land for stock raising 1/4 crops: wheat, barley east for crops west for dairy leading exports of livestock: cattle , sheep, pigs and horses Scottish beef Welsh mutton BSE disease 1996 ban on beef exports,Changes in British farming Pioneers in modern agriculture; highly mechanized, 2% farmers manage 70% of the land; use computers, technological farming; new farming called Agribusiness (equip, managed like an industrial business with a set of inputs demands high mechanization and modern technology),factory farming methods poultry or pigs in rearing units where food, heating, light carefully controlled to encourage rapid growth 2) fishing industry provides 55% domestic demand cod, haddock, herring, turbot, sole fishing areas: around British island English Channel North Sea, the sea between England and Iceland,his characteristic landscape of wild moorland高沼地on the Pennine uplands is varied by fertile lowlands or dales溪谷. These winding valleys, mainly agricultural, are popular destinations for hikers and climbers. The dry stone walls built without mortar灰泥mark field boundaries in the Dales.,Much of the land in Britain that is devoted to agricultural purposes is used for grazing. These sheep graze in Hathersage, a town in the English county of Derbyshire in the heart of the Peak District. Sheep farming is an important part of the economy in Derbyshire.,3) Energy production Resources Coal, oil and natural gas 1) rich reserves, major source of energy, led to Industrial Revolution 2) today coal mining a “sick” industry, less miners collieries煤礦, output 3) reasons for the decline exhaustion of old mines, costly extraction, poor old equipment, little money invested, fall in demand 4) oil import before now self-sufficient in oil under the North Sea use in transport and domestic heating systems, mechanized agriculture,energy : 5% of the national wealth coal mining 1/4 energy supplies oil exporter The offshore oil industry oil under the North Sea 3 oil companies: Shell with Dutch, British Petroleum, British Gas,Coal mining was once the main industry of the Rhondda Valley in Wales. The Big Pit colliery ceased production in 1980 but its buildings and machinery were preserved, converted into a museum of mining. Visitors descend into the mine via the 90-m lift shaft to walk through underground roadways, air doors, stables (for pit ponies), engine houses constructed by past generations of miners.,the British Trade Authority controls oversea tourism financial sector =The City of London London_ the top 3 financial centers 20% international bank-loans largest foreign exchange market the City _the London Stock Exchange unit currency: the pound sterling: stg. 1971 the Bank of London: 1694 set-up, 1946 public-owned,2006年世界各國國際旅游收入排行 revenue,Major Exports Road vehicles and other transportation equipment, industrial machinery, petroleum and petroleum products, electrical machinery, office machines and data processing equipment, power-generating machinery, organic chemicals, precision instruments, iron and steel Major Imports Road vehicles and parts, food products, office machines and data processing equipment, clothing and accessories, industrial machinery, textile yarn and fabrics, paper products, power-generating equipment,Major Trading Partners Germany, United States, France, Netherlands, Ireland, Japan Currency/Pound sterling/Exchange Rate0.64 pounds = U.S.$1 (1996) Importance of foreign trade 1) 5th largest trading nation a traditional exporter of manufactured goods an importer of food & basic materials Changes in Britains trade pattern the share of manufactures falling and that of fuels rising oil contributes to British foreign trade in exports and import substitution,New industries 1) microprocessors, computer, biotechnology, other high-tech industries 2) areas: as the “Silicon Glen” between Glasgow an Edinburgh in Scotland ( largest collection of foreign-owned chip factories) 3) The Aerospace Industry 3rd in size in the world: VC10, Jaguar, Harrier, Concord next to US Landing Harrier,1st supersonic civil airliner with France: Concord Tornado combat aircraft Airbus series; Boeing 777 airliner 300 companies and 170,000 people Oversea sales 12% of the world aerospace export,協(xié)和飛機(jī)失事,Royal Air Force planes serve a variety of functions, including cargo transport, observation duties, training, and combat. Combat planes, such as the F-3 Fighter, designed to be fast, strong, and highly maneuverable,about half of the trade is with the EC in1972, the proportion 1/3 trade with Commonwealth countries decline, mainly with developed a deficit on visible trade 2nd to the US surplus on invisible trade無形貿(mào)易in 1986 was 7.6 pounds billion the equivalent of 7 % of the GDP Serviced a surplus equivalent to 2% of the GDP segments of the services sector: sea transportation; civil aviation; travel and tourism financial services and others,The UK is a member of the European Union (EU). The union was established in 1993 by the 12 nations of the European Community. The EU works toward better political and economic integration and cooperation between member nations.,Agriculture,How many are farmers? Can their farm produce meet the demands? 1%; about 60% of the demands can be met. What are the important crops there? Wheat, barley, sugar beet(甜菜), potato What do you know about their livestock? The leading exporter of cattle, sheep, pigs and horses. In 1987 there were 100 million chickens, 30 million sheep, 15 million cattle and 8 million pigs.,Energy production,Coal mining industry accounts for a quarter of the energy demand; Glasgow, Manchester, Sheffield and Newcastle; Rio Tinto Oil industry began in 1975. Now self-sufficient and an oil exporter. Three of the top ten come from energy sector. Nuclear power: 16 plants 2009年2月12日中鋁公司宣布與全球第三大鐵礦石廠商力拓Rio Tinto達(dá)成協(xié)議將用72億美元,. Royal Dutch Shell: 英荷殼牌集團(tuán) 是世界第二大石油公司，總部位于荷蘭海牙（the Hague ）。1907年由荷蘭的皇家石油與英國的殼牌兩家公司合并組成。 . ConocoPhillips: 康菲石油公司 是美國一家綜合性的跨國能源公司，全美大型能源集團(tuán)之一，全球第五大私營能源公司。 . charge against earnings: 收益的抵減inventory: n. 庫存量，存貨的總值 . operating profits: 營業(yè)利潤,Manufacturing industry,30% for export Famous for the manufacture of pharmaceuticals(GlaxoSmithkline, the largest drug company in the world), aerospace(the third largest in the world), chemicals(ICI, the second largest paint producer) and Scotch.,Service Industry,Rapid expansion of service industry: 74% of the labor work for 72.6% of the GDP. 1,000,000 work in the financial industry and produce 6% of the GDP. London: one of the three chief financial centers; the worlds largest foreign exchange