英語復(fù)習(xí)資料精華

【自學(xué)考試】英語（二）全書復(fù)習(xí)資料精華UNIT 11、 word studyobjective,accompany,argue,defineobjective a.客觀的，真實的。如實的，無偏見的。We have to accept the objective reality as it is.我們必須接受客觀事實。The literary critics should be as objective as possible in analysis and judgement.文學(xué)批評家在分析和評價時應(yīng)盡量不偏不倚。n.目標(biāo)，目的。People work hard to carry out the economic objectives of the Ninth Five-Year Plan.人們?yōu)榱藢崿F(xiàn)第九個五年規(guī)劃的經(jīng)濟(jì)目標(biāo)而努力工作。My objective for the present is to pass the oral exam.我目前的目標(biāo)是通過口試。accompanyvt./vi.1、伴隨，陪同；2、為。伴奏The singer was accompanied on the piano by his pupil.演唱者由他的學(xué)生擔(dān)任鋼琴伴奏。The lonely old man is accompanied by his dog.這位孤獨的老人讓他的狗作伴。All orders must be accompanied with cash.所有的訂貨單必須隨附現(xiàn)金。arguevt./vi.爭辯，爭論，辯論作不及物動詞用時，后邊可以接with,about或over，for（贊成）或against（反對）。She is always ready to argue over the smallest issues.她總喜歡為極小的問題進(jìn)行爭論。He often argues philosophy with James.他常和詹姆斯討論哲學(xué)。He argued for immediate action.他主張立即行動。They argued against such a policy.他們反對這種政策。vt.1、說服；2、用辯論說服argue into（out of）doing sth. 說服某人做（不做）某事。I argued him out of going on such a dangerous journey.我說服他不做這樣危險的旅行。He argued that man was descended from apes.他論證人類的祖先是猿。definevt.1、解釋，給。下定義；2、限定，規(guī)定。Work is defined as the product of a force and the distance through which its point of application moves in the direction of the force.功的定義是力和力的著力點沿力的方向移動的距離的乘積。He has defined his position on the issues.他已表明自己在這些問題上的立場。2、 常考句型1、決策是在現(xiàn)有的可選做法中所做的選擇。P1A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.2、管理者經(jīng)常必須對未來的情況下做出最佳的猜測，盡量不存僥幸。P2Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance. 3、如果沒有選擇，就無決策可言。P3If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made.4、對于管理者而言，每次決策都受到政策、程序、法律、慣例等待因素的制約。P3For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like.5、例如，管理者有時以非此即彼的方式來處理問題。P4For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion.6、決策者們必須有辦法決定數(shù)個可選項中的哪一個是最好的-哪一個對組織目標(biāo)的實現(xiàn)起作用最大。P6Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is bestthat is, which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals.7、就更大的系統(tǒng)來說，增加研究經(jīng)費以便改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品，對該組織更有益。P6In the larger scheme of things, however, increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.8、有些目標(biāo)比另一些目標(biāo)更重要，但其排序和重要性則因人和部門而異。P7Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary form person to person and from department to department .3、 習(xí)題1.單詞英譯漢goal, objective, accomplish, predict, accompany, implement, tendency, achievement, argue, budget, define, entity, 2.詞組英譯漢in the way, in part, point of view, contribute to, to apply for, in hand, to turn down 3.句子英譯漢與常考句型相同。4.Text A 漢譯英決策者應(yīng)該能夠?qū)碜鞒鲎詈玫耐茰y。Decision makers should be able to make a best guess at what the future will be.有人認(rèn)為經(jīng)理們所作的一切均與決策有關(guān)。Some people believe almost everything a manager does involves decision.沒有正確的選擇就沒有正確的決定。 If there is no proper choice, there is no proper decision.不同的人對同樣的問題有不同的看法，所以解決的辦法也不同。Different people have different ideas about the same problem; their solutions to the problem are, therefore, also different.決策者往往是公司業(yè)務(wù)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵。Decision makers often play the key role in the development of the business of a company. Decision makers are usually key people who determine the companys business development.4、歷年試題1. Almost everything a manager does _ (involve) decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making . (99.4)。 答案是involves . 考點: involve 為謂語動詞，應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時。 2.If there is no choice, there is no decision _(make). (99.4) 答案是to be made ?？键c：to be made 是動詞不定式作定語修飾decision. 3. If you are now_your thirties, you can expect to live nearly one third of the rest of your life after the age of 60. (99.4) A. in B. at C. between D. among 答案是A. 4. Almost everything a manager does_decisions; indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. (00.4) A. imposes B. improvise C. involves D. indicates 答案為C . 5. When_(present) with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems and production managers see production problems. 答案為presented . 考點： present 是過去分詞作狀語。 6. An organization is a group of people, and a decision_(make) today may have consequences far into the future. 答案是made . 考點：make 是過去分詞作定語， 修飾decision . 7. 漢譯英：通常管理者必須對未來的情況作出最佳的預(yù)測。 答案：Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be. 1. 決策的目的是為了實現(xiàn)組織的目標(biāo)。 答：The purpose of making a decision is to achieve organizational goals. 2. 決策過程對經(jīng)營管理至關(guān)重要。 答： The decision-making process is fundamental to business management. 3. 經(jīng)理所做的任何事情幾乎都與決策有關(guān)。 答：Almost everything a manager does involves decision-making. 4. 雖然我們不能預(yù)見未來，但應(yīng)當(dāng)盡量減少偶然性發(fā)生。 答： Although we cannot predict the future, we must try t leave as little as possible to chance. 5. 不同的管理者對同一問題的解釋不同。 答： Different manager define the same problem in different terms.UNIT 21、word studyexert,collapse,lauch,operate exertvt.盡（力）；發(fā)揮（威力等）；施加（壓力等）；產(chǎn)生（影響等）；行使（職權(quán)等）He has exerted all his strength to attain his goal.他已盡了全力以達(dá)到自己的目標(biāo)。He has been exerting a lot of pressure on me to change my mind.他一直在施加種種壓力要我改變主意。These principles exerted great influence upon the course of the revolution.這些原則對革命進(jìn)程產(chǎn)生了很大的影響。 collapsen.1、倒塌，崩潰，瓦解；2、（健康等）垮掉，（因精疲力竭等原因）倒下The storm caused the collapse of the wooden shelter.暴風(fēng)雨使這個避風(fēng)雨的木棚倒塌了。He suffered from a nervous collapse.他的精神崩潰了。The collapse of the government left the country in confusion.政府的倒臺使全國陷入混亂之中。vi.倒塌，崩潰The roof collapsed under the weight of the snow.屋頂被雪壓塌了。The negotiations collapsed after several meetings.會談了幾次之后，談判破裂了。In the last weeks of the war she collapsed from long imprisonment.在戰(zhàn)爭的最后幾個星期里她的身體因長期監(jiān)禁而垮掉了。 lauchvt 1、發(fā)射，投射；2、使（船）下水The satellite was launched in a rocket.這顆衛(wèi)星是由火箭發(fā)射的。The hunter launched a spear at the wolf.獵人把矛向狼擲去。A new ship has been successfully launched.一條新船已成功地下水。vt ./vi.發(fā)動，發(fā)起（運動等）launch out into 開始，著手進(jìn)行Our army launched an attack on the enemy.我們的軍隊向敵人發(fā)起猛攻。The police launched an investigation into the case.警察對此案開展了調(diào)查。The research group launched out into a series of new experiment.研究小組著手進(jìn)行了一系列新的實驗。 operatevi. 1、運轉(zhuǎn)，起作用；2、動手術(shù)（on,upon）The elevator operates smoothly.電梯運行順利。The medicine gradually operated.藥物逐漸奏效了。The doctor operated on the neck of the patient.醫(yī)生給病人的頸部動手術(shù)。vt.1、操作，操縱，經(jīng)營；2、對。動手術(shù)This airline operates five main lines and dozens of branch lines.這家航空公司經(jīng)營五條主干線和十幾條支線。Do you know how to operate the machine?你知道怎么開這臺機(jī)器嗎？The doctor operated the patient on the neck.醫(yī)生給病人的頸部動手術(shù)。He was operated on for lung cancer.他因肺癌動了手術(shù)。2、?？季湫?、天文學(xué)家和科學(xué)家認(rèn)為黑洞是一種空間區(qū)，物質(zhì)可以掉進(jìn)黑洞但任何物質(zhì)不能逃脫。P1Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape.2、理論上是這樣的：當(dāng)某些星體的密度增大到某一特定點時便發(fā)生爆炸。P2The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point.3、有人認(rèn)為圣誕星可能是一顆超新星。P2Some people think that the Start of Bethlehem could have been a supernova.4、假定一個人掉進(jìn)黑洞，他會認(rèn)為很快就能到達(dá)黑洞中心。P3If a man fell into a black hole, he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly.5、只是在近幾年天文學(xué)家才開始具體研究黑洞。P3It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. 6、另一方面，科學(xué)家們也在設(shè)想，由于有非常先進(jìn)的技術(shù)，人們也許能在將來利用黑洞為人類服務(wù)。P5On the other hand, scientists have suggested that every advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind.3、習(xí)題Unit 2 練習(xí)：1.詞匯英譯漢：escape, explode, collapse, shrink, gravity, measurement, basis, launch, convincing, companion, speculation, swallow, operate, to make use of, a great many, above all 2.句子英譯漢：1) 6) 與常考句型相同。7) There might be a massive black hole at the center of our galaxy swallowing up stars at a very rapid rate.8) They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of space and time.3 句子漢譯英黑洞是什么，天文學(xué)家還沒有完全解決這個問題。Astronomers have not yet fully solved the problem of what a black hole is.據(jù)說黑洞可以將其周圍的一切物體，如星星吞食掉。It is said that black holes are able to swallow up all the objects around them, such as stars .對黑洞的研究剛剛開始，各種各樣的假說層出不窮。The research of black holes is just beginning and speculation about them are endless.科學(xué)家仍不能說出黑洞內(nèi)發(fā)生了什么。Scientists still can not tell what happens inside a black hole.It is still impossible for scientists to tell what happens inside a black hole.如果我們認(rèn)識了黑洞，黑洞就不那么可怕了。If we understood black holes, they would not be so fearful .Black holes will not be so fearful if we get to know them.單元課后練習(xí).Word Spelling1.密度 n. density _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _2.（使）倒塌，（使）崩潰 v. collapse _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _3.邊界線，邊界 n. boundary _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _4.永恒的，經(jīng)久不變的 a.c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _5.基礎(chǔ)，根據(jù) n.b _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _6.發(fā)射，發(fā)動 v.l _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _7.雙胞胎之一 a.t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _8.同伴，同事 n.c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _9.人類 n.m _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _10.推測，猜測 n.s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _11.吞 v.s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _12.不充分的 a.i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _13.物質(zhì) n.m _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _14.情況，環(huán)境 a.c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _15.發(fā)生，出現(xiàn) v.o _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _16.強(qiáng)烈的 a.i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _17.證據(jù) n.e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _18.看不見的 a.i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _19.宇航員 n.a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _20.熱帶的 a.t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.Word Form1.Supernovae_(report) by astronomers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.2.Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still_(have) the same mass, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole.3.If one_(make) a journey over the Continents one would find every kind of surface including mountain ranges, plains, and empty areas covered permanently by ice and snow.4.And astronomers are planning a new observatory to study the individual exploding stars_(believe) to be black holes.5.Matter from the one which we can see_(pull) towards the companion star.6.There might be a massive black hole at the centre of our galaxy_(swallow) up stars at a very rapid rate.7.The most_(convince) evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems.8.They show us a world which operates in a _(total) different way from our own.9.The surface of some areas_(consist) largely of high mountains and deep valleys.10.Our world is the home of a very great many different people-peoples with different_(colour) skins.Vocabulary and Structure1.Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space (not a thing)_which matter has fallen and_which nothing can escape-not even light.A into into B into fromC from into D from from2.This process of shrinking may be so intense_a black hole results.A whether B whatC which D that3.Binary stars,_their name suggests, are twin stars whose position in space affects each other.A as B thatC what D if4.In some binary systems, astronomers have shown that there is an invisible companion star, a partner to_which we can see in the sky.A the one B thatC the ones D those5.On the other hand, scientists have suggested that very advanced technology could one day_the energy of black holes for mankind.A make fun of B make sure ofC make use of D make sense of6.Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too, which might have black holes as_.A companies B comparisonsC compounds D companions7.The earth is one of nine planets which move in_round the sun.A track B orbitC tour D route8.In August 1977, a satellite was_to gather data about the black holes in the Milky way.A posted B deliveredC launched D transmitted9.The terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are_here.A inadequate B invisibleC intense D individual10.We know nothing about events which happen once objects pass this boundary, But_,matter must behave very differently inside the hole.A in addition B in personC in detail D in theory.C-E Translation1.這個收縮的過程如此強(qiáng)烈，以至于黑洞產(chǎn)生了。2.直到最近天文學(xué)家們才開始研究黑洞。3.但是從理論上說，物質(zhì)在黑洞里的行為一定非常不同。4.黑洞最強(qiáng)有力的證據(jù)來自對雙星系的研究。5.有一天也許人類也會遭此命運。單元自測答案 Unit 2.Word Spelling1.density 2.collapse 3.boundary4.constant 5.basis 6.launch7.twin 8.companion 9.mankind10.speculation 11.swallow 12.inadequate13.matter 14.circumstance 15.ense 17.evidence 18.invisible19.astronaut 20.tropical.Word Form1.were reported 2.having 3.made4.believed 5.is being pulled 6.swallowing7.convincing 8.totally 9.consists10.coloured.Vocabulary and Structure1.B 2.D 3.A 4.A 5.C6.D 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.D.C-E Translation1.This process of shrinking is so intense that a black hole results.2.It is only recently/It is not until recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.3.But in theory, matter must behave very differently/in a very different manner inside the black hole.4.The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems.5.Mankind may one day meet this fate.4、歷年試題1. 星體的密度增大到一定程度時就會發(fā)生爆炸。 答： The star will explode when its density increases to some extent. 2. 你能想象黑洞的引力有多大嗎？ 答： Can you imagine how strong the gravitational pull of a black hole is ? 3. 假如有人掉進(jìn)黑洞，他會認(rèn)為很快能到達(dá)黑洞的中心。 答：If a man fell into a black hole, he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly. 4. 早在17世紀(jì)天文學(xué)家便對超新星有過報道。 答： Supernovae were reported by astronomers as early as in the seventeenth century. 5. 他已盡了全力以達(dá)到自己的目標(biāo)。 答： He has exerted all his strength to attain his goal. UNIT 31、word studyrequest,ensure,oppose,burden,open up requestn./vt.請求，要求request后面接for，表示要求的對象；“根據(jù)要求”為by(或on) request；“應(yīng)。之要求”則為at sbs request。He made a request for immediate help.他要求立即給予幫助。Minibuses stop by request.小公共汽車招手即停。Instructions will be sent immediately on(upon) request.說明將按要求立即寄出。The singer gave one more song at our request.歌唱家在我們的要求下又唱了一首歌。Your silence is requested.請勿說話。 ensurevt.保證，擔(dān)保ensure后面接against或from，表示“保證。免于。”；后面接to或for，則表示“保證。具有?！?。We can ensure that the work will be done in the right way.我們可以保證把工作做好。The police can ensure the witness against (或from) danger.警察能保證證人免受危險。This measure ensure to (或for) us a voice in the matter.這項措施使我們在這件事上具有發(fā)言權(quán)。 opposevt.1、反對，反抗；2、使相對，使對抗（to）Many people opposed building a new highway because of the great cost.由于代價過于高昂，許多人都反對修一條新公路。To the difficulties she opposed a will of iron.她用鋼鐵般的意志對待困難。What he said was totally opposed to the facts.他說的與事實完全相反。We are firmly opposed to this dirty political deal.我們堅決反對這場骯臟的政治交易。 burdenn.1、擔(dān)子，負(fù)擔(dān)；2、責(zé)任，義務(wù)She bore the whole burden of raising two children.她一個人負(fù)起撫養(yǎng)兩個孩子的全部責(zé)任。The burden of running the factory is too heavy for his failing health.管理這家工廠的重?fù)?dān)對他日益惡化的健康來說是太重了。vt.使負(fù)重?fù)?dān)；麻煩，勞累The mother was burden with worries.媽媽憂心忡忡。Students are heavily burdened with home assignments.學(xué)生家庭作業(yè)負(fù)擔(dān)過重。 open up1、打開；2、開辦，開辟，開發(fā)；3、坦誠地或無拘無束地談話They opened up his stomach to get at the source of the trouble.他們給他的胃開了刀，以找出病根。They opened up a mine in the remote areas.他們在那個偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)開了礦。They decided to open up a business in the town.他們決定在城里開一家店。The girl decided to open up and tell us everything.這個女孩決定坦誠地告訴我們一切。2、常考句型1、范萬德爾重病在身，再也不能說清楚話，他知道他沒有康復(fù)的希望，身體狀況正在急劇惡化。P2Affected with a serious disease, van Wendal was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating.2、在讓自己的醫(yī)生注射最后結(jié)束生命的那一針之前，范萬德爾生命中的最后三個月被拍攝了下來，去年在荷蘭電視上首次播出。P3Van Wendels last three months of life before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands.3、從那時開始，已有20多個國家買下了這個節(jié)目，每次播放都引起了對這一話題的全國性大辯論。P3The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown, it starts a nationwide debate on the subject.4、那些反對安樂死的人實際在告訴我，臨終者沒有這個權(quán)利。P9What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people havent the right.3、習(xí)題1.詞匯英譯漢. weaken . deteriorate .debate . legal. request . criterion . ensure . oppose tradition consideration disabled . burden vulnerable prohibition sensitive詞組：. to debate on . to make request for be opposed to . to take into account2.句子英譯漢（重點句）Affected with a serious disease, van Wendal was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating. Van Wendels last three months of life before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands. The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown, it starts a nationwide debate on the subject. What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people havent the right. The guidelines demand that the patient is experiencing extreme suffering , that there is no chance of a cure, and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia .I think that anything that legally allows the shortening of life does make those people more vulnerable. 3.句子漢譯英 P.59安樂死的確能解除臨終病人的痛苦。Euthanasia can really help rid the dying patients of extreme suffering .Euthanasia does release the dying people from their suffering .你知道不知道荷蘭是歐洲唯一允許安樂死的國家?Do